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Background and Purpose. The purpose of this study was to compare functionality and strength among women with fibromyalgia (FM), women without FM, and older women. Subjects. Twenty-nine women with FM (age [[bar.X] ± SD]=46 ± 7 years), 12 age- and weight-matched women without FM (age=44 ± 8 years), and 38 older women who were healthy (age=71 ± 7 years) participated. Methods. The Continuous Scale-Physical Functional Performance Test (CS-PFP) was used to assess functionality. Isokinetic leg strength was measured at 60°/s, and handgrip strength was measured using a handgrip dynamometer. Results. The women without FM had significantly higher functionality scores compared with women with FM and older women. There were no differences in functionality between women with FM and older women. Strength measures for the leg were higher in women without FM compared with women with FM and older women, and both women with and without FM had higher grip strengths compared with older women. Discussion and Conclusion. This study demonstrated that women with FM and older women who are healthy have similar lower-body strength and functionality, potentially enhancing the risk for premature age-associated disability. [Panton LB, Kingsley JD, Toole T, et al. A comparison of physical functional performance and strength in women with fibromyalgia, age- and weight-matched controls, and older women who are healthy. Key Words: Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire, Functionality, Strength, Tender point sensitivity., Fibromyalgia (FM) is the second most common rheumatologic disorder in the United States, affecting approximately 4 to 6 million Americans. (1-3) The majority of people with FM are women. Fibromyalgia [...]

The taxonomy of the setose brachyuran crabs Ser fukiensisRathbun, 1931and Litocheira amoyensisGordon, 1930, both described based on material from Fujian, China, have been poorly understood for decades.. The monotypic genus SerRathbun, 1931had been placed under Carcinoplacinae H. Milne Edwards, 1852and Rhizopinae Stimpson, 1858by subsequent authors. Examining type lots of both species and recently acquired material, we find the holotype of L. amoyensisis an immature male but this name represents a senior synonym of Ser fukiensis. The genus Seris re-diagnosed and hereby placed under Pilumninae Samouelle, 1819. It is here considered to contain three species: the type species, Ser fukiensis(= S. amoyensiscomb. nov.); S. sasekumari(Serène, 1971) comb. nov.; and S. mikawaensis(Sakai, 1969) comb. nov.. Comparisons are made between Serand morphologically similar genera: RhizopoidesNg, 1987, CryptocoelomaMiers, 1884, PseudolitochiraWard, 1942, BossacarcinusŠtevčić, 2011, and HeteropilumnusDe Man, 1895. It is also apparent that Heteropilumnusis a morphologically heterogeneous group, and that its type species, H. stormiDe Man, 1895, is quite distinct from other species currently included in the genus. We discuss the implications of this finding, especially as it pertains to Ser.

Byline: Max Kingsley-Jones The Boeing 787-9 flight-test programme has progressed smoothly over its first six months and the manufacturer is on course to deliver the Rolls-Royce Trent 1000-powered version this [...]

Context: Cooling devices aim to protect firefighters by attenuating a rise in body temperature. Devices for head cooling (HC) while firefighting and forearm cooling (FC) during rehabilitation (RHB) intervals are commonly marketed, but research regarding their efficacy is limited.Objective: To investigate the physiological and perceived effects of HC and FC during firefighting drills and RHB.Design: Randomized controlled clinical trial.Setting: Firefighter training center.Patients or Other Participants: Twenty-seven male career firefighters (age 39 ± 7 years; height 169 ± 7 cm; weight 95.4 ± 16.8 kg).Intervention(s): Firefighters were randomly assigned to 1 condition: HC (n 9), in which participants completed drills wearing a cold gel pack inside their helmet; FC (n 8), in which participants sat on a collapsible chair with water-immersion arm troughs during RHB; or control (n 10), in which participants used no cooling devices. Firefighters completed four 15-minute drills (D1−D4) wearing full bunker gear and breathing apparatus. Participants had a 15-min RHB after D2 (RHB1) and D4 (RHB2).Main Outcome Measure(s): Change (Δ) in gastrointestinal temperature (TGI), heart rate (HR), physiological strain index, and perceived thermal sensation.Results: The TGIincreased similarly in the HC and control groups, respectively (D1: 0.57°C ± 0.41°C, 0.73°C ± 0.30°C; D2: 0.92°C ± 0.28°C, 0.85°C ± 0.27°C; D3: −0.37°C ± 0.34°C, −0.01°C ± 0.72°C; D4: 0.25°C ± 0.42°C, 0.57°C ± 0.26°C; P> .05). The ΔHR, Δ physiological strain index, and Δ thermal sensation were similar between the HC and control groups during drills (P> .05). The FC group demonstrated a decreased TGIcompared with the control group after RHB1 (−1.61°C ± 0.35°C versus −0.23°C ± 0.34°C; P< .001) and RHB2 (−1.40°C ± 0.38°C versus −0.38°C ± 0.24°C; P< .001). The physiological strain index score decreased in the FC group compared with the control group after RHB1 (−7.9 ± 1.3 versus −2.6 ± 1.7; P< .001) and RHB2 (−7.9 ± 1.6 versus −3.6 ± 1.1; P< .001), but no differences between groups were demonstrated for ΔHR or Δ thermal sensation (P> .05).Conclusions: The HC did not attenuate rises in physiological or perceptual variables during firefighting drills. The FC effectively reduced TGIand the physiological strain index score but not HR or thermal sensation during RHB. Clinicians and firefighters should not recommend the use of HC during firefighting but can consider using FC during RHB intervals in the field.

