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•We examined 13 patients with KHE, a rare vascular tumor with thrombocytopenia and coagulation dysfunction.•Platelet CLEC-2 and GPVI-induced activation is disrupted in patients with KHE because of the tumor activity and can be restored upon treatment.

The legal-academic literature on litigation settlement describes a range of factors that affect settlement outcomes, but litigant "aspirations"--or ideal goals--are not among them. Negotiation scholars, however, routinely claim that high [...]

John Rawls' notion of political justification in 'Political Liberalism' may provide a basis on which approaches to law that otherwise deny the existence of common morality or goals in pluralistic societies can reground themselves in philosophy. Rawls' belief that such a contractual political justification is arrived at through an all-encompassing agreement that the goal of political society is fairness may be challenged, but his notion that consensus does exist for some reason is hard to deny.

The aim of the work is to study the microfiller effect on the granulometric composition of the modified cement. A scanning electron microscope RМ-106 I was used for microscopic analysis. The survey was carried out in reflected electrons. The chemical analysis of the materials’ structure was investigated by energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The distribution of particles of mineral components was evaluated with a Microsizer 201C laser particle analyzer with a range from 0.2 to 600 μm. Microscopic analysis of the samples of microsilica MK-85 shows that all particles are spherical with an average grain size of about 5 microns and consist of amorphous glass with a different set of particle fractions. The results of X-ray phase analysis of condensed microsilica grade MK-85 show that it consists mainly of silicon dioxide in an amorphous form. The introduction of mineral additives with a high specific surface in the composite Portland cements composition in an amount of more than 5% is not rational without the use of superplasticizers, since the water demand increases sharply, which reduces the cement stone strength. The introduction of a microfiller provides an increase in the compressive strength of a cement stone at the age of 28 days of normal hardening by an average of 37%.

In November 2007, I published Stem Cell Century: Law and Policy for a Breakthrough Technology. (1) The book analyzes a range of complicated legal issues that arise from stem cell [...], The past year has witnessed three developments with significant implications for important policy disputes concerning stem cell research: the creation of adult cells that are reprogrammed to behave like embryonic stem cells, new progress in the creation of embryonic stem cell lines using cloning technology, and a decision of the United States Patent and Trademark Office upholding the validity of foundational patents in embryonic stem cell technology. These developments directly implicate three important policy issues surrounding stem cell research: the appropriateness of public funding of embryo research, whether compensation of human egg donors should be permitted, and whether human embryonic stem cell lines ought to be patentable. This article describes and critically analyzes the implications of these developments for law and policy.

As law and economics turns forty years old, its continued vitality is threatened by its unrealistic core behavioral assumption: that people subject to the law act rationally. Professors Korobkin and Ulen argue that law and economics can reinvigorate itself by replacing the rationality assumption with a more nuanced understanding of human behavior that draws on cognitive psychology, sociology, and other behavioral sciences, thus creating a new scholarly paradigm called "law and behavioral science." This article provides an early blueprint for research in this paradigm. The authors first explain the various ways the rationality assumption is used in legal scholarship and why it leads to unsatisfying policy prescriptions. They then systematically examine the empirical evidence inconsistent with the rationality assumption and, drawing on a wide range of substantive areas of law, explain how normative policy conclusions of law and economics will change and improve under the law-and-behavioral-science approach.

A long-standing paradigm in astrophysics is that collisions—or mergers—of two neutron stars form highly relativistic and collimated outflows (jets) that power γ-ray bursts of short (less than two seconds) duration. The observational support for this model, however, is only indirect. A hitherto outstanding prediction is that gravitational-wave events from such mergers should be associated with γ-ray bursts, and that a majority of these bursts should be seen off-axis, that is, they should point away from Earth. Here we report the discovery observations of the X-ray counterpart associated with the gravitational-wave event GW170817. Although the electromagnetic counterpart at optical and infrared frequencies is dominated by the radioactive glow (known as a ‘kilonova’) from freshly synthesized rapid neutron capture (r-process) material in the merger ejecta, observations at X-ray and, later, radio frequencies are consistent with a short γ-ray burst viewed off-axis. Our detection of X-ray emission at a location coincident with the kilonova transient provides the missing observational link between short γ-ray bursts and gravitational waves from neutron-star mergers, and gives independent confirmation of the collimated nature of the γ-ray-burst emission.

