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This paper observes the relationship between temporality and the gaming processes of video games that have particularly permanent timeframes. It argues that permanent temporality in social network games tends to affect players by encouraging continuous connection to the games and also stimulating players' consciousness. Permanent temporality also destroys any limits in game time-space and resists any external tampering to reverse the contents, thereby forming a complete world inside the game. Asynchronous play and the lack of competition in social network games results in low levels of difficulty and excessively loose gameplay. As opposed to asynchronous play, synchronous play simultaneously reflects the competition within the game allowing it to raise the tension inside the game.

A rapid radicle assay for prescreening antagonistic bacteria to Phytophthora capsici,causal agent of Phytophthora blight of pepper was developed. Sixty-four bacterial strains with in vitroantifungal activity selected out of 1,400 strains isolated from soils of Ansung, Chunan, Koyang, and Paju, Korea in 1998 were used for development of the bioassay. Uniformly germinated pepper seeds dipped in bacterial cells for 3 hours were placed near the edges of growing mycelia of P. capsicion water agar containing 0.02% glucose. Five-week-old pepper plants (cv. Nockwang) were inoculated to compare with results of the radicle assay developed in this study. For plant inoculation, pepper seeds were sown in potting mixtures incorporated with the bacterial strains, then transplanted into steam-sterilized soils 3 weeks later. Plants were hole-inoculated with zoospores of P. capsici2 weeks after transplanting. Disease incidence and severity were determined in radicle and plant assessments, respectively. In radicle assay, six strains, GK-B15, GK-B25, OA-B26, OA-B36, PK-B09, and VK-B14 consistently showed the significant (P=0.05) disease reduction against radicle infection by the fungus, four of which also did in plant assessments. Strains OA-B36 and GK-B15 consistently reduced the fungal infection in both the radicle assay and the plant assessment. Therefore, prescreening strains using the radicle assay developed in this study followed by plant assay could reduce time and labor, and improved the possibility of selecting antagonistic bacteria for control of Phytophthora blight of peppers.

Antifungal bacteria for biological control of plant diseases or production of novel antibiotics to plant pathogens were isolated in 1997 from various soils of Ansung, Chunan, Koyang, and Paju in Korea. Sixty-four bacterial strains pre-screened from approximately 1,400 strains were tested on V-8 juice agar against eight plant pathogenic fungi using in vitrobioassay technique for inhibition of mycelial growth. Test pathogens were Aiternaria mali, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, C. orbiculare, Fusarium oxysporumf. sp. cucumerinum, F oxysporumf. sp. lycopersici, Magnaporthe grisea, Phytophthora capsici, and Rhizoctonia solani.A wide range of antifungal activity of bacterial strains was found against the pathogenic fungi, and strain RC-B77 showed the best antifungal activity. Correlation analysis between inhibition of each fungus and mean inhibition of all eight fungi by 64 bacterial strains revealed that C. gloeosporioideswould be best appropriate for detecting bacterial strains producing antibiotics with potential as biocontrol agents for plant pathogens.