Analyzes the issues related to the establishment of organized labor among soldiers and war veterans in the United States. Plea of House Representative Paul Stewart on the re-employment of war veterans without the CIO Political Action Committee making soldiers pay union dues, fees and tributes; Anti-labor bias of soldiers; Example provided by the United Auto Workers in the automobile industry; Entities supporting the establishment of organized labor among soldiers; Debate on the subject at the National UAW-CIO War Veterans' Conference; Appointment of a committee during the conference to study relations of the union to the various veterans' organizations.

Focuses on the government policy to be followed for resuming the supply of civilian goods and cutting down war production in the U.S. Intentions of the government to let the manufacturers start producing for the civilian market in areas where there is no shortage of manpower; Suggestion to follow the British policy of resuming civilian production by eliminating brands and trademarks for limited duration; Anticipation of psychological problems for the workers in the transition phase; Outline of the ways and means to guarantee full employment; Possibility that magnitude of employment problem becomes staggering after the Christmas day; Steps to be taken to cushion the shock of reconversion which causes serious job dislocation and temporary unemployment.

Cellular communication systems have undergone a revolutionary change in the past decade. Emerging new technologies have completely transformed the cellular world and are constantly improving the data throughput of today's cellular systems. However, one important factor that is often overlooked is the wireless or OTA signaling used in a cellular system. In fact, OTA signaling is not only the supporting structure of a cellular communication system, which directly affects the stability, reliability, and efficiency of the system, but also an essential factor in the materialization of these new technologies. This article addresses the important roles and key design aspects of OTA signaling in today's cellular communication systems. In particular, we describe the physical design of OTA signaling in various application scenarios to meet specific requirements, such as robustness, latency, coverage, overhead, and detection complexity. We demonstrate how these design aspects are applied in the design of OTA signaling in an LTE system. Finally, we use a special design example to further illustrate the fundamentals of the OTA signaling design presented in this article.

ABSTRACTThe Plasmodium falciparumreticulocyte-binding-like protein homologue (RH) and erythrocyte binding-like (EBL) protein families play important roles during invasion, though their exact roles are not clear. Both EBL and RH proteins are thought to directly bind different receptors on the surface of the erythrocyte, and the binding properties for a number of EBLs and RHs have been described. While P. falciparumRH1 (PfRH1) and PfRH4 have been shown to act directly in two alternative invasion pathways used by merozoites, the functions of PfRH2a and PfRH2b during invasion are less defined. Here, using monoclonal antibodies raised against a unique region of PfRH2a, we show that PfRH2a moves from the rhoptry neck to the moving junction during merozoite invasion. The movement of PfRH2a to the junction is independent of the invasion pathway used by the merozoite, suggesting an additional function of the protein that is independent of receptor binding. We further show that PfRH2a is processed both in the schizont and during invasion, resulting in proteins with different erythrocyte binding properties. Our findings suggest that PfRH2a and, most likely, the other members of the RH family, depending on their processing stage, can engage different receptors at different stages of the invasion process.

The Plasmodium falciparum reticulocyte-binding-like protein homologue (RH) and erythrocyte binding-like (EBL) protein families play important roles during invasion, though their exact roles are not clear. Both EBL and RH proteins are thought to directly bind different receptors on the surface of the erythrocyte, and the binding properties for a number of EBLs and RHs have been described. While P. falciparum RH1 (PfRH1) and PfRH4 have been shown to act directly in two alternative invasion pathways used by merozoites, the functions of PfRH2a and PfRH2b during invasion are less defined. Here, using monoclonal antibodies raised against a unique region of PfRH2a, we show that PfRH2a moves from the rhoptry neck to the moving junction during merozoite invasion. The movement of PfRH2a to the junction is independent of the invasion pathway used by the merozoite, suggesting an additional function of the protein that is independent of receptor binding. We further show that PfRH2a is processed both in the schizont and during invasion, resulting in proteins with different erythrocyte binding properties. Our findings suggest that PfRH2a and, most likely, the other members of the RH family, depending on their processing stage, can engage different receptors at different stages of the invasion process.

