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Les fusions circonférentielles par voie antérieure (ALIF) ou transforaminale (TLIF) associées à une ostéosynthèse postérieure sont des techniques couramment utilisées dans le traitement chirurgical des spondylolisthésis par lyse isthmique de bas grade. Mais il n’existe que peu d’études comparant les résultats cliniques et radiologiques des différentes techniques de fusions intersomatiques. L’objectif de cette étude était de comparer les résultats cliniques et radiologiques de deux techniques d’arthrodèse : TLIF versus ALIF associée à une instrumentation postérieure à deux ans postopératoires d’un spondylolisthésis par lyse isthmique de l’adulte.

•Insular neurosurgery faces unique challenges.•A first-line department can enhance the quality of care without needing new equipment.•A population of 270,000 justifies at least two permanent neurosurgeons for both spinal and cranial procedures.

The way species avoid each other in a community by using resources differently across space and time is one of the main drivers of species coexistence in nature1,2. This mechanism, known as niche differentiation, has been widely examined theoretically but still lacks thorough experimental validation in plants. To shape niche differences over time, species within communities can reduce the overlap between their niches or find unexploited environmental space3. Selection and phenotypic plasticity have been advanced as two candidate processes driving niche differentiation4,5, but their respective role remains to be quantified6. Here, we tracked changes in plant height, as a candidate trait for light capture7, in 5-year multispecies sown grasslands. We found increasing among-species height differences over time. Phenotypic plasticity promotes this change, which explains the rapid setting of differentiation in our system. Through the inspection of changes in genetic structure, we also highlighted the contribution of selection. Altogether, we experimentally demonstrated the occurrence of species niche differentiation within artificial grassland communities over a short time scale through the joined action of both plasticity and selection.

La chirurgia del torace nell’ambito della transizione da maschio a femmina o da femmina a maschio è uno degli interventi chirurgici di riassegnazione del sesso più frequentemente eseguiti in Francia. La torsoplastica o mastectomia mascolinizzante consiste nell’asportazione irreversibile della ghiandola mammaria e nella mascolinizzazione del torace. La tecnica e la via d’accesso dipendono dall’eccesso cutaneo e ghiandolare. Dalla semplice liposuzione alla doppia incisione, la tecnica chirurgica si adatta alla morfologia del paziente. Le complicanze postoperatorie comprendono rischi di ematomi, infezioni, sieromi e necrosi degli innesti di areola, se eseguiti. La mastoplastica additiva utilizza il lipofilling o il posizionamento di impianti in silicone tenendo conto delle particolarità del torace maschile: distopia areolare esterna e piccolo volume mammario di base, a meno che la paziente non sia sottoposta a terapia ormonale. Le complicanze postoperatorie sono i rischi di ematomi e infezioni e, in caso di posizionamento di protesi mammarie, va anche temuto il rischio di comparsa di un guscio. La chirurgia del torace consente ai pazienti di iniziare o di continuare il percorso chirurgico di affermazione di genere con risultati considerati molto soddisfacenti.

La cirugía del tórax en el marco de la transición de varón a mujer o de mujer a varón es una de las cirugías de reasignación sexual más realizadas en Francia. La torsoplastia o mastectomía masculinizante consiste en resecar de forma irreversible la glándula mamaria y en masculinizar el tórax. La técnica y la vía de acceso dependen del exceso cutáneo y glandular. Desde la simple liposucción hasta la doble incisión, la técnica quirúrgica se adapta a la morfología del paciente. Las complicaciones postoperatorias incluyen un riesgo de hematomas, de infecciones, de seromas y de necrosis de los injertos de aréolas si se realizan. Para el aumento mamario, se recurre al lipofillingo a la colocación de implantes de silicona teniendo en cuenta las particularidades del tórax masculino: distopia areolar externa, pequeño volumen mamario basal a menos que la paciente esté recibiendo tratamiento hormonal. Las complicaciones postoperatorias son el riesgo de hematoma y de infección y, en el caso de la colocación de implantes mamarios, también hay que tener en cuenta la aparición de una cápsula. La cirugía del tórax permite a los pacientes iniciar o continuar su proceso quirúrgico de confirmación de género con resultados que se consideran muy satisfactorios.

