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Astringency is a complex oral sensation caused by substances such as phenolic compounds, which behaves itself as a feeling of dryness, roughness, and constriction in the mouth. With the wide interest in astringency detection methods in vitro, there has been a change from the original qualitative description to quantitative analysis. Sensors play an essential role in detecting astringency in vitro because of their excellent detection performance and operability. The development of new materials and the introduction of biomimetic have increased the detection performance of astringency sensors to new heights. In this review, we classify astringency sensors from the perspective of sensor detection principles, clarify the differences and connections between different types of astringency sensors, and compare the advantages and limitations of each type of sensor. In addition, we also discuss the current and future challenges facing astringency sensors and identify the core challenges in the field of astringency detection while developing forward-looking ideas for their development.

Multi-agent formation control is an important part of distributed perception and cooperation, which is convenient to complete various complex tasks and would be a key research direction in the future. This paper reviews the corresponding problems of formation control and the existing centralized and distributed formation control strategies. In particular, we discuss four types of distributed formation control methods based on position and displacement in the global coordinate system and distance and bearing in the nonglobal coordinate system, respectively. Moreover, this paper analyzes affine formation which does not require the global coordinate system. Combined with the current practical applications of multi-agent systems, the latest research for the formation control of the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), unmanned ground vehicle (UGV), unmanned surface vehicle (USV) and autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) is given. Finally, the challenges and opportunities in this burgeoning field are discussed.

• Fully dense high entropy (Ti 0.2 Zr 0.2 Hf 0.2 Nb 0.2 Ta 0.2)B 2 ceramics (HEB) via solid pressureless sintering was achieved at 1900 ℃, 200–300 ℃ lower than that reported in the literature. • Mechanical properties of as-obtained HEB ceramics consolidated by pressureless sintering are comparable or even higher than those of counterparts sintered under pressure. • The melting point of HEB was first calculated and it reveals that the melting point of HEB (3359 ℃) is only a little lower than that of HfB 2 (3380 ℃), while using B 4 C as sintering aids, there is a broad temperature window for pressureless sintering of HEB. High entropy boride ceramics have great potential as structural materials serving in extreme environments. However, their applications are limited by the difficulty of sintering. In the present study, dense (Ti 0.2 Zr 0.2 Hf 0.2 Nb 0.2 Ta 0.2)B 2 ceramics with B 4 C additions were prepared through pressureless sintering at as low as 1900 °C. Calculations based on the CALPHAD approach predict that (Ti 0.2 Zr 0.2 Hf 0.2 Nb 0.2 Ta 0.2)B 2 starts to melt at about 3315 °C whilst B 4 C additions reduce the temperature and broaden the temperature region where solid and liquid coexist. Results showed that the introduction of B 4 C could trigger the densification of (Ti 0.2 Zr 0.2 Hf 0.2 Nb 0.2 Ta 0.2)B 2 at a lower temperature and promote their densification significantly. The relative density of samples with 5 wt% of B 4 C additions sintered at 1900 and 2000 °C was 97.7 % and 99.7 %, respectively. While the sintering temperature was further increased to 2100 °C, the liquid phase was reactively formed, leading to the rapid grain coarsening in samples with B 4 C additions. Strengthened by well-dispersed B 4 C grains, the sample with 5 wt% B 4 C sintered at 2000 °C exhibited excellent mechanical properties with the Vickers hardness, flexural strength, and fracture toughness of 21.07 ± 2.09 GPa, 547 ± 45 MPa, and 5.24 ± 0.14 MPa m1/2, which are comparable or even higher than counterparts sintered under pressure. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This brief introduces a high-performance flipping-input synchronized switch harvesting on inductor and capacitors (FI-SSHIC) piezoelectric energy harvesting interface circuit. The unique design approach involves segmenting the flipping stages, enabling the FI-SSHIC to execute 17 phase flips utilizing merely a diminutive inductor of $5\mu \text{H}$ and 8 compact capacitors. By circumventing the traditional full bridge rectifier (FBR) and streamlining the switch count, this brief’s flipping efficiency soars to an impressive 96.3%. When juxtaposed with SSHC and SSHI, utilizing identical capacitor and inductor dimensions, our design yields a 15.1% and 59.3% enhancement in output power, respectively. Furthermore, the pinnacle of power efficiency exhibits a staggering 648% augmentation when compared to the ideal FBR, underscoring the advancements proffered by our proposed circuit.

The potential for broadening participation in engineering among Black undergraduates via transfer pathways is considerable, given their large share of the community college population. By understanding the opportunities and challenges presented within the context of transfer, this potential can be realized. The goal of this study is to explore ways in which Black students who transitioned from a community college to a 4‐year engineering program describe the institutional factors affecting their transfer processes. Drawing from a 3‐year qualitative research study involving approximately 27 Black engineering transfer students at a large, predominantly White, institution, we present data derived through interviews and focus groups with these undergraduates. Participants expressed that they benefited from supportive institutional agents who offered engineering transfer‐related resources. These included both faculty and advisors in their mostly Minority Serving Community Colleges (MSCCs) as well as advisors from the engineering college at the 4‐year institution. In addition, respondents described being part of a number of community college programs, including some for Black collegians, that offered resources for transfer. Nonetheless, some participants shared problems that emerged during the transfer process, including having to self‐navigate confusing transfer websites or self‐advocate to resolve erroneous admissions decisions. We suggest a need to elevate MSCCs as learning environments that can produce future Black engineers. We also recommend a systems‐level approach that brings together community colleges and 4‐year institutions while also accounting for issues related to resources as well as power dynamics that students may encounter.

AbstractBackgroundAberrant DNA methylation has been identified as biomarkers for breast cancer detection. Coiled-coil domain containing 12 gene (CCDC12) implicated in tumorigenesis. This study aims to investigate the potential of blood-based CCDC12methylation for breast cancer detection.MethodsDNA methylation level of CpG sites (Cytosine-phosphate Guanine dinucleotides) in CCDC12gene was measured by mass spectrometry in 255 breast cancer patients, 155 patients with benign breast nodules and 302 healthy controls. The association between CCDC12methylation and breast cancer risk was evaluated by logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic curve analysis.ResultsA total of eleven CpG sites were analyzed. The CCDC12methylation levels were higher in breast cancer patients. Compared to the lowest tertile of methylation level in CpG_6,7, CpG_10 and CpG_11, the highest quartile was associated with 82, 91 and 95% increased breast cancer risk, respectively. The CCDC12methylation levels were associated with estrogen receptor (ER) and human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2) status. In ER-negative and HER2-positive (ER-/HER2+) breast cancer subtype, the combination of four sites CpG_2, CpG_5, CpG_6,7 and CpG_11 methylation levels could distinguish ER−/HER2+ breast cancer from the controls (AUC = 0.727).ConclusionThe hypermethylation levels of CCDC12in peripheral blood could be used for breast cancer detection.