In the present study we investigate the 3-D hydrodynamic slamming problem on a vertical cylinder due to the impact of a steep wave that is moving with a steady velocity. The linear theory of the velocity potential is employed by assuming inviscid, incompressible fluid and irrotational flow. As the problem is set in 3-D space, the employment of the Wagner condition is essential. The set of equations we pose, is presented as a mixed boundary value problem for Laplace's equation in 3-D. Apart from the mixed-type of boundary conditions, the problem is complicated by considering that the region of wetted surface of the cylinder is a set whose boundary depends on the vertical coordinate on the cylinder up to the free-surface. We make some simple assumptions at the start but otherwise we proceed analytically. We find closed-form relations for the hydrodynamic variables, namely the time dependent potential, the pressure impulse, the shape of the wave front (from the contact point to beyond the cylinder) and the slamming force.

The patient was a 72-year-old man with a superior mediastinal, paratracheal mass that was first noted on a chest x-ray film obtained 3 years earlier during a hospitalization after a [...]

Two mechanisms of a depolarization of X-ray laser radiation in plasmas are studied. The first mechanism is produced by fluctuated magnetic microfield. Small areas (domains) of definited microfield amplitudes are working as elementary rotators of propagated radiation polarization plane. Passing a sequence of such domains, the radiation asquires a depolarized component. The second mechanism of depolarization is connected with different changes of the normal and tangential projections of the electric field vector of X-ray wave while the X-laser radiation passes the boundary between two media with different refractive indices N. Regions with different refractive indices exist due to the density fluctuations in plasmas (including microturbulence).

In problems of global hydroelastic ship response in severe seas including the whipping problem, we need to know the hydrodynamic forces acting on the ship hull during almost arbitrary ship motions. In terms of ship sections, some of them can enter water but others exit from water. Computations of nonlinear free surface flows, pressure distributions and hydrodynamic forces in parallel with the computations of the ship motions including elastic vibrations of the ship hull are time consuming and are suitable only for research purposes but not for practical calculations. In this paper, it is shown that the slamming forces can be decomposed in two components within three semi-analytical models of water entry. Only heave motion is considered. The first component is proportional to the entry speed squared and the second one to the body acceleration. The coefficients in these two components are functions of the penetration depth only and can be precomputed for given shape of the body. During the exit stage the hydrodynamic force is proportional to the acceleration of the body and independent of the body shape for bodies with small deadrise angles.

This paper presents a numerical analysis of slamming and whipping using a fully coupled hydroelastic model. The coupled model uses a 3-D Rankine panel method, a 1-D or 3-D finite element method, and a 2-D Generalized Wagner Model (GWM), which are strongly coupled in time domain. First, the GWM is validated against results of a free drop test of wedges. Second, the fully coupled method is validated against model test results for a 10,000 twenty-foot equivalent unit (TEU) containership. Slamming pressures and whipping responses to regular waves are compared. A spatial distribution of local slamming forces is measured using 14 force sensors in the model test, and it is compared with the integration of the pressure distribution by the computation. Furthermore, the pressure is decomposed into the added mass, impact, and hydrostatic components, in the computational results. The validity and characteristics of the numerical model are discussed.

Calculations of high-harmonic spectra from hydrogen atoms driven by strong two-color orthogonal fields with wavelengths 800 and 400 nm are presented. The azimuthal symmetry of the electron dynamics is broken by the two-color orthogonal fields, and therefore the fully three-dimensional time-dependent Schrodinger equation is solved by using the generalized pseudospectral method. The cycle-averaged collision angles as a function of phase delay between the orthogonal fields are evaluated from the harmonic spectra. The results are in qualitative agreement with a recent experiment with helium atoms. Furthermore, the timing and direction of recollisions during the high-harmonic generation are analyzed in the time-frequency domain to extract electron trajectory information on subcycle time scales. Comparison with recent model calculations is also made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The thin structures of stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) and stimulated temperature scattering (STS) spectral components caused by two-photon heating are analyzed theoretically. In contrast to the linear (single photon) case for two-photon heating, a Stokes SBS component exhibits the spectral shift depending on the pump intensity. Emergence of an anti-Stokes SBS component is possible when the pump intensity is sufficiently high so that the positive two-photon thermal gain may compensate for the negative electrostrictive gain. The spectral components of STS caused by linear or two-photon absorption (essentially different linear or two-photon STS-2) possess the same thin structures.