Il s’agit d’une étude rétrospective multicentrique nationale de phase IV permettant d’observer l’utilisation de rhBMP-2 en pratique courante en France.

The article discusses various options for nonprofits to generate revenue. Topics covered include the customer model which treats beneficiary groups as customers whom nonprofits serve through a business, the employee model in which the beneficiary is the employee who produces the good or service being sold to customers, and the product model which integrates revenue and social impact by monetizing a product or service. Also noted is the possible and emerging combination of such models.

The effect of varying growth rate on the formation of defects in homo-epitaxially grown cubic silicon carbide (3C-SiC) is studied. Three growth rates are considered (30, 60 and 90 μm/hr) demonstrating that as the growth rate increases the density of point defects, as demonstrated by photo- luminescence, and stacking faults (SFs), as measured by a KOH etching procedure, increase. Scanning transmission electron microscopy images demonstrate generation, annihilation and closure of SFs as a function film thickness. High resolution X-ray diffraction is used to uncover the higher quality of homo-epitaxial with respect hetero-epitaxial films through the examination of the sample mosaicity and SF density.

We present three different ways of transferring 3C-SiC layers grown on silicon on top of a SiC carrier using a carbon glue layer. Our main focus was upon the growth on the transition layer, as 3C-SiC does not feature any polarities in the <100> or <-100> direction. We realized a stable and reproducible process by following a wet chemical approach, dealing with the difficulties of handling thin but freestanding 3C-SiC layers. By using this way, we transferred approximately 130 μm thick pieces using their horizontal hot-wall reactor (M10), which were chemo mechanically polished and afterwards fixed on our SiC carriers. Implementing such a seeding stack into our growth setup, we managed to grow between 20 μm and 130 μm thick layers on top. We have proven the possibility to grow on the transition layer. Furthermore, we observed a slight reduction in protrusion density, which is currently one of the main defects in such layers.

Legume-based mixtures have considerable interest for modern agriculture, because they can increase or stabilize crop production and simultaneously provide important agro-ecosystem functions. Accordingly, there is increasing demand for legume cultivars adapted to this utilization. This paper reviews the available findings and discuss methodological, eco-physiological and diversity-related issues that can help define cost-efficient breeding strategies for cool- and warm-season annual legumes intercropped with cereals, and perennial legumes intercropped with forage grasses. On average, selection in pure stand (PS) exhibited about 40% lower predicted yield gains than selection in target mixed stand (MS) conditions, in a survey of case studies. Specific breeding for intercropping tends to be particularly important for species undergoing severe competition because of modest competitive ability or the targeted growing conditions, for which direct selection in MS or indirect selection for traits associated with greater competitive ability prove valuable. Breeding for compatibility with a wide range of plant companions is encouraged by the larger size of general-compatibility effects relative to specific-compatibility ones. There is fairly limited evidence for the advantage of greater intraspecific diversity in legume breeding for intercropping. On the whole, however, the available findings are insufficient for designing efficient breeding strategies for the majority of legume species. We present a range of informative and cost-efficient methodological approaches that could be exploited for future studies. There is an urgent need to assess the efficiency of novel and relatively low-cost breeding strategies, among which evolutionary breeding and genomic selection emerge as the most promising.

Sewer systems are complex and large structures located under the ground. Their good functioning is a strategic issue which requires regular inspections and maintenance operations. These interventions involve important risks and constraints regarding health and security of operators as well as accessibility to structures and cost of these operations. In this context, unmanned vehicles offer new opportunities to reduce or simplify human interventions in the sewers.

Stacking Faults (SFs) are the main defect of 3C-SiC material and in this work a detailed study of this typology of defect is presented. We studied the behavior of SFs with High Resolution XRD and STEM analysis. The homo-epitaxial growth was proposed as a solution for the reduction of SFs density in 3C-SiC material and the influence of the growth condition on the SFs density was studied. The knowledge of the mechanism of SFs reduction is crucial for the development of a high quality material for devices fabrication.

