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Wastewater contaminated with antibiotics requires innovative solutions to remove such pollutants efficiently. In this work, Zn-Al layered double hydroxide (LDH) adsorbent supported on polyurethane (PU) (Zn-Al LDH/PU) was synthesized using a simple co-precipitation method. The synthesized material was characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), zeta potential, and hydrodynamic size. This adsorbent was investigated for the removal of cefixime (CFX), which is a model third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. The LDH phase showed a typical hexagonal layered morphology with layer sizes larger than 200 nm in diameter. CFX adsorption on PU, Zn-Al LDH and Zn-Al LDH/PU showed a maximum adsorption capacity of 94.43, 57.17, and 115.69 mg/g, respectively. The Redlich-Peterson and Baudu isotherm models were found to be the best fit models for CFX adsorption of Zn-Al LDH and Zn-Al/PU, respectively. The equilibrium time was found to be 175 and 250 min for CFX adsorption of Zn-Al LDH and Zn-Al/PU, respectively. CFX adsorption kinetics on Zn-Al LDH/PU best fitted the pseudo-second order model indicating chemisorption and diffusion limited adsorption process. Numerous types of bonding between functional groups of CFX and both Zn-Al LDH and PU could explain the adsorption mechanism. The selectivity study of CFX adsorption on Zn-Al LDH/PU using Sulfamethoxazole and Ciprofloxacin with different concentrations was investigated and discussed. The recyclability of this Zn-Al LDH/PU was also studied. Also, the effect of temperature was investigated at (23, 35, 45, 55 °C) and the thermodynamic parameters (∆H°, ∆S° and ∆G°) were calculated showing exothermic and spontaneous adsorption process.The methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay indicated that the biocompatibility of Zn-Al LDH nanostructures was enhanced following modification with PU, demonstrating regulated and minimal cytotoxic effects towards normal liver cell line (WRL-68). The Zn-Al LDH/PU can be considered as a promising low-cost adsorbent for CFX antibiotic from wastewater streams.

The increasing amount of pharmaceutical chemicals in wastewater is a concern for both public health and the environment. This research investigates the effectiveness of a new composite material made of alginate-activated carbon in removing caffeine and paracetamol from wastewater simultaneously. The composite material, produced using a simple technique, demonstrates excellent removal rates and exceptional adsorption properties for both medicinal chemicals. The structural stability and integrity of the composite are confirmed through comprehensive characterization methods including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction, Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX), and BET surface area analysis. The study uses batch adsorption experiments to assess the impact of various factors, such as pH, initial concentration, and contact time, on the efficiency of caffeine and paracetamol removal. The highest values for the adsorption process were 89.63% for Paracetamol and 97.32% for Caffeine, achieved under optimal experimental conditions (pH 7, 0.1 g dose of adsorbent at elevated temperature). Additionally, Kinetic studies and thermodynamic parameters such as ΔS°, ΔGº, and ΔH° were calculated, indicating that the adsorption process was endothermic and spontaneous for paracetamol, and exothermic and non-spontaneous for caffeine. Seven non-linear equilibrium isotherm models were utilized to fit the experimental data for paracetamol and caffeine at pH 7 showing maximum adsorption capacities (qmax)of 606.80 and 725.05 mg/g for Paracetamol and Caffeine, respectively with a high regression coefficient (R2) of 0.99 using alginate-activated carbon as an adsorbent, The results demonstrate the potential of alginate-activated carbon as an effective adsorbent for the simultaneous removal of various pharmaceutical pollutants, highlighting the synergistic adsorption effects of the composite material. The study also examines the safety of the composite material, particularly in the context of potential medical applications. The study emphasizes the potential for sustainable and repeated use of the activated carbon/alginate composite, demonstrating that it maintains both its structural integrity and adsorption effectiveness after multiple cycles of use. This study evaluated the suitability of the suggested analytical method using BAGI, a metric with a unique formula. The BAGI is a complementary tool to GAPI, Complex GAPI, AGREE, AGREE prep, and ESA. A major focus is on the practical elements of white analytical chemistry centered around "blue”.

Because of their renewability and environmental friendliness, the synthesis of nanomaterials with low environmental risk and unique functional features via plant extracts has recently attracted researchers' interest around the world. We synthesized Fe nanoparticles (Fe NPs) from Clove and Green Coffee (G-Coffee) extracts and examined them using a variety of techniques in this study. The hepatoprotective activity of the Fe NPs using Clove or G-Coffee nanoplatform in paracetamol (PCM) in Wistar albino rats was investigated. Simultaneous administration of the Fe NPs from clove or green coffee with PCM significantly attenuated the side changes in the serum, total albumin (TP), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartate Alanine aminotransferase (AST), and Alkaline phosphatase (ALP). The liver histopathological examination showed a notable decrease in liver toxicity, and liver tissue was sustained at almost the normal level. The toxicity of the Fe NPs was investigated. The results confirmed that the Fe NPs synthesized from both extracts are potent hepatoprotective agents against PCM-induced hepatotoxicity in rats.

Simple and eco-friendly biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticle (Ag-NPs) and Silver Nanoparticle supported by Polyvinyl Alcohol and then crosslinked by Glutaraldehyde to form Ag-NPs/PVA-NF using Pomegranate peel extract as the reducing agent. The shape morphologies of the fabricated nanoparticles were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), crystal structure was investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherm using for detecting the surface area of the prepared samples. The functionalized groups of prepared samples have been confirmed using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The TEM analysis demonstrate ultrafine nanoparticles with the average particles size ranges about 7–13 nm. To achieve high adsorption capacity of Cd+2using neat Ag-NPs and Ag-NPs/PVA-NF, the adsorption process was optimized and investigated under various conditions. It was found that the optimum pH for Cd2+adsorption was 8 and the equilibrium was reached in 240 min. The Ag-NPs/PVA-NF standalone achieved excellent removal performance with a maximum adsorption efficiency of (40.65 mg/g) compared to pristine Ag-NPs (28.4 mg/g). The adsorption isotherm fitted well to both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The adsorption mechanism was investigated. The positive values of ΔHoindicated that the Cd2+adsorption on the Ag-NPs and Ag-NPs/PVA-NF were endothermic in nature. Moreover, the antibacterial activity of Ag-NPs and Ag-NPs/PVA-NF were examined against different species of Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative bacteria revealing significant response for both types. Interestingly, the solution of Ag-NPs/PVA-NF- Cd+2after adsorption show durable antimicrobial activities. Overall, this proposed route opens new avenue to synthesize different kind of Ag-NPs viafacile, green and economic strategy for multifunctional environmental applications.