A silver-catalyzed aminative dearomatization of naphthols has been developed and integrated into a stepwise approach for subsequent skeletal diversifications including ring expansion, ring opening, ring contraction, and atom transmutation of aryl scaffolds. This approach enables the synthesis of a diverse array of azepinones, unsaturated amides, isoquinolines, and indenones from naphthol substrates. Its application in the synthesis of bioactive and functional molecules as well as the conversion of complex molecular skeletons underscores its broad potential applicability. Mechanistic investigations suggest the intermediacy of the dearomatized intermediates.

Designing biodegradable and sustainable polymeric materials that behave as thermoplastics with enhanced mechanical properties over a wide range of temperatures (−20 to 80 °C) remains a challenge. Polyolefin plastics such as high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and low-density polyethylene (LDPE) do display these characteristics, but they are not degradable and can hardly be hardly recycled. Poly(butylene adipate terephthalate) (PBAT) stands as one leading commercially available polymer that is degradable, with mechanical properties comparable to those of some polyolefins, but its high price is a disadvantage. In this study, we describe the synthesis of a series of polycarbonate-based triblock copolymers (18–36 wt % CO2), namely, poly(cyclohexene phthalate)-block-poly(ether carbonate)-block-poly(cyclohexene phthalate) (PC-CHP)nand poly(cyclohexene carbonate)-block-poly(ether carbonate)-block-poly(cyclohexene carbonate) (PC-CHC)nwith both linear and star-shaped architectures that can mechanically withstand high temperatures and behave similarly to polyolefins. For the synthesis of these triblock copolymers, which include a significant content of CO2, we used a boron-based metal-free polymerization approach and derived both high molar mass two-armed linear and four-armed star triblock copolymer samples, namely, (PC-CHP)2, (PC-CHP)4, and (PC-CHC)4, respectively. The mechanical properties of these triblock copolymer samples were systematically investigated upon varying parameters, such as the polycarbonate content in soft segments, the nature of hard blocks, the balance between hard and soft blocks, and the type of architectures (linear vs stars) across a large range of temperatures (20–60 °C). Remarkably, these (PC-CHP)nblock copolymers behave like HDPE and their mechanical performance even surpasses that of PBAT and LDPE, thus appearing as potential alternatives to polyolefins. Unlike polyolefins, these polycarbonate-based triblock copolymers are degradable, their carbon footprint is minimal, and they exhibit all sustainability attributes. In addition, their synthesis is easily scalable and conducive to industrial production, facilitated by a highly efficient initiating system [>1 kg polymers per gram of triethyl borane (TEB)] and significant CO2utilization (18–36 wt %).

We present pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) studies on three La(II) complexes, [K(2.2.2-cryptand)][La(Cp′)3] (1), [K(2.2.2-cryptand)][La(Cp″)3] (2), and [K(2.2.2-cryptand)][La(Cptt)3] (3), which feature cyclopentadienyl derivatives as ligands [Cp′ = C5H4SiMe3; Cp″ = C5H3(SiMe3)2; Cptt= C5H3(CMe3)2] and display a C3symmetry. Long spin–lattice relaxation (T1) and phase memory (Tm) times are observed for all three compounds, but with significant variation in T1among 1–3, with 3being the slowest relaxing due to higher s-character of the SOMO. The dephasing times can be extended by more than an order of magnitude via dynamical decoupling experiments using a Carr–Purcell–Meiboom–Gill (CPMG) sequence, reaching 161 μs (5 K) for 3. Coherent spin manipulation is performed by the observation of Rabi quantum oscillations up to 80 K in this nuclear spin-rich environment (1H, 13C, and 29Si). The high nuclear spin of 139La (I= 7/2), and the ability to coherently manipulate all eight hyperfine transitions, makes these molecules promising candidates for application as qudits (multilevel quantum systems featuring dquantum states; d>2) for performing quantum operations within a single molecule. Application of HYSCORE techniques allows us to quantify the electron spin density at ligand nuclei and interrogate the role of functional groups to the electron spin relaxation properties.

The interest in introducing light into heterogeneous catalysis is driven not only by the urgent need of replacing fossil energy but also by the promise of controlling product selectivity by light. The product selectivity differences observed in recent studies between light and dark reactions are often attributed to photochemical effects. Here, we report the discovery of a non-photochemical origin of selectivity difference, at essentially the same CO2conversion rate, between photothermal and thermal CO2hydrogenation reactions over a Ru/TiO2–xcatalyst. While the presence of the photochemical effect from ultraviolet light is confirmed, it merely enhances the catalytic activity. Systematic investigation reveals that the gradual formation of an adsorbate-mediated strong metal–support interaction under catalytic conditions is responsible for the variation in the catalytic selectivity. We demonstrate that differences in product selectivity under light/dark reactions do not necessarily originate from photochemical effects. Our study refines the basis for determining photochemical effects and highlights the importance of excluding non-photochemical effects in mechanistic studies of light-controlled product selectivity.

The control of spin relaxation mechanisms is of great importance for spintronics applications as well as for fundamental studies. Layered metal-halide perovskites represent an emerging class of semiconductors with rich optical spin physics, showing potential for spintronic applications. However, a major hurdle arises in layered metal-halide perovskites with strong spin–orbit coupling, where the spin lifetime becomes extremely short due to D’yakonov–Perel’ scattering and Bir–Aronov–Pikus at high carrier density. Using the circularly polarized pump–probe transient reflection technique, we experimentally reveal the important scattering for spin relaxation beyond the electron–hole exchange strength in the Dion–Jacobson (DJ)-type 2D perovskites (3AMP)(MA)n-1PbnI3n+1[3AMP = 3-(aminomethyl)piperidinium, n= 1–4]. Despite a more than 10-fold increase in carrier concentration, the spin lifetimes for n= 3 and 4 are effectively maintained. We reveal neutral impurity and polar optical phonon scatterings as significant contributors to the momentum relaxation rate. Furthermore, we show that more octahedral distortions induce a larger deformation potential which is reflected on the acoustic phonon properties. Coherent acoustic phonon analysis indicates that the polaronic effect is crucial in achieving control over the scattering mechanism and ensuring spin lifetime protection, highlighting the potential of DJ-phase perovskites for spintronic applications.

• A novel route for synthesizing h BN coated high entropy diboride (Ti, Zr, Hf, Nb, Ta)B 2 powders from liquid precursors were developed. • Thermodynamic calculations laid a theoretical foundation for guiding the experimental work of preparing HEB-BN composite powders. • Formation mechanism of core-shell structured HEB-BN powders and phase evolution of boro/carbothermal reduction were investigated. Hexagonal BN-coated powders have been widely used in various engineering sectors, however, their productions are restricted by the complexity of gas-solid reactions. In this study, guided by thermodynamics, a novel approach to synthesize Layer-structured hexagonal BN (h BN)-coated high entropy diboride powders in vacuum was developed, using metal salt Zr(NO 3) 4 ·5H 2 O, HfCl 4 , NbCl 5 , TaCl 5 , C 16 H 36 O 4 Ti, boric acid, and sucrose as raw materials. By adjusting the ratio of carbon to metal source (C/M), powders only consisting of two boride solid solutions and h BN were finally obtained, under an optimal processing condition of C/ M = 5.5 and synthesis temperature of 1400 °C. Parts of h BN were found to coat on high-entropy metal diborides ceramic (HEB) particles, corresponding formation mechanism for core-shell structured powders was investigated, together with the liquid precursor assisted boro/carbothermal reduction process. Starting from as-synthesized core-shell powders, (Ti 0.2 Zr 0.2 Hf 0.2 Nb 0.2 Ta 0.2)B 2 –11 vol% h BN ceramics were densified at 1900 °C under 50 MPa without holding, with a high relative density of 97.3%. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article proposes a novel fast analytical method for full chip thermal analysis with reduction from 3-D to 2-D using the effective thermal characteristic length, called stepwise integration separation of variables (SISOV). Unlike the traditional separation of variables (SOV) method, which relies heavily on numerical approximation integration for Fourier series coefficient calculation, the proposed SISOV employs analytical stepwise integration by leveraging the uniform power densities across each block. This analytical technique mitigates discretization errors typically encountered in numerical integration, enhancing the accuracy. To overcome the inefficiencies inherent in the plain SOV method, we propose an adaptive rectangular mesh strategy to discretize the chip. This approach markedly reduces the number of required meshed blocks compared to grid sampling points, leading to a more efficient calculation of coefficients. Finally, the fast SISOV method is applied in the thermal uncertainty quantification (UQ) analysis of the full chip. The numerical results show that the proposed SISOV outperforms the plain SOV method, providing a speedup ranging from 2 to 63 times. Moreover, its accuracy surpasses that of the SOV method, with a mean absolute error (MAE) of just 0.05 K, indicating a substantial improvement. The thermal conductivity UQ analysis reveals that the SISOV method and the plain SOV method can achieve $26\times $ and $9\times $ faster performance compared to COMSOL, respectively.

Background: Androgen signaling is central to prostate cancer and men’s health. Prior data indicates that increasing body fat is unfavorable in the localized setting yet associated with favorable outcomes in men with metastatic disease. Understanding the biological links between adiposity and prostate cancer may optimize the therapeutic index with ASI. We hypothesized that host adiposity and androgen synthesis are linked to the efficacy and toxicity of ASI for men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Methods: A post-hoc analysis was done of NCT02703623 where men with mCRPC (n= 186) were treated for 8 weeks with abiraterone acetate, prednisone, and apalutamide (AAPA), and a satisfactory response was defined as a PSA decline >50%. Body composition was measured on baseline CT scans. Germline DNA WES was performed with a focus on variants in steroidogenic genes. Adipokine levels were measured in pre-treatment plasma. Results: Germline polymorphisms in 3 genes involved in androgen synthesis (AKR1C3rs12529, CYP17A1rs6162, SRD5A2rs523349) were associated with differences in body composition at baseline on ADT alone (prior to receipt of AAPA). Elevated subcutaneous adipose tissue index (SATi, p= 0.02), visceral adipose tissue index (VATi, p= 0.03), and BMI (p= 0.04) were associated with satisfactory response to AAPA. Leptin had positive correlation with VATi (r= 0.47) and SATi (r= 0.48). Conclusion: Inherited polymorphisms in androgen synthesis correlated with differences in body composition after exposure to ADT and warrant further investigation as candidate markers for body composition toxicity. Elevated subcutaneous and visceral adiposity were associated with improved response to ASI.

Fluorescence optical fiber temperature sensors have found widespread use in harsh environments with electromagnetic interference, high voltages, flammability, and combustibility due to their excellent insulating properties. However, conventional fluorescence detection systems are constructed from discrete photodiodes and other front-end circuit chips, which cause bulky size, inferior detection efficiency, and degraded signal-to-noise performance. To address these issues, an integrated optical front-end circuit for fluorescence detection was proposed. The front-end circuit monolithically integrated a ring-gate-isolated photodiode (RGI-PD) device, a transimpedance amplifier (TIA), and a bandgap reference (BGR) circuit. The RGI-PD enabled the detection of the fluorescence afterglow signals, while the TIA circuit converted the photocurrent generated by the RGI-PD into a measurable photovoltage output. The RGI-PD utilized a P-well guard ring structure to prevent edge breakdown by isolating the avalanche region from the shallow trench. The dummy ring-gate created an inverted pyramid hole profile, focusing the electric field on the planar junction to enhance photodetection, which reduced trapping effects and dark counts. The proposed front-end circuit was fabricated using a standard $0.18~\mu \text{m}$ bipolar CMOS DMOS (BCD) process. The measurement results demonstrated that the avalanche breakdown voltage (BV) of the RGI-PD was 13.05 V. The front-end circuit achieved a responsivity of 17.29 A/W at 500 nm wavelength, under a 13.88 V reverse bias voltage applied on the RGI-PD. Moreover, the front-end’s dark voltage measured 0.908 V, with an optimal temperature coefficient (TC) of 41.01 ppm/°C within the temperature range of −40 °C to 85 °C. The proposed front-end circuit was suitable for fluorescence fiber temperature sensing applications.

Gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) were immobilized on single-layered α-zirconium phosphate (ZrP) nanosheets as a highly efficient heterogeneous catalyst. The nanoparticles were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectric spectroscopy (XPS), UV–Vis spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques. The characterizations showed that the Au NPs with a size distribution of 2.0 ± 1.0 nm were uniformly dispersed and immobilized on single-layer ZrP nanosheets. The supported AuNPs could serve as an effective catalyst for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol by sodium borohydride (NaBH4). Graphical abstract.

The gap between finite element analysis and computer-aided design derives the development of isogeometric analysis (IGA), which uses the same representation in the geometry and the analysis. However, the parameterization in IGA is non-trivial. Weighted extended B-splines (WEB) method replaces grid generation and parameterization with weight function construction (R-function or distance function). By using implicit spline representation, isogeometric analysis on implicit domains (IGAID) adopts the merits of the “isoparametric” in IGA and “weight function generation” in WEB. But the theoretical properties have not been fully studied yet. In this paper, we study the theoretical aspects of IGAID using tensor-product B-splines. Both the approximation and stability properties of IGAID are considered. By setting appropriate constraints on the weight function, we can derive the optimal approximation order and stability. Numerical examples show the effectiveness of the approach and validate the theoretical results.

Physiological information provided by bio-potential signals is essential and pivotal for biomedical sensors. As the first stage in the signal chain of the sensor, impedance matching of the analog front-end (AFE) is critical for determining signal integrity. AFEs require high input impedance to minimize the effects of electrode impedance mismatch. A significant problem is that the input impedance is affected by parasitic capacitances from the integrated circuit (IC) package, electrode cables, and internal chips. This article aims to summarize the development of AFE impedance-boosting techniques for bio-potential monitoring. The scope of this work includes a review of common architectures for instrumentation amplifiers (IA), mechanisms for input impedance reduction, and a comparison of impedance boosting factors (IBF) employed to evaluate the efficiency of impedance enhancement. Techniques schemes for boosting input impedance in architectures are then surveyed and the contributions and drawbacks of these techniques are discussed. Finally, the state-of-the-art designs of AFE are compared and summarized, along with an analysis of the trend toward enhanced input impedance in bio-electrical signal acquisition. These provide useful references for AFE designers.

Objective: Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) are characterized by impairments in joint attention (JA) comprising two components: responding to JA (RJA) and initiating JA (IJA). RJA and IJA are considered two interrelated aspects of JA, related to different stages of infant development. While recent technologies have been used to characterize RJA emerging in earlier childhood, only a limited number of studies have attempted to explore IJA, which progressively becomes evident as a hallmark of ASD. This study aims to achieve the social recognition of both RJA and IJA by vision-based human behavior perception through a multi-modal framework automatically and comprehensively. Methods: The first three layers of this framework leverage localization, feature extraction, and activity recognition. On this basis, three critical activities in JA are recognized: attention estimation, spontaneous pointing, and showing actions. Then different behaviors are linked through the fourth layer, semantic interpretation, to model the JA event. The proposed framework is evaluated on experiments of four groups: 7 children with ASD, 5 children with mental retardation (MR), 5 children with developmental language disorder (DLD), and 3 typically developed children (TD). Results: Experimental results compared with human codings demonstrate recognition reliability with an intra-class coefficient of 0.959. In addition, statistical analysis suggests significant group difference and correlations. Conclusions: The multi-modal human behavior perception-based framework is a feasible solution for the recognition of joint attention in unconstrained environments. Significance: Thus the proposed approach has the potential to improve the clinical diagnosis of autism by offering quantitative monitoring and statistical analysis.

Nasal vaccination elicits a humoral immune response that provides protection from airborne pathogens1, yet the origins and specific immune niches of antigen-specific IgA-secreting cells in the upper airways are unclear2. Here we define nasal glandular acinar structures and the turbinates as immunological niches that recruit IgA-secreting plasma cells from the nasal-associated lymphoid tissues (NALTs)3. Using intact organ imaging, we demonstrate that nasal vaccination induces B cell expansion in the subepithelial dome of the NALT, followed by invasion into commensal-bacteria-driven chronic germinal centres in a T cell-dependent manner. Initiation of the germinal centre response in the NALT requires pre-expansion of antigen-specific T cells, which interact with cognate B cells in interfollicular regions. NALT ablation and blockade of PSGL-1, which mediates interactions with endothelial cell selectins, demonstrated that NALT-derived IgA-expressing B cells home to the turbinate region through the circulation, where they are positioned primarily around glandular acinar structures. CCL28 expression was increased in the turbinates in response to vaccination and promoted homing of IgA+B cells to this site. Thus, in response to nasal vaccination, the glandular acini and turbinates provide immunological niches that host NALT-derived IgA-secreting cells. These cellular events could be manipulated in vaccine design or in the treatment of upper airway allergic responses.

Selectively targeting the cancer-specific protein–protein interaction (PPI) between Hsp70 and Bim has been discovered as a promising strategy for treating chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). The first Hsp70–Bim PPI inhibitor, S1g-2, has been identified to overcome the on-target toxicity of known Hsp70 inhibitors when it induces apoptosis of CML cells. Herein, we carried out a hit-to-lead optimization of S1g-2, yielding S1g-10, which exhibited a 10-fold increase in Hsp70/Bim suppressing potency. Furthermore, S1g-10not only exhibited a 5- to 10-fold stronger antitumor activity in the sub-μM range against CML cells than S1g-2in vitro, but it also overcame BCR-ABL-independent tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance in CML in vivo depending on the Hsp70–Bim signaling pathway. Moreover, through structure–activity relationship analysis, TROSY-HSQC NMR, molecular dynamics simulation, and point mutation validation, two hydrophobic pockets composed of eight key residues were demonstrated to produce predominant interactions with either Bim or S1g-10, regarded as the “hot-spots” in the Hsp70–Bim PPI interface.