In this work a comparison between different 6 inches 4H-SiC commercial substrates after post processing has been shown. The main comparison was done between two different suppliers after a thinning process that leaves the sample with a final thickness of 150 microns. After the processing the two substrates show different behavior with different curvature and residual stress. X-Ray diffraction show different crystal quality and curvature values of the substrates. Micro-Raman show different residual stress of the substrates before and after the thinning process. Moreover, molten KOH etching for dislocation detection also show different value of dislocation density for both substrates.

Thermal annealing plays a crucial role for healing the defectiveness in the ion implanted regions of DIMOSFETs (Double Implanted MOSFETs) devices. In this work, we have studied the effect of a double step annealing on the body (Al implanted) and the source (P implanted) regions of such devices. We found that a high temperature annealing (1750°C, 1h) followed by a lower temperature one (1500°C, 4h) is mandatory to achieve low defects concentration and good crystal quality in both the n-and p-type zones of the device.

Urban drainage networks (UDN) carry urban wastewater to wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) in order to regenerate it before releasing it to the environment. Combined UDN (CUDN) carry both rain and wastewater together, which can overload the UDN and produce combined sewer overflows (CSO) that pollute the environment. Management of CUDN is receiving increasing attention from both researchers and water managers, in order to meet the high quality standards required for water and environment according to EU Water Framework Directive. Due to the complex dynamics of water quality, integrated control of CUDN and WWTP considering both flows and quality of the conveyed wastewater is a difficult problem. In order to design a real-time control (RTC) taking into account hydraulic and quality variables, the use of conceptual quality models is considered as a suitable option. This paper mainly presents a simplified conceptual quality modelling approach to represent the dynamics of suspended solid in sewers of CUDN oriented to real-time control. A sewer simulator implemented in SWMM (Storm Water Management Model) integrated with a lumped conceptual model for total suspended solid (TSS) is used for calibration and validation. A real example of Perinot sewer network is used as a case study. Discussions about RTC implementation in CUDN are also provided in this paper, where Model Predictive Control (MPC) is proposed as the suitable method to control the integrated water and quality models in CUDN as future motivation.

A new technique with micro-Raman and micro-PL analysis is proposed to detect defects in 3C-SiC epitaxial films. The high-power of an above band-gap laser is used to increase locally the free carriers density in un-doped epitaxial material (n < 1016 cm-3). The electronic plasma couples with the longitudinal optical (LO) Raman mode determining the so-called LOPC effect. The Raman shift of the LO phonon-plasmon-coupled mode (LOPC) changes as the free carriers density is modified. Crystallographic defects induce a modification of the free carriers density determining a change in the Raman shift of LO mode and in the PL emission from the 3C-SiC gap. Thus we suppose that the results observed are connected to crystallographic defects and we propose this technique as a methodology to analyze extended defects in 3C-SiC material because a detailed study of defects in 3C-SiC has not yet been performed.

We report on the growth of bulk 3C-SiC by sublimation on epitaxial seeding layers (3C-SiC/Si) from chemical vapor deposition. We have reached a materials thickness of 0.85 mm and an area of 10.5 cm2 which can be enlarged further. The high crystalline quality is characterized by the absence of secondary polytype inclusions and the absence double position grain boundaries.

3C-SiC layers (7 and 15 μm thick), epitaxially grown on silicon, were covered with gold nanoparticles by immersion in a solution containing HF and KAuCl4. The surface of the layers played a crucial role in the morphology of the deposited metal network and large gold agglomerates developed on the pronounced antiphase domain boundaries of the thinner layer. Preferential growth was not observed on the smooth surface of the 15 μm thick layer. Rutherford backscattering spectrometry and electron microscopy outlined a progressive nucleation that takes place for less than 60 s immersion times under a kinetic control process. For longer deposition time each cluster grows under a diffusion control process, resulting in flower-like gold particles. However, the nucleation and growth processes can be strongly modified by multiple immersions in solution after rinsing in water. The adopted procedure allows the tailoring of the particles size and avoids the aggregation, therefore improving by about 1 order of magnitude the particle density (from 2 to 9 × 109cm–2) while keeping their size systematically smaller (20 nm radius) than that obtained by a single immersion for the same total time (about 50 nm radius). Reflectivity measurements and micro Raman analyses evidenced the plasmonic effects produced by the clusters.

A new solver named POTisoFOAM is presented to predict and investigate the performance of electrochemical reactors. Its mathematicalmodel is developed and implemented through finite volume methodsand exploits the flexibility of the open source package OpenFOAM. The solver consists of two consecutive predictor-corrector loops. The first solves the pressure and velocity fields accounting for turbulence, while the second handles the ions transport and current conserva-tion. The equations' system is further complicated by means of thenon linear Buttler-Volmer boundary conditions. Despite the strong coupling between the charged ions and the electric potential, the reconstruction of the tertiary current density distribution is achieved. This study simulates the electrodeposition of copper, where changes in the electrodes geometry due to material deposition and corrosion are taken into account with the intent to predict the electrodes' replacements and the productivity of the reactor.

In this paper we have studied the connection between crystal quality and electrical transport in 4H-SiC by simultaneous micro-photoluminescence (μPL) and photocurrent (PC) measurements. We have used a focused HeCd laser at 325 nm (i.e. above bandgap) to measure with a spatial resolution of few microns both the μPL spectra and the I-V characteristics in 4H-SiC/Ni Schottky diodes. We found that the PC signal acquired along a defect can give information on its spatial distribution in depth. The minority carrier lifetime has been also estimated and its dependence on the emission wavelength has been determined for several stacking faults.

We have developed and investigated the quasi-bulk crystal growth of 3C-SiC on transferred, high quality, CVD-grown templates using a sublimation sandwich related technique. The seeding layers were removed from the silicon carrier using a solution of hydrogen fluoride, nitric acid and water and glued to a substrate using carbon glue. The transferred layers were used as seeding material to grow high quality, single crystalline, DPBs free 3C-SiC crystals with thicknesses of up to 860 μm and a size of 18 x 20 mm. Analysis of the 3C-SiC layers was carried out using Laue measurement in back-reflecting geometry, Raman spectroscopy and optical microscopy.

Les discectomies cervicales avec fusion sont des interventions courantes en chirurgie rachidienne. Les modifications biomécaniques qu’elles entraînent accélèreraient la dégénérescence du segment adjacent. Cependant, la part de dégénérescence naturelle dans la constitution de ce syndrome adjacent est mal connue.

Preliminary results of 150mm SiC 4H 4°off have been obtained with the new 150mm automatic horizontal hot wall reactor PE1O6, using chlorinated chemistry (SiHCl3 + C2H4). A new injection system has been tested in two configurations and results will be shown in this paper. AFM surface roughness measurements and epi defect density have been reported.

In this paper we investigate the role of the growth rate (varied by changing the Si/H2 ratio and using TCS to avoid Si droplet formation) on the surface roughness (Rq), the density of single Shockley stacking faults (SSSF) and 3C-inclusions (i.e. epi-stacking faults, ESF). We find that optimized processes with higher growth rates allow to improve the films in all the considered aspects. This result, together with the reduced cost of growth processes, indicates that high growth rates should always be used to improve the overall quality of 4H-SiC homoepitaxial growths. Furthermore we analyze the connection between surface morphology and density of traps (Dit) at the SiO2/SiC interface in fabricated MOS devices finding consistent indications that higher surface roughness (step-bunched surfaces) can improve the quality of the interface by reducing the Dit value.

we study the surface morphology of homoepitaxially grown 4H silicon carbide in terms of growth rate, miscut direction of the substrate and post growth argon thermal annealings. All the results indicate that the final surface morphology is the result of a competition between energetic reorganization and kinetic randomness. Because in all observed conditions energetic reorganization favors surface ondulations (“step bunching”), out-of-equilibrium conditions are one of the keys to favor the reduction of the surface roughness to values below ~0.5 nm. We theoretically support these results using kinetics superlattice Monte Carlo simulations (KslMC)

Integrating research on careers, flexible work arrangements, and open systems views of organizational change, we investigate how evolution in the broader organizational context interacts with professional career trajectories over time. Interviews were conducted six years apart (1997 and 2003) with 17 major employers in North America and 36 managers and professionals in those firms who were working on a reduced-load basis by choice in 1997. Overall, we found that career patterns are impacted by the dynamic combination of individual-level and contextual factors. Specifically, while changes in core business/client base, internal structure changes, and industry turbulence were associated with higher proportions of returns to full-time work, financial threat was associated with lower levels of return to full-time work. We identified four cross-level dynamics (co-optation, synergy, decoupling, and tug of war) that capture different patterns of interaction between individual work arrangement trajectories and larger trends occurring at the organizational or industry level.

Bone echinococcosis or bone hydatidosis is mainly caused by the larva of a dog taenia, Echinococcus granulosus. We described a rare imported case in metropolitan France of spinal cord compression from a primary vertebral hydatidosis.

The defects produced by 7.0 MeV C+ irradiation in 4H-SiC epitaxial layer were followed by Deep Level Transient Spectroscopy, current-voltage measurements and Transmission Electron Microscopy in a large fluence range (109-51013 ions/cm2). At low fluence (109 -1010 ions/cm2), the formation of three main level defects located at 0.68 eV, 0.98 eV and 1.4 eV below the conduction band edge is detected. The trap concentration increases with ion fluence suggesting that these levels are associated to the point defects generated by ion irradiation. In this fluence range the leakage current of the diodes does not change. At higher fluence an evolution of defects occurs, as the concentration of traps at 0.68 eV and 1.4 eV decreases, while the intensity of the level at 0.98 eV remains constant. In this fluence range complex defects are formed and an increase of a factor five in the leakage current is measured.

We have developed a high-quality growth process for 3C-SiC on on-axis (111)Si substrates with the ultimate goal to demonstrate high quality and yield electronic and MEMS devices. A single-side polished 50 mm (111)Si wafer was loaded into a hot-wall SiC CVD reactor for growth. The 3C-SiC process was performed in two stages: carbonization in propane and hydrogen at 1135°C and 400 Torr followed by growth at 1380°C and 100 Torr. X-ray diffraction rocking curve analysis of the 3C-SiC(222) peak indicates a FWHM value of 219 arcsec. This is a very interesting result given that the film thickness was only 2 µm, thus indicating that the grown film is of very high quality compared with published literature values. X-ray polar figure mapping was performed and it was observed that the micro twin content was below the detection limit. Therefore TEM characterization was performed in plan view to allow assessment of the stacking fault density as well as confirmation of the very low micro twin concentration in this film. TEM analysis indicates a low concentration of stacking faults in the range of 104 cm-1.

Introduction : Les spondylolisthésis par lyse isthmique (ISPL) de bas grades sont régulièrement traités par arthrodèses circonférentielles comprenant un temps de greffe intersomatique sans qu’un consensus technique ne soit établi.

The defects produced by irradiation with 7 MeV C+ induce a change in the electrical properties of 4H-SiC Schottky diodes. Capacitance-voltage and Current-voltage characteristics of the diodes fabricated in epilayers doped with different nitrogen concentrations were monitored before and after irradiation with different fluences. The Capacitance-voltage curves show free carrier compensation after low fluence irradiation and it was found that the reduction of carriers per ion induced vacancy increases with nitrogen content. The forward current-voltage characteristics of the diodes show an increase in the series resistance after irradiation. This change is mainly related to the high compensation occurring around the end of the ion range.

High growth rate of 4H-SiC epitaxial layers can be reached with the introduction of HCl in the deposition chamber. The effect of the Cl/Si ratio on this epitaxial growth process has been studied by optical and electrical measurements. Optical microscopy shows an improvement of the surface morphology and luminescence measurements reveal a decrease of epitaxial layer defects with increasing the Cl/Si ratio in the range 0.05–2.0. The leakage current measured on the diodes realized on these wafers is reduced of an order of magnitude and DLTS measurements show a decrease of the EH6,7 level concentration in the same range of Cl/Si ratio. The value Cl/Si=2.0 allows to grow epitaxial layers with the lowest defect concentration.