Usually only a halftone (grayscale) modulation of light is used to present the processed and reference signals in the input plane of analog coherent optical (ACO) correlators, based on spatially integrating the product of two (processed and reference) signals. The halftone modulation requires two transparencies to record two signals separately, as the desired product of two spatial signals is obtained by sequential location of two spatial halftone records along the light path. Such an optical layout leads to the need for precision mutual alignment of two separate signal recordings. This paper presents a one-stage ACO correlation method based on combined halftone and position modulation of the light phase, which is produced by joint phase recording two signals on a single transparency. The joint phase recording provides the high optical efficiency of informational light modulation, automatically supports the spatial coincidence of corresponding elements of both recorded signals, and provides the same spatial scale for both recordings. The suggested method can also be used for introducing phase weight functions in the schemes of space–time ACO processing of wave signals. Advantages of ACO signal processing methods in comparison with corresponding electronic approaches are briefly noted.

A new concept of accelerating electrons by laser radiation is proposed, namely, direct acceleration by a laser field under the conditions of interference of several relativistic-intensity laser pulses with amplitude fronts tilted by the angle 45deg with respect to the phase fronts. Due to such interference the traps moving with the speed of light arise that capture the electrons, produced in the process of ionisation of low-density gas by the same laser radiation. The modelling on the basis of solving the relativistic Newton equation with the appropriate Lorenz force shows that these traps, moving in space, successively collect electrons from the target, compress the resulting electron ensemble in all directions up to the dimensions smaller than the wavelength of the laser radiation and accelerate it up to the energies of the order of a few GeV per electron.

We study the motion of an electron and emission of electromagnetic waves by an electron in the field of a relativistically intense laser pulse. The dynamics of the electron is described by the Newton equation with the Lorentz force in the right-hand side. It is shown that the electrons may be ejected from the interaction region with high energy. The energy spectrum of these electrons and the technique of using the spectrum to assess the maximal intensity in the focus are analysed. It is found that electromagnetic radiation of an electron moving in an intense laser field occurs within a small angle around the direction of the electron trajectory tangent. The tangent quickly changes its direction in space; therefore, electromagnetic radiation of the electron in the far-field zone in a certain direction in the vicinity of the tangent is a short pulse with a duration as short as zeptoseconds. The calculation of the temporary and spectral distribution of the radiation field is carried out.

The river-influenced Mississippi–Louisiana–Texas (MsLaTex) coast in the northern Gulf of Mexico was in 2008 impacted by Hurricane Ike that made landfall along the Texas coast on 13 September 2008, causing widespread damage due to storm surge and coastal inundation. We examine the effects of the hurricane on the MsLaTex coast using remote sensing, model simulation and field observations. Moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer sea surface temperature imagery indicated an approximately 2–4°C decrease in temperature to the right of the hurricane track. The high-resolution (∼2 km) three-dimensional Navy Coastal Ocean Model simulation and tide data suggested the generation of a coastally trapped ‘barotropic Kelvin’ wave during the passage of Ike, which may have contributed to an earlier than expected surge in sea level. A distinct elevated band of suspended particulate matter (SPM) concentration extending from Louisiana to Texas (∼90.5–94.5°W) coast was observed offshore in sea-viewing wide field-of-view sensor-derived imagery of 17 and 25 September that appeared to be associated with the coastally trapped Kelvin wave that was enhanced west of the Mississippi Canyon. Two intermittent wind events on 15 and 21 September likely kept the SPM in suspension for an extended period. Subsequently, on 27 and 30 September, SPM decreased along the elevated band and near the landfall site but increased near the bays and passes due to receding flood waters. Off the Atchafalaya and Mississippi deltas a large pulse of river discharge containing elevated SPM levels caused a plume around the two river deltas and its offshore dispersion into the open Gulf of Mexico.

Self-gravitating relativistic disks around black holes can form as transient structures in a number of astrophysical scenarios such as binary neutron star and black hole-neutron star coalescences, as well as the core-collapse of massive stars. We explore the stability of such disks against runaway and non-axisymmetric instabilities using three-dimensional hydrodynamics simulations in full general relativity using the THOR code. We model the disk matter using the ideal fluid approximation with a Γ-law equation of state with Γ=4/3. We explore three disk models around non-rotating black holes with disk-to-black hole mass ratios of 0.24, 0.17 and 0.11. Due to metric blending in our initial data, all of our initial models contain an initial axisymmetric perturbation which induces radial disk oscillations. Despite these oscillations, our models do not develop the runaway instability during the first several orbital periods. Instead, all of the models develop unstable non-axisymmetric modes on a dynamical timescale. We observe two distinct types of instabilities: the Papaloizou-Pringle and the so-called intermediate type instabilities. The development of the non-axisymmetric mode with azimuthal number m = 1 is accompanied by an outspiraling motion of the black hole, which significantly amplifies the growth rate of the m = 1 mode in some cases. Overall, our simulations show that the properties of the unstable non-axisymmetric modes in our disk models are qualitatively similar to those in Newtonian theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The results of computing experiments are presented, which allow estimating the parameters of the laser foreplasma used to initiate a discharge in a laser-plasma diode. The resultant plasma is a material medium which carries a high-power discharge current. This opens a possibility to make a compact source of hard X-ray radiation and fast-ion streams. Proceeding from our numerical simulations we derive similarity relations, which enable determining the fluxes of plasma mass and charge as functions of laser pulse parameters.

