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OBJECTIVE--Whole-body protein metabolism is abnormal in suboptimally controlled type 2 diabetes and obesity. We hypothesized that glycemia, insulin resistance, and waist circumference modulate these alterations in type 2 diabetes and, [...]

Background: Obesity is associated with insulin resistance of glucose and lipid metabolism. Objective: We sought to determine the effects of obesity on the insulin sensitivity of protein metabolism. Design: Whole-body [[sup.13]C]leucine and [[sup.3]H]glucose kinetics were measured in 9 lean and 10 obese women in the postabsorptive state and during a hyperinsulinemic, euglycemic, isoaminoacidemic clamp. Results: In the postabsorptive state, the leucine endogenous rate of appearance (catabolism), normalized for fat-free mass, was 11% greater and the nonoxidative rate of disappearance (synthesis) was 8% greater in the obese than in the lean women, but net balance was 29% more negative (P < 0.05). Clamp amino acid and glucose infusion rates were significantly lower in the obese women than in the lean women (0.65 [+ or -] 0.02 compared with 0.85 + 0.04 and 5.7 [+ or -] 0.3 compared with 9.1 [+ or -] 0.5 mg x kg fat-free mass-1 x [min.sup.-1], respectively; P < 0.0001 for both), and their rates correlated positively (r = 0.635, P = 0.005). During hyperinsulinemia, synthesis was stimulated less and net leucine balance was much lower in the obese women than in the lean women (-0.08 [+ or -] 0.06 and 0.30 [+ or -] 0.03 [micro]mol x kg fat-free [mass.sup.-1] x [min.sup.-1], respectively; P < 0.0001). The percentage change in net leucine balance correlated negatively with all adiposity indexes. Plasma free fatty acids were less suppressed and the respiratory quotient was lower in the obese women than in the lean women. Conclusion: Obese women show a blunted protein anabolic response to hyperinsulinemia that is consistent with resistance to the action of insulin on protein concurrent with that on glucose and lipid metabolism. KEY WORDS Hyperinsulinemic clamp, leucine kinetics, resting energy expenditure, glucose kinetics, amino acids, women

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Context:Circulating adiponectin is elevated in human type 1 diabetes (T1D) and nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice without the expected indications of adiponectin action, consistent with tissue resistance.Objective:Adiponectin stimulates hepatocyte production of the suppressor of glucose from autophagy (SOGA), a protein that inhibits glucose production. We postulated that due to tissue resistance, the elevation of adiponectin in T1D should fail to increase the levels of a surrogate marker for liver SOGA, the circulating C-terminal SOGA fragment.Main Outcome Measures:Liver and plasma SOGA were measured in NOD mice (n = 12) by Western blot. Serum adiponectin and SOGA were measured in T1D and control (Ctrl) participants undergoing a three-stage insulin clamp for the Coronary Artery Calcification in T1D study (n = 20). Glucose turnover was measured using 6,6[2H2]glucose (n = 12).Results:In diabetic NOD mice, the 13%–29% decrease of liver SOGA (P= .003) and the 30%–37% reduction of circulating SOGA (P< .001) were correlated (r = 0.826; P= .001). In T1D serum, adiponectin was 50%–60% higher than Ctrl, SOGA was 30%–50% lower and insulin was 3-fold higher (P< .05). At the low insulin infusion rate (4 mU/m2·min), the resulting glucose appearance correlated negatively with adiponectin in T1D (r = −0.985, P= .002) and SOGA in Ctrl and T1D (r = −0.837, P= .001). Glucose disappearance correlated with adiponectin in Ctrl (r = −0.757, P= .049) and SOGA in Ctrl and T1D (r = −0.709, P= .010). At 40 mU/m2·min, the lowered glucose appearance was similar in Ctrl and T1D. Glucose disappearance increased only in Ctrl (P= .005), requiring greater glucose infusion to maintain euglycemia (8.58 ± 1.29 vs 3.09 ± 0.87 mg/kg·min; P= .009).Conclusions:The correlation between liver and plasma SOGA in NOD mice supports the use of the latter as surrogate marker for liver concentration. Reduced SOGA in diabetic NOD mice suggests resistance to adiponectin. The dissociation between adiponectin and SOGA in T1D raises the possibility that restoring adiponectin signaling and SOGA might improve the metabolic response to insulin therapy.

Objective: To compare the thermic response to a meal between men and women of varied body composition and to determine whether adrenergic amines extracted from citrus aurantium (CA) induce an increase in metabolic rate and enhance the thermic response to the meal. Research Methods and Procedures: In 30 healthy weight‐stable subjects (17 women, 13 men; BMI: 20 to 42 kg/m2), body composition was determined by bioimpedance analysis followed by resting energy expenditure for 20 minutes, and the thermic effect of food (TEF) of a 1.7‐MJ, 30‐gram protein meal was determined intermittently for 300 minutes by indirect calorimetry. In a subset of 22 subjects, the TEFs of CA alone and when added to the same 1.7‐MJ meal were determined. Blood pressure and pulse before and throughout the studies and catecholamine excretion were determined. Results: TEF was significantly lower in women than men (152 ± 7 vs. 190 ± 12 kJ and 8.8 ± 0.4% vs. 11.0 ± 0.7% of meal), independently of age and magnitude of adiposity. The thermic response to CA alone was higher in men, but, when added to the meal, CA increased TEF only in women and to values no longer different from men. CA had no effect on blood pressure and pulse rate but increased epinephrine excretion by 2.4‐fold. Discussion: A 20% lower TEF in women suggests a diminished sympathetic nervous system response to meals, because with CA, TEF increased by 29% only in women. However, this acute response may not translate into a chronic effect or a clinically significant weight loss over time.

The present study examined a selected group of potential jurors' opinions on the effects of hypnosis on eyewitness identification and testimony. A group of 78 undergraduate psychology and optometry students completed a 2-part multiple choice questionnaire. The first part assessed Ss' knowledge of several issues concerning eyewitness testimony. The second part of the questionnaire contained 11 items which assessed Ss' beliefs and expectations concerning the effects of hypnosis on eyewitness identification and testimony. It was found that Ss' opinions on the effects of hypnosis on eyewitness testimony and identification were at odds with current empirical findings. These results, in accord with the previous literature, suggest that it is imperative that the courts be informed of the use of hypnosis during police work and that adequate precautions be taken to avoid a potential source of miscarriage of justice.