An unsaturated sevenmembered amidinium salt 7decomposes in the presence of metal salts under basic conditions. However, 7readily forms a Diels–Alder cycloadduct with CpH from which the RhIcomplexes may be prepared. Thus, structurally elaborate, sterically crowded carbene ligand complexes bearing peripheral unsaturated functionality are available in a short versatile synthesis.

A detailed experimental and DFT study (PBE level) of the reaction of [Pd(η3‐C3H5)(tmiy)(PR3)]BF4(tmiy=tetramethylimidazolin‐2‐ylidene, PR3=phosphane), precursors to monoligated Pd0species, with aryl electrophiles yielding 2‐arylimidazolium salt is reported. Experiments establish that an autocatalytic ligand transfer mechanism is preferred over PdIVand σ‐bond metathesis pathways, and that transmetalation is the rate‐determining step. Calculations indicate that the key step involves the concerted exchange of NHC and iodo ligands between two different PdIIcomplexes. This is corroborated by experimental results showing the slower reaction of complexes containing the bulkier dipdmiy (dipdmiy = diisopropyldimethylimidazolin‐2‐ylidene).

This article focuses on three Victorian Aboriginal1 groups (Bangerang, Boonwurrung and Yorta Yorta) to explore elements that provide or discourage development of land management projects. Results from this small qualitative study show that a number of distinct health, socio-political and economic factors need to be considered when developing Aboriginal land management projects. This study indicates that a greater involvement in Aboriginal land management projects – critical to Aboriginal peoples' health, economic and social structures - will only occur through increased community consultation, respect, training, consistency between all stakeholders involved, resources and the provision of employment opportunities. Further research is required to strengthen this evidence, allowing policy-makers to be progressive when developing land management projects for Aboriginal Victorian people as a health promoting tool.

The rhodium complexes [RhNHCCODCl] and cis[RhNHCCO2Cl] of sevenmembered Nheterocyclic carbenes NHC bearing aromatic Nsubstituents mesityl, xylyl and otolyl were synthesised, and a comparison of their steric and electronic properties with those of the analogous five and sixmembered NHC complexes was made on the basis of infrared and solidstate data. The Xray structures for the complexes Rh6MesCODCl, Rh7MesCODCl and Rh7oTolCODCl were determined.© WileyVCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009

This review focuses on the latest advances in homogeneous catalysis with donor-functionalised (donor = C, N, O, S or P) N-heterocyclic carbene complexes of group 9 and 10 metals. The applications of such complexes to C–C coupling reactions, alkyne and ketone hydrosilylation, olefin polymerisation, transfer hydrogenation, asymmetric hydrogenation and other catalysed reactions are discussed.(© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)

The title compound, K[bimCO2] · 2/3H2O (C11H19N2O2K · 2/3H2O), has been synthesized, and characterized by a single crystal X‐ray study; it has the grouping $\rm [K_{3}(bimCO_{2})_{3}(OH_{2})_{2}]_{(\infty/\infty)}$cross‐linked into a polymeric sheet in which potassium environments are diverse and unsymmetrical, containing six‐coordinate and seven‐coordinate geometries.

The reductive elimination of 2-hydrocarbyl-imidazolium salts from hydrocarbyl–palladium complexes bearing N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands represents an important deactivation route for catalysts of this type. We have explored the influence that carbene N-substituents have on both the activation energy and the overall thermodynamics of the reductive elimination reaction using density functional theory (DFT). Given the proximity of the N-substituent to the three-centred transition structure, steric bulk has little influence on the activation barrier and it is electronic factors that dominate the barriers' magnitude. Increased electron donation from the departing NHC ligand acts to stabilise the associated complex against reductive elimination, with stability following the trend: Cl < H < Ph < Me < Cy < iPr < neopentyl < tBu. The intimate involvement of the carbene pπ-orbital in determining the barrier to reductive elimination means N-substituents that are capable of removing π-density (e.g.phenyl) act to promote a more facile reductive elimination.

New chiral imidazolinium salts with tunable steric features, based on a biisoquinoline template, have been developed and structurally characterised using single crystal X-ray crystallography. The transPdI2(NHC)2complex was prepared by reaction of the parent H4imidazolinium salt with Pd(OAc)2in the presence of NaI, and the solid state structure determined by X-ray crystallography. The rigid, chiral, biisoquinoline geometry of the H4imidazolinium salt was found to be maintained upon ligand complexation. The sterically unencumbered parent biisoquinoline ligand has been found to give high conversion with modest enantioselectivity in the copper-catalysed asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to cyclohexenone.