The incidental discovery of adrenal masses during modern diagnostic imaging is a common occurrence. These masses form part of a long differential diagnostic list; most often, they are benign adrenal adenomas, but their discovery requires a clinical evaluation that is sufficiently broad to exclude clinically silent endocrine disease, metastases to the adrenal gland in patients with suspected or known malignancies, and rare adrenocortical carcinomas. CT, MRI and nuclear medicine approaches have all been used to evaluate incidentally discovered adrenal masses. Each technology provides information that contributes to the noninvasive characterization of the majority of these neoplasms. Understanding of the modalities used to assess an unanticipated adrenal mass allows for more rapid diagnosis and cost avoidance in a condition that has been referred to as a 'disease' of modern imaging technology.

This essay investigates Harriet Beecher Stowe's interpolation of State v. Mann, a harsh 1829 North Carolina proslavery decision, into her 1856 novel Dred: A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp. The essay argues that Stowe's use of State v. Mann continues a conversation about slavery that had been carried on through its text for many years in abolitionist writings. Bringing State v. Mann's circulation history into view shows Stowe engaging the antislavery establishment as well as the legal system, borrowing and imitating its techniques for handling proslavery materials. If her novel is infiltrated and structured by the many legal writings that it assimilates, its fictive world in turn infiltrates, interprets, and alters the significance of the writings she employs, so that proslavery legal writings are made to testify strongly against the slave system that they originally worked to maintain and enforce. Stowe's hybrid text dominates the law while smoothly assimilating it into an interpretive fictive context. Simultaneously, Stowe's typographical cues remind readers of State v. Mann's ongoing, destructive extratextual legal existence. By linking fictive context to legal content, Stowe's novel suggests that slave law must be read and interpreted as a unit that includes the individual suffering it imposes. Misreading State v. Mann as revealing its author's belief in the immorality of slavery, Stowe constructs a fictional judge who upholds slave law despite his personal beliefs. By absorbing, imitating, and besting the strategies and the reach of both legal and abolitionist writings, Dred implicitly stakes a claim for the superior power of political fiction to act in the world.

The motion of an electron in the fields of relativistic-intensity linearly and circularly polarised laser radiation is analysed. The analysis is based on the numerical solution of the Newton equation with the Lorentz force. The electromagnetic radiation of an electron interacting with a laser pulse is studied. It is shown that this radiation is emitted in the form of extremely short attosecond pulses. It is found that an initially immobile electron does not move along figure-eight trajectories in the field of a linearly polarised laser pulse.

Abstract: It is shown that it is possible to construct, by an inverse method, exact solutions of the problem of the flexural-gravitational oscillations of a floating elastic plate. The results obtained are used to check the accuracy of numerical solutions of the problem. It is shown that the numerical algorithm given in Ref. [Khabakhpasheva TI. The plane problem of an elastic floating plate. In Continuum Dynamics. Inst. Gidrodinamiki SO Ross Akad Nauk 2000;16:166–9.], predicts, with high accuracy, the values of the amplitudes of the oscillations of the plate and the distributions of the bending moments and hydrodynamic pressure for a wide frequency range. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Compact accelerators of the future will require enormous accelerating gradients that can only be generated using high power laser beams. Two novel techniques of laser particle acceleration are discussed. The first scheme is based on a solid-state accelerating structure powered by a short pulse CO2laser. The planar structure consists of two SiC films, separated by a vacuum gap, grown on Si wafers. Particle acceleration takes place inside the gap by a surface electromagnetic wave excited at the vacuum/SiC interface. Laser coupling is accomplished through the properly designed Si grating. This structure can be inexpensively manufactured using standard microfabrication techniques and can support accelerating fields well in excess of 1GeVm−1without breakdown. The second scheme utilizes a laser beatwave to excite a high-amplitude plasma wave, which accelerates relativistic particles. The novel aspect of this technique is that it takes advantage of the nonlinear bi-stability of the relativistic plasma wave to drive it close to the wavebreaking.