• A novel organic/inorganic TpPaCl 2 /BiOBr S-scheme heterojunction photocatalysts were constructed. • The porous TpPaCl 2 endows TpPaCl 2 /BiOBr nanocomposites with high surface area, abundant active sites, and excellent visible light absorption. • The S-scheme mechanism and the pathway of H 2 O 2 formation were supported by both experimental characterization and DFT calculation. • The S-scheme heterojunction facilitates carrier separation and transfer in space and enhances redox power. • The unique surface properties of TpPaCl 2 promote O 2 -to-H 2 O 2 conversion via the concerted two-electron pathway. Constructing step-scheme (S-scheme) heterojunctions has become a popular strategy for efficient photocatalytic H 2 O 2 generation. Herein, we in situ grew BiOBr nanosheets (NSs) on a Schiff-base covalent organic framework (COF) with large π-conjugated structures to prepare S-scheme BiOBr/COF photocatalysts for H 2 O 2 synthesis. The highest photocatalytic H 2 O 2 production performance of the composite sample constituting the S-scheme heterojunction is 3749 µmol g−1 h−1, which was 1.85 and 27 times the rates of COF and BiOBr, respectively. The construction of S-scheme heterojunction contributed to efficient carrier transfer and separation in space and enhanced redox power. Moreover, the lying-down O 2 -adsorption configuration on the COF surface favors the concerted two-electron O 2 reduction process, which greatly reduced the reduction potential requirement for O 2 -to-H 2 O 2 conversion. The synergy between the S-scheme heterojunction and the unique O 2 –COF interaction boosted photocatalytic H 2 O 2 production activity. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Prostate cancer (PCa) typically spreads to the bone, and this distribution is attributed to the central role of the microenvironment in progression. However, metastasis to the adrenal glands, while not as common, does occur. The biology that accounts for adrenal metastases may be attributed to the unique local steroid metabolome and co-clinical characterization may elucidate the role steroid biosynthesis plays in PCa progression. Methods: Three patients with metastatic PCa who had archived tumor tissue from an adrenalectomy were retrospectively identified, and one adrenal metastasis was developed into a xenograft (MDA-PCa-250). The adrenal metastases were characterized by performing somatic DNA whole exome sequencing (WES), RNA-Seq, immunohistochemistry (IHC), and steroid metabolite quantitation. The influence of steroid metabolites on adrenal metastasis cells and tumor growth was tested in vitro and in vivo. Results: Clinically, adrenalectomy was performed during castration-resistant oligometastatic disease, and two men experienced resensitization to leuprolide. Somatic DNA WES revealed heterogeneous alterations in tumor suppressor and DNA damage repair pathway genes. Adrenal metastases had active androgen receptor (AR) signaling by IHC, and RNA-Seq supported a potential role for adrenal androgen precursor metabolism in activating the AR. Steroid quantitation suggested the adrenal androgen precursors were converted into testosterone in these metastases, and stable isotope tracing of an organoid from MDA-PCa-250 confirmed the capability of adrenal metastases to biosynthesize testosterone from adrenal precursors. In vitro testing of a cell line derived from MDA-PCa-250 showed that testosterone and cortisol stimulated tumor cell growth. In vivo experiments demonstrated that MDA-PCa-250 grew in intact mice with circulating testosterone, but not in castrated mice. Conclusions: PCa adrenal metastases depend upon AR signaling driven by androgen precursors, androstenedione and dehydroepiandrosterone, available in the microenvironment, despite the presence of heterogeneous somatic DNA alterations. Moreover, MDA-PCa-250 provides a preclinical model that can recapitulate the unique androgen-dependence of adrenal metastases. Clinical trial registration: This study does not report the clinical results of a clinical trial, but it does use samples from a completed clinical trial that is registered with clinicaltrials.gov (NCT01254864).

The sensitivity of force transducers can be calibrated by traceable measurement of dynamic force. It is usually considered as a static parameter in industrial measurement. However, the force transducer will generate inaccurate outputs when the static sensitivity (SS) is used for dynamic measurement with changed frequencies. To overcome this problem, the dynamic sensitivity (DS) is investigated by evaluating its calibration error based on a gray bootstrap model (GBM). First, the force transducer is dynamic calibrated by periodic force to build an error model. Second, the calibration errors are rolling predicted by gray model to generate a sequence matrix. Third, the confidence intervals are solved for the calibrated force in time history by bootstrap sampling from the rolling sequence matrix. Fourth, the optimal sensitivities at different frequencies are evaluated by probability density function and fit by the least square method. The experimental result shows that relative errors (REs) are quite small as 0.2% at 160 Hz, −0.1% at 315 Hz, and −0.3% at 1000 Hz. The degree of reliability (DR) is great enough and approximately equal, which reveals that the DS of force transducers is superior to SS when it comes to dynamic measurement of force.

A dearomatization/spiroannulation process has been successfully achieved between simple halophenols and α,β-unsaturated olefins under mild reaction conditions. This transformation addresses the chemoselectivity issue in the dearomatizative transformation of phenol scaffolds (6π-electron) caused by the SEArprocess, enabling the construction of versatile cyclohexadienone frameworks containing contiguous quaternary all-carbon centers in high yields. Further studies have provided valuable insights into the process, revealing that debromination/spiroannulation occurs through the SRN1 pathway.

Photocatalytic H 2 O 2 production provides a clean and sustainable strategy for artificial photosynthesis. Herein, an inorganic/organic composite photocatalyst was fabricated by in-situ growth of CdS nanoparticles on the surface of resorcinol–formaldehyde (RF) resin spheres. RF spheres played multiple roles: (i) acting as a substrate for the growth of CdS and constructing a core-shell structure with seamless contact; (ⅱ) improving visible light absorption of CdS; (ⅲ) forming an S-scheme heterojunction with CdS and promoting the charge separation and transfer. Consequently, under visible light illumination, CdS/RF composite presented remarkably enhanced H 2 O 2 production activity. Its H 2 O 2 yield in 60 min was 801 μmol L–1, which was 5.2 and 1.5 times higher than that of RF spheres and CdS hollow spheres, respectively. The charge migration between CdS and RF followed the S-scheme photocatalytic mechanism, which was verified by work function measurement, ex-situ and in-situ irradiated X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. This work brings a novel insight into designing RF-based inorganic/organic S-scheme heterojunction photocatalysts for efficient H 2 O 2 production. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Molecular catalysts dispersed on nanocarbon substrates represent a unique class of single atom catalysts (SACs) for their well-defined active sites and tailorable structures, and are promising substitutes to precious metals for catalyzing the technologically important oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Herein, we develop a highly active ORR catalyst consisting of iron phthalocyanine uniformly and densely dispersed on puff-like graphene (FePc/PG). With the unique crumpled and spheroid morphology, the graphene carrier possesses a large surface area and multiscale porosity, benefiting the high-density loading of FePc, exposure of the active sites and mass transfer efficiency during catalysis. When evaluated by a rotating disk electrode, FePc/PG presents a high half-wave potential of 0.909 V vs.the reversible hydrogen electrode. Furthermore, when employed as the gas diffusion electrode, FePc/PG exhibits outstanding high-rate and highpower capabilities at practically high current densities. This work provides efficient strategies to engineer the morphology of the nanocarbon substrates to design high-performance heterogeneous molecular catalysts toward applications in diverse energy conversion and storage technologies.

Energy harvesting systems can power microsensors by harvesting energy from the environment. On-chip solar cells made by photodiodes serve as crucial components for highly-integrated energy harvesting systems. To maximize the vertical photoactive area and achieve on-chip solar cells with enhanced photoelectric conversion capabilities, the photoactive area is increased by segmenting the doped region. With the assistance of an approximate model, an optimized segmented triple-well photodiode design is proposed and implemented in a standard $0.18~\mu \text{m}$ bulk CMOS process. Measurement results demonstrate a photoelectric conversion efficiency of 10.16% for the proposed segmented triple-well on-chip solar cell, which represents a 39.94% improvement compared to traditional unsegmented triple-well on-chip solar cells. The short-circuit current is 26.51% higher than that of the traditional one.

Purpose: Although the Enhanced Recovery After Cesarean Delivery (ERAC) consensus statement provides recommendations for early postoperative drinking and eating, evidence from high-quality clinical research directly addressing parturients is sparse. Our objective was to assess if early oral carbohydrate intake after elective Cesarean delivery improves maternal recovery. Methods: In this randomized controlled trial, we enrolled parturients undergoing elective Cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia with tympanic membrane temperatures ≤ 36.5 °C immediately upon arrival at the postanesthesia care unit. Parturients were randomized to either 100 mL of oral complex carbohydrate intake (group CC) or 10 mL of water (group C). The primary outcome was maternal tympanic membrane temperature. Other outcomes included maternal thermal comfort score, degree of shivering, satisfaction, degree of thirst and hunger, and gastric emptying assessed by ultrasonography. Results: We included 90 participants in the final analysis. The mean (standard deviation [SD]) maternal body temperature at 120 min after ingestion was 36.7 (0.3) °C in group CC and 36.6 (0.3) °C in group C (difference in means, 0.14 °C; 95% confidence interval, 0.02 to 0.26; P= 0.02). Furthermore, using repeated measure models, the linear trends of temperature changes over time between groups CC and C were significantly different (P= 0.04). The thermal comfort scores at 120 min after ingestion were higher in group CC than in group C (P= 0.02), and the linear trends of shivering score changes over time between groups CC and C also were different (P= 0.003). The mean (SD) visual analogue scale scores for maternal satisfaction were 84 (13) mm in group CC and 47 (20) mm in group C (P< 0.001). Nevertheless, at 90 and 120 min after ingestion, there were no differences between the two groups in the number of participants with a gastric antrum cross-sectional area > 10.3 cm2. Conclusions: Early oral carbohydrate intake after Cesarean delivery helped to restore maternal body temperature postoperatively and improve maternal satisfaction. Nevertheless, the clinical importance of these finding is unclear, given that most of the differences were small. In addition, there was no delay in maternal gastric emptying after consumption of a complex carbohydrate beverage in the early post-Cesarean period. Study registration: www.chictr.org.cn (ChiCTR2000031085); first submitted 13 November 2022.

• Electron transfer dynamics of CdS/Pt schottky junction photocatalyst is studied by femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy. • Lactic acid results in the fastest electron transfer rate of 1.8 × 109 s–1 at the CdS/Pt interface. • The CdS/Pt interface with lactic acid as the electron donor achieves the highest interfacial electron transfer efficiency of 76%. • The function of electron donor during photocatalytic H 2 production is revealed from the perspective of electron transfer dynamics. Electron donors (EDs) are widely used to improve the H 2 production performance of Schottky junction photocatalysts, but the functions of EDs are still unknown from the perspective of electron transfer dynamics. Herein, Pt nanocluster-decorated CdS nanorod is successfully prepared to construct a typical CdS/Pt Schottky junction. Pt nanoclusters with a diameter of ∼2 nm are deposited on the surface of CdS nanorods by in situ photoreduction at sub-zero temperature. The CdS/Pt photocatalyst using lactic acid shows a higher H 2 production rate of 4762 μmol g–1 h–1 compared to that using methanol, triethanolamine, and glycerol. To understand the cause, the dynamics of photogenerated carriers in CdS/Pt photocatalysts during ED-assisted H 2 production are revealed by femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy. Among the four organic EDs, lactic acid enables the fastest electron transfer rate of 1.8 × 109 s–1 and the highest electron transfer efficiency of 76% at the CdS/Pt interface due to the most efficient hole consumption. This work sheds light on the importance of efficient interfacial electron transfer for improving the photocatalytic performance of Schottky junction photocatalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Direct seawater electrolysis is a promising technology for massive green hydrogen production but is limited by the lack of durable and efficient electrocatalysts toward the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Herein, we develop a core–shell nanoreactor as a high-performance OER catalyst consisting of NiFe alloys encapsulated within defective graphene layers (NiFe@DG) by a facile microwave shocking strategy. This catalyst needs overpotentials of merely 218 and 276 mV in alkalized seawater to deliver current densities of 10 and 100 mA cm–2, respectively, and operates continuously for 2000 h with negligible activity decay (1.0%), making it one of the best OER catalysts reported to date. Detailed experimental and theoretical analyses reveal that the excellent durability of NiFe@DG originates from the formation of the built-in electric field triggered by the defective graphene coating against chloride ions at the electrode/electrolyte interface, thus protecting the active NiFe alloys at the core from dissolution and aggregation under harsh operation conditions. Further, a highly stable and efficient seawater electrolyzer is assembled with the NiFe@DG anode and the Pt/C cathode to demonstrate the practicability of the catalysts.

Purpose: Employee improvisation is valuable in seizing opportunities, creating radically new ideas and dealing with unexpected events. It is increasingly important for new ventures in unpredictable environments. However, as an important organizational factor, the mechanism of leadership style on employee improvisation has not been fully explored. Against this background, the purpose of this study is to examine the impact of entrepreneurial leadership on employee improvisation. Specifically, drawing on cognitive-affective processing system framework and regulatory focus theory, the study investigates the dual mediating role of workplace spirituality and positive affect between entrepreneurial leadership and employee improvisation and the moderating role of promotion focus in such relationships. Design/methodology/approach: Using time-lagged data from 327 leader–employee dyads from new ventures in China, the study tests all hypotheses using hierarchical multiple regression and bootstrapping analysis in IBM SPSS 26.0. Findings: The results reveal that entrepreneurial leadership is positively related to employee improvisation, and this link is mediated by workplace spirituality and positive affect. Additionally, moderated path analysis indicates that promotion focus strengthens the direct effect of workplace spirituality and positive affect on employee improvisation and the indirect impact of entrepreneurial leadership on employee improvisation. Practical implications: The findings also provide some practical suggestions for managers on how to promote employee improvisation. Managers can promote employee improvisation by cultivating their entrepreneurial leadership. The results also constitute valuable information for new ventures in terms of suggesting steps that can be taken to promote employee improvisation in the workplace, particularly in regard to employees' cognition and affect. In addition, personality traits such as promotion focus should also be considered in recruitment. Originality/value: The study makes an original contribution by showcasing the complex cognitive and affective mechanism of entrepreneurial leadership on employee improvisation. Through the dual mediating role of workplace spirituality and positive affect, the study expands the research results on employee improvisation and enriches the application of cognitive-affective processing system framework in the entrepreneurship field. The study also provides deeper insights into promotion focus research by exploring the boundary conditions of employee improvisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractPurposeTriple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a subtype of breast cancer with poor prognosis. Therefore, there is an urgent need to identify prognostic markers to improve current treatment and therapeutic strategies. The transcriptional factor ZNF503 has been reported to promote aggressive breast cancer development through the down-regulation of GATA3 expression and has been identified as a candidate predictive marker. In this study, we explored whether ZNF503 and GATA3 could serve as prognostic markers independently or in combination.Material and MethodsWe performed a survival analysis of 989 breast cancer patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), and validated the findings in 202 breast cancer patients from tissue microarray (TMA).ResultsIn TCGA database, the mRNA expression of GATA3and ZNF503could not predict TNBC prognosis alone, though the ratio index, ZNF503/GATA3could be a novel prognostic biomarker in TNBC patients. In TMA database, we detected the protein expression of ZNF503 and GATA3 and found that the combination of the two genes, ZNF503-GATA3, significantly improved the predictive ability of clinical outcomes.ConclusionsThe results indicated that the binding index of ZNF503 and GATA3 could be used as a prognostic biomarker in TNBC.

Pain perception provides evolutionary advantages by enhancing the probability of survival, but chronic pain continues to be a significant global health concern in modern society. Various factors are associated with pain alteration. Accumulating evidence has revealed that obesity correlates with enhanced pain perception, especially in chronic pain individuals. Existing dietary patterns related to obesity are primarily high-fat diets (HFD) and calorie restriction (CR) diets, which induce or alleviate obesity separately. HFD has been shown to enhance nociception while CR tends to alleviate pain when measuring pain outcomes. Herein, this review mainly summarizes the current knowledge of the effects of HFD and CR on pain responses and underlying molecular mechanisms of the immunological factors, metabolic regulation, inflammatory processes, Schwann cell (SC) autophagy, gut microbiome, and other pathophysiological signaling pathways involved. This review would help to provide insights on potential nonpharmacological strategies of dietary patterns in relieving pain.

Byline: Jingjing. Liu, Wei. Huang, Zhiyuan. Wu, Zhongmin. Wang, Xiaoyi. Ding Background: The aim of the study is to evaluate the technique, safety, efficacy, and clinical value of computed tomography [...]

In the search for rare earth and other critical elements in coal measures, the coals are emphasized with lesser consideration for the accompanying rocks. In this investigation, the focus is on a lanthanide-rich, 315–317 Ma (after Machlus et al., Chemical Geology, 539, art. no. 119485, 2020) volcanic ash-fall trachyandesite to trachyte tonstein which occurs in association with the Middle Pennsylvanian Duckmantian-age Fire Clay coal in eastern Kentucky. The tonstein was deposited largely during peat accumulation, although it is known to occur at the base of the coal or within the underclay. The mineralogy is dominated by kaolinite with illite and quartz as minor to major minerals. A number of accessory minerals, as detected by X-ray diffraction + Siroquant XRD software and scanning and transmission electron microscopy (S/TEM), include REE-bearing phosphates (apatite, crandallite, florencite, monazite), and Y-bearing zircon. The highest rare earth element + Y concentrations occur in the weathered tonsteins, probably due to the concentration of these minerals after weathering of kaolinite from the rock.

Mismatch repair (MMR) deficiency has been linked to thiopurine resistance and hypermutation in relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). However, the repair mechanism of thiopurine-induced DNA damage in the absence of MMR remains unclear. Here, we provide evidence that DNA polymerase β (POLB) of base excision repair (BER) pathway plays a critical role in the survival and thiopurine resistance of MMR-deficient ALL cells. In these aggressive resistant ALL cells, POLB depletion and its inhibitor oleanolic acid (OA) treatment result in synthetic lethality with MMR deficiency through increased cellular apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) sites, DNA strand breaks and apoptosis. POLB depletion increases thiopurine sensitivities of resistant cells, and OA synergizes with thiopurine to kill these cells in ALL cell lines, patient-derived xenograft (PDX) cells and xenograft mouse models. Our findings suggest BER and POLB’s roles in the process of repairing thiopurine-induced DNA damage in MMR-deficient ALL cells, and implicate their potentials as therapeutic targets against aggressive ALL progression.

A novel in-situ reactive approach based on the reactions among TiN, aluminum and boron has been developed to synthesize TiB 2 -based composites including TiB 2 - h BN (TB) and TiB 2 - h BN-AlN (TBA). Fully dense ceramics with fine-grained microstructure were successfully obtained via spark plasma sintering at 1850 °C/60 MPa/5 min. Microstructure analysis suggests h BN flakes were homogenously distributed in the TiB 2 matrix. For AlN, however, they were elongated into plate-like grains during sintering, in which lots of defects in terms of stacking faults and twinning structures were observed. The mechanical and thermophysical properties of as-sintered ceramics were comprehensively investigated and compared. Incorporating AlN significantly improved the flexure strength, hardness, fracture toughness and thermal conductivity of TiB 2 - h BN ceramics. The electrical conductivity of TB (3.06 × 106 S/m) is larger than that of TBA (2.35 × 106 S/m) at room temperature, but the value (6 × 105 S/m) was lower than that of TBA (6.9 × 105 S/m) at 1173 K. Based on the measurement of electrical and thermal conductivity, electron and phonon contributions to thermal conductivities of TB and TBA were calculated and their temperature dependences were illustrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACTIntroductionMyeloid leukemia 1 (Mcl−1), an antiapoptotic protein of the Bcl−2 family, is an attractive target for cancer therapy. In recent years, significant progress has been made with regard to Mcl−1 inhibitors, leading to the generation of highly potent Mcl−1 inhibitors that have entered clinical trials.Areas coveredThis review provides an overview of the patent literature between 2020 and 2022 −covering inhibitors, antibody–drug conjugate (ADC), and proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTAC) of Mcl1.Expert opinionDespite the great success of Mcl−1 inhibitor development, the on-target toxicity to heart indicated that the BH3 mimetic Mcl−1 inhibitors could have a limited therapeutic window.Drug combinations of Mcl−1 inhibitors with targeted therapies or chemotherapies may improve safety as they may reduce the dose of Mcl−1 inhibitors. Alternatively, some technologies like ADC and PROTACS could also be utilized to improve the therapeutic window. We envision a precision medicine platform like BH3 profiling or single-molecule pull-down and co-immunoprecipitation platform will enable the tailored use of Mcl−1 inhibitors utilizing the unique molecular information of individual patients.

Swine wastewater has become one of the main agricultural pollutants in China and been widely concerned by the public. Biotechnology is a ommon economic and effective means to treat swine wastewater. However, it is difficult to discharge the swine wastewater that contains dissolved organic matter (DOM) by biological treatment technology. In this paper, the swine wastewater was treated by a step-feed two-stage anoxic/oxic (A/O/A/O) process, the removal rate of chemical oxygen demand (COD) reached 89%, and that of ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N) reached 97%. Fluorescence excitation-emission matrix (EEM) with parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) was used to analyze the composition and changes of DOM in the influent and effluent samples of the step-feed A/O/A/O. The results show that the main components in the influent were tyrosine/tryptophan-like substance (C1), tyrosine-like substance (C2), and humic-like substance (C3). The main components in effluent were divided into tyrosine-like substance (C2), humic-like substance (C3), and terrestrial humic-like substance (C4). The results show that C1 and C2 were significantly degraded, C3 was hardly degraded by microorganisms, and C4 was a microbial metabolite.

ABSTRACT Alternation of drying and wetting led to the worst corrosion of the engineering structures in marine environments. In this paper, the transport of chloride ions in concrete under loads [...]

Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is the critical stage in the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) from simple and reversible steatosis to irreversible cirrhosis and even hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Thus, the diagnosis of NASH is important for preventing the progress of NAFLD into a fatal condition. The oxidative enzyme myeloperoxidase (MPO), which is mostly produced by polymorphonuclear neutrophil granulocytes (NEU), has been identified as a key player in lipid peroxidation in inflamed tissues. Considering that the expression of MPO was much higher in NASH than in the nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) with steatosis, we designed a nanoparticle platform based on ultrasmall iron oxide (USIO) nanoparticles to realize MPO-sensitive NASH diagnosis. After modification of USIO nanoparticles with amphiphilic poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and conjugation with 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT), a physiological substrate for MPO, the final nanocomposite (USIO-DA-PEG-5HT) revealed MPO-mediated aggregation at the inflammatory site of NASH. Meanwhile, the intrinsic T1-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) signal of dispersed USIO-DA-PEG-5HT nanoparticles diminishes, while the T2-weighted MR signal is amplified owing to the aggregation effect. These USIO-DA-PEG-5HT nanoprobes offer great potential for improving NASH MR imaging diagnostic accuracy and sensitivity compared to existing molecular MR contrast agents with a single imaging modality.

Purpose: The objective of this study was to examine how high-social and low-social virtual live streamers affect consumers' experiential value (utilitarian value and hedonic value) and the mechanism and boundary conditions behind the effect. Design/methodology/approach: The research consisted of four laboratory experiments. Findings: The results showed that socialness has a positive significant effect on experiential value. Social presence mediated the effect of socialness on utilitarian value and hedonic value. In the relationship between socialness and experiential value, the moderating effects of communication style and situation were significant. Practical implications: This study provides managerial implications for online stores about the use of virtual live streamers. Originality/value: The finding of this paper extends the literature on virtual humans or avatars, enriches the literature on the characteristics of virtual humans and tests the explanatory power of social response theory.

This paper proposes a new infrared and visible image fusion method based on the densely connected disentangled representation generative adversarial network (DCDR-GAN), which strips the content and the modal features of infrared and visible images through disentangled representation (DR) and fuses them separately. To deal with the mutually exclusive features in infrared and visible images, inject the modal features into the reconstruction of content features through adaptive instance normalization (AdaIN), reducing the interference. To reduce feature loss and ensure the expression of all-level features in the fused image, DCDR-GAN designs the densely connected content encoders and fusion decoder and constructs the multi-scale fusion structures between the enc-dec through long connections. Meanwhile, the content and the modal reconstruction losses are proposed to preserve the information of the source images. Finally, through the two-phase trained model, generate the fused image. The subjective and objective evaluation results of the TNO and INO datasets show that the proposed method has better visual effects and higher index values than other state-of-the-art methods.