Intracranial ependymoma is a rare tumour which is more frequently observed in childhood; it represents about 4% of all brain tumours. The World Health Organization (WHO) classification for ependymal tumours identifies 4 distinct entities: classic ependymoma, anaplastic ependymoma, myxopapillary ependymoma and subependymoma. Ependymoma may be an intraventricular or a paraventricular tumour, and exceptionally an intraparenchymal one. Infratentorial lesions are more frequent in children. Intracranial hypertension is the main clinical symptom. The quality of surgery has a major impact on survival. Relapses are mainly local. Focal radiation therapy is the standard adjuvant treatment, although this treatment should be avoided or differed in non anaplastic tumours with gross total resection. The role of chemotherapy is still controversial. It has been used mainly in children less than 3 years of age to delay institution of radiotherapy. The 5-year survival rate is about 60%. Identifying a subset of patients who may not need radiotherapy is the future challenge for biologists.

The article investigates the performance of feedback controlled openchannel systems represented by a linear advection-diffusion equation. In a previous paper, we analyzed the maximal achievable performance of an open-channel system when only the regulated variable is measured and perturbations are assumed unmeasured. We developed an H∞scheme allowing to achieve this maximum performance. In this paper, we consider the more realistic situations, where other intermediate variables of the open-channel system are measured and some perturbations are known in the future. Introducing futur perturbation knowledge is traditionally handled in the predictive control approach. We point out that it is possible to design "predictive" controller using the standard H∞approach. The approach is developed for a generic SIMO system and applied to the river control.

Regulated rivers are used in many countries to sustain summer low flows and supply water for different users (drinking water, industries, irrigation, hydropower, salubrity). An upstream dam is used as a storage and the river is used as a channel to convey water to water users. The paper deals with the automatic control of such systems, where the action variable is the upstream discharge released by the dam and the controlled variable the downstream discharge of the river. As there are multiple outputs given by intermediate measurements points distributed along the river, the system is considered as a system with multiple outputs and one input, the discharge at the dam. A generic robust design synthesis is developed for internal model based controllers and applied to the river Gimone, located in the "Coteaux de Gascogne". Simulations carried out on a nonlinear model of the river show the improvement compared to present semi-manual regulation.

Activator of cAMP-responsive element modulator (CREM) in testis (ACT) has recently been found in the mouse testis where it activates CREM, a transcription factor essential for the differentiation of spermatids into mature spermatozoa. The importance of CREM in human spermatogenesis prompted us to examine whether ACT was also present in the human testis. Western blot analysis, performed with an anti-mouse ACT serum, showed the presence of a single immunoreactive band of a size similar to murine ACT. A library screening resulted in the isolation and characterization of the complete cDNA which showed 88% homology with the mouse counterpart. The human ACT gene is composed of five coding exons, being the first untranslated, and the mRNA spans 835 nucleotides coding for a 284 amino acid protein. Expression studies by RT-PCR confirmed that ACT is present in normal human testis. The human ACT gene is localized on the chromosome 6.

Subtalar osteochondral lesions of the talus are uncommon but disabling conditions that require most of the time subtalar arthrodesis. Recent studies have shown promising results with the use of intraosseous injection of stem cell and platelet rich plasma (PRP) in osteonecrosis of the femoral head or talus in combination with bone decompression. We report a 26-year-old patient with a post-traumatic subtalar osteochondral lesion of the talus treated by bone decompression and intraosseous injection of PRP. At 12 months, the patient presented an almost complete resolution of his pain and a regression of the marrow edema around the lesions on the MRI. Intraosseous injection of PRP seems to be a promising treatment in the management of subtalar osteochondral lesion.

Le traitement chirurgical des discopathies dégénératives lombaires mono-étagées est aujourd’hui régulièrement proposé en cas d’inefficacité des traitements conservateurs. En cas de discopathie bi-étagée, le traitement reste cependant plus discuté. L’abord du rachis lombaire par voie antérieure est maintenant largement utilisé dans ce contexte. Cependant, le type de montage réalisé que ce soit une double prothèse, une double arthrodèse ou un montage mixte reste débattu. L’objectif de notre travail est d’étudier la faisabilité de cette technique ainsi que le devenir clinique et radiologique de patients ayant bénéficié d’un montage hybride associant arthrodèse antérieure à un niveau et arthroplastie à l’autre.