We demonstrate that a negative-permittivity material (silicon carbide) sandwiched between two layers of positive-permittivity material (silicon oxide) can be used for enhancement of the resolution of near-field imaging via the superlensing effect. The resulting three-layer metamaterial is also shown to exhibit an enhanced transmission when its effective dielectric permittivity matches that of the vacuum. Experimental far-field diagnostics of the superlensing based on measuring transmission coefficients through the metal-coated superlens is implemented using Fourier-transformed infrared microscopy. Superlensing is shown to be a highly resonant phenomenon manifested in a narrow frequency range.

The dynamics of fast laser-induced vacuum discharge, with a rather small value of amplitude of current (≤ 10 kA), as well as the voltage and energy of the capacitor bank (≤ 20 kV and 20 J, respectively), have been investigated. It has been experimentally demonstrated that the initiations conditions determined by the energy and duration of the laser radiation, fundamentally determine the dynamics of the discharge. Two types of space and time separated plasma instabilities are revealed. It was found that the first of instabilities occurs at the initial stage of the discharge and is caused by a pinch structure, which takes place in front of a cathode jet extending in vacuum. The second type of instabilities arises at the top or recession of the current and is accompanied by the generation of hard (energy ≥100 keV) bremsstrahlung X-ray radiation from the anode area. The excess energy of the hard components of radiation over the potential of the current source is associated with the effects of plasma-erosive breaking.

Adrenocortical carcinomas are rare, highly malignant tumors that account for only 0.2% of deaths due to cancer. Given the limited number of patients seen in most medical centers with this diagnosis, series usually reported are small and clinical trials not randomized or blinded. In an attempt to answer important questions concerning the management of patients with adrenal cancer, a consensus conference was organized and held at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, MI, 11–13 September 2003, with the participation of an international group of physicians who had reported on the largest series of patients with this disease and who had recognized basic and clinical research expertise in adrenal cortical cancer. Totally 43 questions were addressed by the presenters and recommendations discussed in plenary and breakout sessions. Evidence for the recommendations of this conference was at the 2–4+ level and based on available literature and participants’ experience.In addition to setting up guidelines in specific areas of the diagnosis and treatment of adrenal cancer, the conference recommended and initiated the planning of an international prospective trial for treatment of patients with adrenal cancer in stages III and IV. In terms of new therapies, first trials of dendritic cell therapy in human subjects with adrenal cancer have been started, but it is too early to comment on efficacy. Different strategies of immunotherapy, including DNA vaccination are currently being tried in animal models. There are no clinical gene therapy trials for human adrenal cortical cancer. The adrenals are a preferred target for adenovirus and the results of gene therapy in preclinical studies are promising. In addition, there is evidence that histone deacetylase inhibitors can further enhance the rate of adenoviral infectivity in human adrenal cancer cells. Testing of retroviral vectors, non-viral vectors, small interfering RNA technology, and combined approaches could be performed in various laboratories. Anti-angiogenic substances have only been applied in preclinical studies. The use of these and other agents in the treatment of adrenal cancer should be hypothesis-driven and based on a thorough analysis of tumor biology.

Mathematical models for the prediction of the hydrodynamic pressure distribution and the force on a body entering liquid are investigated. Particular attention is paid to analytical models which are based on the velocity potential given by the classical Wagner theory. Formal use of the Wagner theory provides the loads on an entering body, which are higher than the measured ones. To improve the predictions, the higher order terms in the Bernoulli equation are taken into account within the generalized Wagner model and the Logvinovich model. It is shown that the Logvinovich model corresponds better to the experimental data than the generalized Wagner model. A rational derivation of the Logvinovich model is given in the paper for the two-dimensional case. The analytical models are tested against both numerical and experimental results.

Two-photon absorption of photosensitive media can produce interference fringes with double spatial frequency. This requires the employment of multiple-frequency beams, which interfere with one another to produce a stationary image with double spatial resolution. The required beams were produced by frequency filtering of broadband radiation from a cw mode-locked femtosecond Ti:sapphire laser (=790 nm)in a dispersion-free pulse shaper. Then the two multifrequency rays converged from opposite edges of a lens, focusing on Kodak commercial film. The laser intensity was high enough to produce a two-photon exposure. The doubling of the spatial frequency of the interference pattern has been observed, but the contrast ratio of the pattern was limited by competition from the more usual one-photon absorption. Laser pulse parameters for a single-pulse two-photon exposure have been estimated. © 2002 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers.