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The combination of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) antibodies has potential for enhancing clinical efficacy. We described the development and antitumor activity of Z15-0, a bispecific nanobody targeting both the PD-1 and CTLA-4 pathways simultaneously. We designed and optimized the mRNA sequence encoding Z15-0, referred to as Z15-0-2 and through a series of in vitro and in vivo experiments, we established that the optimized Z15-0-2 mRNA sequence significantly increased the expression of the bispecific nanobody. Administration of Z15-0-2 mRNA to tumor-bearing mice led to greater inhibition of tumor growth compared to controls. In aggregate, we introduced a novel bispecific nanobody and have re-engineered it to boost expression of mRNA, representing a new drug development paradigm.

The increasing proportion of distributed photovoltaics (DPVs) and electric vehicle charging stations in low-voltage distribution networks (LVDNs) has resulted in challenges such as distribution transformer overloads and voltage violations. To address these problems, we propose a coordinated planning method for flexible interconnections and energy storage systems (ESSs) to improve the accommodation capacity of DPVs. First, the power-transfer characteristics of flexible interconnection and ESSs are analyzed. The equipment costs of the voltage source converters (VSCs) and ESSs are also analyzed comprehensively, considering the differences in installation and maintenance costs for different installation locations. Second, a bilevel programming model is established to minimize the annual comprehensive cost and yearly total PV curtailment capacity. Within this framework, the upper-level model optimizes the installation locations and capacities of the VSCs and ESSs, whereas the lower-level model optimizes the operating power of the VSCs and ESSs. The proposed model is solved using a non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm with an elite strategy (NSGA-II). The effectiveness of the proposed planning method is validated through an actual LVDN scenario, which demonstrates its advantages in enhancing PV accommodation capacity. In addition, the economic benefits of various planning schemes with different flexible interconnection topologies and different PV grid-connected forms are quantitatively analyzed, demonstrating the adaptability of the proposed coordinated planning method.

Driven by the goal of energy transformation and carbon neutralization, more and more distributed photovoltaics (PVs) are integrated into low-voltage distribution networks (LVDNs). However, the integration of high-proportion PVs may lead to overload problem of distribution transformer (DT) and voltage violation problem, bringing many challenges to the safe and stable operation of LVDN. DC distribution network has the advantages of large transmission capacity and flexible power regulation, which can also realize the interconnection and power transfer between AC low-voltage lines. Therefore, structures and control methods suitable for hybrid AC/DC LVDN are proposed to alleviate the above problems caused by PVs. Firstly, the structure of hybrid AC/DC LVDN is analyzed, including the structure with parallel DC line within distribution area and the structure of DC-interconnected distribution networks between distribution areas. Secondly, a local control method of voltage source converter (VSC) is proposed for the comprehensive improvement of overload problem of DT and voltage violation problem. Finally, an actual LVDN is used to verify the effectiveness of the proposed structure and control method of hybrid AC/DC LVDN. According to the simulation results, the proposed structure of hybrid AC/DC LVDN and VSC control method can improve the voltage level and overload problems of LVDN, decrease the power loss and increase proportion of PV accommodation.

Calibration coefficients validation is the foundation for ascertaining the sensor performance and carrying out the quantitative application. Based on the analysis of the differences between the calibration and validation, two calibration coefficients validation methods were introduced in this paper. Taking the HJ-1A satellite CCD1 camera as an example, the uncertainties of calibration coefficients validation were analyzed. The calibration coefficients validation errors were simulated based on the measured data at an Inner Mongolia test site. The result showed that in the large view angle, the ground directional reflectance variation and the atmospheric path variation were the main error sources in calibration coefficients validation. The ground directional reflectance correction and atmospheric observation angle normalization should be carried out to improve the validation accuracy of calibration coefficients.

Abstract: Based on the conduction and transformation of the thermal infrared radiative transfer equation of water target, a twin-channel difference model (DM) was proposed to improve the calibration precision by conquering the limitation that the atmospheric condition when image is acquiring cannot be truly obtained in the traditional radiometric simulation calibration method. The analysis of surface, atmosphere and top-of-atmosphere (TOA) radiative energy decomposition demonstrated that the apparent TOA radiance of the uncalibrated channel is the differential combination of two reference channels. The DM avoids impacts from atmospheric temperature and density. The only impact is from water vapor (WV) content. Based on the fitting error analysis of 742 mid-latitude atmospheric profiles (column WV content: 0–5×103 atm cm) selected from TIGR database, the DM is insensitive to WV content. The maximum error is less than 0.2 K when the view zenith angels (VZAs) of reference channels and uncalibrated channel are less than 30°. The error becomes 0.3 K when VZAs range from 30° to 40° and 0.6 K when VZAs are in 40°–50°. Because the uncertainty increases when VZAs are larger than 50°, the best range of VZAs is 30°–50°. The vicarious calibration results at Lake Qinghai field indicated that the calibration precision of the DM cross-calibration by using MODIS bands 31 and 32 as reference channels to calibrate IRS band 08 is similar to that of vicarious calibration. Therefore, the DM is a reliable alternative tool for sensor on-orbit calibration and validation with high precision and frequency.

Abstract: The calibration experiment data at Dunhuang radiometric calibration site in October, 2008 were used to achieve the on-orbit radiometric calibration for HJ-1A hyper spectral imager (HSI). Two other field experiments data were used to validate the Dunhuang calibration results. One field experiment took place in Inner-Mongolia, China in September, 2008, and the other field experiment took place in Lake Frome, Australia in February, 2009. Finally, the ‘confidence interval of calibration error’ concept was put forward for quantitatively computing the calibration coefficient error confidence interval. The results showed that the Dunhuang calibration results in 2008 had high reliability. The confidence intervals of calibration error for all HSI channels were between 2% to 12%, which could satisfy the requirement of the HSI quantitative applications.