We present a process to transfer CVD grown heteroepitaxial 3C‐SiC on Si onto polycrystalline SiC, involving an etching step to get rid of the Si and a homogeneous carbon glue deposit, facilitating the resulting compound to be used as a seeding material for further growth process. In a sublimation sandwich setup, realized within an inductively heated physical vapor transport reactor, used for bulk growth of SiC, the thickness of the 3C‐SiC seed was increased up to 850 μm while keeping the cubic polytype. With the introduction of Ta as a carbon getter, the gas phase composition is optimized in order to achieve an improved growth front. Single crystalline growth is confirmed by Laue diffraction and Raman measurements. The Raman peaks are shifted to higher wavenumbers, indicating compressive stress in the grown samples. Furthermore, a scale up of the process is demonstrated, showing the feasibility of growing 3C‐SiC on an area of 10.5 cm2in a 2 inch setup featuring a thickness of approximately 570 μm.

We study the correlation between crystal quality and electrical transport in 4H-SiC by micro-photoluminescence and laser-beam-induced photocurrent measurements. A focused HeCd laser at 325 nm has been employed to simultaneously measure, with a spatial resolution of a few microns, both the photoluminescence and current-voltage characteristics of 4H-SiC Schottky diodes. We found that the laser-induced photocurrent acquired along a defect can give information on its spatial distribution in depth and that the local minority carrier lifetime and generation depend on the type of stacking fault, both decreasing for defects with deeper intragap levels.

Décrire l’utilisation de rhBMP2 dans la fusion du rachis en France dans une étude rétrospective multicentrique de 1 an (NCT02280187).

Plant species diversity regulates the productivity1–3and stability2,4of natural ecosystems, along with their resilience to disturbance5,6. The influence of species diversity on the productivity of agronomic systems is less clear7–10. Plant genetic diversity is also suspected to influence ecosystem function3,11–14, although empirical evidence is scarce. Given the large range of genotypes that can be generated per species through artificial selection, genetic diversity is a potentially important leverage of productivity in cultivated systems. Here we assess the effect of species and genetic diversity on the production and sustainable supply of livestock fodder in sown grasslands, comprising single and multispecies assemblages characterized by different levels of genetic diversity, exposed to drought and non-drought conditions. Multispecies assemblages proved more productive than monocultures when subject to drought, regardless of the number of genotypes per species present. Conversely, the temporal stability of production increased only with the number of genotypes present under both drought and non-drought conditions, and was unaffected by the number of species. We conclude that taxonomic and genetic diversity can play complementary roles when it comes to optimizing livestock fodder production in managed grasslands, and suggest that both levels of diversity should be considered in plant breeding programmes designed to boost the productivity and resilience of managed grasslands in the face of increasing environmental hazards.

L’esthésioneuroblastome est une tumeur maligne rare, développée au dépend des cellules neurosensorielles de la muqueuse olfactive. Les formes métastatiques concernent 20 % des cas et restent localisées au système nerveux central. Les métastases vertébrales sont exceptionnelles avec seulement 28 cas rapportés dans la littérature.

L’utilisation de la rhBMP-2 dans la chirurgie de fusion lombaire s’est aujourd’hui largement répandue, aussi bien dans utilisation classique par voie antérieure que dans le cadre des chirurgies par voie postérieure. Si l’intérêt de la rhBMP-2 dans la qualité et la rapidité de fusion est aujourd’hui bien établi, plusieurs publications sont récemment venues soulever le problème des complications liées à son utilisation. Nous proposons une analyse rétrospective de notre série de patients ayant bénéficié d’une chirurgie de fusion avec rhBMP-2.

Le remplacement d’un disque lombaire par une prothèse totale de disque fait partie du traitement chirurgical de lombalgie discogénique rebelle aux traitements conservateurs. Nous présentons les résultats à 24 mois de la première étude internationale multicentrique prospective observationnelle concernant la prothèse totale de disque lombaire Maverick (NCT01338493).

The latest results on 100 mm 2° off and 150 mm SiC-4H epitaxial process using chlorinated chemistry are illustrated in this paper. On 2° off substrates a reduced step-bunching epi surface with a roughness of <0, 27 nm was achieved and the reduction of SSSF and BSSF was also noticed. SiC 150 mm epitaxy process was demonstrated showing an epi thickness dispersion of ± 0.9% and a doping dispersion of ± 9.1%.