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Reading the president's column in the April issue, I felt that the wheel had come round fully. In the old days, grandparents used to take children to churches, temples, sermons [...]

Seshadri developed many reagents and synthetic procedures which he used for elucidation and synthesis of natural products, in particular flavonoids.

This paper presents the results of laboratory model tests carried out to study the relative performance of different forms of reinforcement (i.e. geocell, planar and randomly distributed mesh elements) in sand beds under strip loading. The results demonstrate that geocell reinforcement is the most advantageous soil reinforcement technique of those investigated. With the provision of geocell reinforcement, failure was not observed even at a settlement equal to about 45% of the footing width and a load as high as eight times the ultimate capacity of the unreinforced soil, whereas, with planar reinforcement, failure took place at a settlement of about 15% of the footing width and a load of about four times the ultimate capacity of the unreinforced soil. For the case with randomly distributed reinforcement mesh, failure was recorded at a load of about 1.8 times the ultimate capacity of the unreinforced soil and at a settlement of about 10% of the footing width.

Nonfat ice cream was made with a mix composition of 12% milk SNF, 12% sucrose, 5% corn syrup solids, 3.5% maltodextrin, and 0.25% stabilizer blend. Two emulsifiers at three levels each and one gum at three levels were evaluated in nonfat ice creams. Emulsifiers were 52% α-monoglyceride and 72% α-monoglyceride, and the gum was hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose. A portion of the mix was retained as the control, which contained no emulsifier or additional food gum, and was evaluated in addition to the nine treatments. Mean fat content of the mix was 0.14%, and total solids content was 34.16%. Results indicated differences between treatments in whipability and stability to heat shock; however, there were no differences in meltdown. There was about a 10-μm increase in mean ice crystal size for treatments when compared after 1 and 12 wk of storage. Addition of either emulsifier to nonfat ice cream reduced the mean ice crystal size when compared with the control or gum, which is a major factor in improvement of the texture of nonfat ice cream. The sensory panel preferred the nonfat ice cream with 0.25% added monoglyceride and diglyceride with 72% α-monoglyceride content stabilizer over the control with respect to coarseness and iciness, coldness intensity, and overall body and texture scores.

We will discuss in this article an outline of the biosynthesis and a few laboratorydesigned syntheses of camphor.

Vorteile des Reagens sind die schnelle Farbentwicklung, die Stabilität des Komplexes über einen weiten pH-, Zeit- und Temperaturbereich sowie die hohe Toleranz gegenüber Neutralsalzen und anderen Platinmetallen. Die Absorptionsmessungen werden bei 430 (Pd) bzw. 420 nm (Mo) durchgeführt. Die Standardabweichung beträgt im Durchschnitt 0,004 (2–8 ppm Pd; 2–15 ppm Mo).

Summary and Conclusions 1.The morphological characters of several allotetraploids (2n=28) have been described. All of them are perennial.2.In the mitosis no marked difference was noted in the Karytotypes of the allotetraploid.3.The meiosis of all the allotetraploids plants derived from back crossing the allohexaploid with the diploid was in the main similar. They all gave trivalents at diakinesis. In the plant derived in the F2 progeny, however, quadrivalents were noted.4.The hypothetical genomic make up of these plants has been presented. Inspite of the increase in the genomes of the cultivated plant the allotetraploids showed greater resemblance to the wild than to the cultivated ones. The plants are rust resistant under field conditions.

Summary 1.The morphological characteristics of the colchicine induced amphidiploid of the interspecific hybrid betweenP. typhoides andP. purpureum is described.2.The comparative study of the amphidiploid and its immediate parent the F1, did not show any marked differences either in the phenotypical characters except for the size of the stomata and pollen grains, higher fertility of the pollen and seed setting or in its chemical composition.3.The somatic counts gave 2n=42, the karyotype being similar in all respects with that of the F1.4.In meiosis only bivalents are formed inspite of the duplication of the chromosomes. At anaphase-I and-II disjunction bridges and fragmentation of chromosomes are met with. Despite the disturbed meiosis the tetrad formation is highly regular and viable pollen is formed.5.The behaviour of this amphidiploid is discussed in reference toP. pratense with which it is analogous in behaviour and found to corroborate the conclusion drawn there on.6.The plant conforms to the type of an Autoallopolyploid.