The dimerization reactions of a series of heterocyclic carbenes based on the 1,3‐dimethylimidazol‐2‐ylidene template were studied extensively using molecular orbital calculations. The carbenes studied were the 1,3‐XY five‐membered ring heterocyclic carbenes with all 10 possible combinations of X,Y = NCH3, PCH3, O and S. Two different mechanisms for dimerization were studied: a direct carbene plus carbene dimerization reaction and a proton‐catalysed dimerization. The parent carbene with XY = NN is found to be kinetically and thermodynamically stable under both mechanisms, whereas XY = NS is predicted to be kinetically stable under aprotic conditions. All remaining carbenes were predicted to be not particularly stable towards dimerization. Indirect schemes for calculating the stability of carbenes towards dimerization were found to give good estimates of the enthalpy of dimerization, but do not take into account the activation barriers. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

No Abstract

The influence of spectator ligand bite angle and the twist angle of the carbene on the reductive elimination of N-heterocyclic carbenes NHCs from palladium bis-phosphine complexes has been investigated using density functional theory. The spectator bite angle was found to have a significant influence on both the activation energy Eact and the enthalpy of reaction. Widening of the bite angle was found to lower Eactand increase the enthalpy of reaction. In contrast, rotation of the carbene with respect to the PdL2plane was found to have little influence on Eact. At carbene twist angles approaching 0° however, relief of the increased steric strain provides a considerable driving force for the decomposition reaction.

The oxidative addition of 1,3-dimethylimidazolium to a model Wilkinson's catalyst RhClPH33 has been studied with density functional calculations B3LYP. According to our free energy calculations, the octahedral rhodium carbene hydride product forms from initial predissociation of a phosphine molecule to subsequently form a 5 ligand intermediate; however, results indicate that a six ligand, associative route with a concerted three-centred transition structure may also be competitive. Exchange of the phosphine molecule on the metal centre with trimethylphosphine had a significant effect in lowering the barrier to oxidative addition and decreasing the endothermicity of the reaction. Solvation was found to have a moderate effect on the overall reaction. Bulk solvent calculations reflected a relative stabilisation of reactants for both pathways, resulting in an endothermic overall reaction. A study of alternative azolium salts revealed the saturated 1,3-dimethyl-4,5-dihydroimidazolium resulted in little change to the reaction geometries or energies, while the use of 3-methylthiazolium salt significantly reduced the barrier to addition and increased the exothermicity of the reaction considerably.

Palladium complexes of a series of functionalised phosphines bearing the OPN donor set 2-pyCH2PPhCH2CHOCH2CH2CH2, 1; 2-py CH2PPh–CH2CH2CHOCH2CH2O, 2; 2-pyCH2PPhCH2CH2CO2Me, 3; 2-pyPPhCH2CHOCH2CH2CH2, 4; 2-py 2-pyridyl have been prepared and characterised. Ligands 1–3form five membered P–N chelates which is confirmed for PdCl2complexes of 1and 3by X-ray crystallography. O-coordination appears to be generally disfavoured although there is evidence of transient O-coordination for selected Pd complexes of 4. Palladium methyl and acetate complexes of all four ligands have been tested for catalytic activity in etheneCO copolymerisation as well as alkoxy-carbonylation of propyne. Complexes of 1and 4show some activity in the copolymerisation reaction and complexes of 4are active in the methoxy carbonylation of propyne. Unlike related pyridyldiarylphosphines, 4produces a much more stable catalyst system that does not require large excesses of ligand to maintain activity.

The syntheses and characterisation of tri- and bi-dentate coordinated chromium(iii) and vanadium(iii) complexes of the general composition [MCl₃(N⁁D⁁N)], [MCl₃(N⁁N)]₂ {M = Cr, (N⁁D⁁N) = (mim)₃COCH₃ 2a [mim = 1-methylimidazolyl], (mim)₂CHCH₂PPh₂ 2b, (mim)₂CHCH₂C(O)But 2c, (tBupim)₃P 2d [tBupim = 1-isopropyl-4-tert-butylimidazolyl], (N⁁N) = (mim)₂CH₂ 3e, (mim)₂CH₂PPh₂ 3f, (mim)₂CO 3g, (Bzmim)₂CO 3h [Bzmim = 1-methybenzimidazolyl], (tBupim)₂CO 3i, (mim)₂C&z.dbd;NPh 3j; M = V: (N⁁D⁁N) = (mim)₃COCH₃ 5a; (N⁁N) = (mim)₂CO 5g}, [CrCl₃(mim)₃] 4k, and [CrCl₃(MeTAM)] 6 (MeTAM = 1-methyltriacetylmethane) is described. Crystallisation of 3g from CH₃CN/Et₂O gave the mononuclear complex [CrCl₃{(mim)₂CO}(CH₃CN)] 3g'. The molecular structure of 3g' shows the chromium atom is quasi-octahedral, six-coordinate, the three coordinated chlorine atoms disposed mer in the coordination sphere. The electronic spectra of the chromium complexes exhibit d–d transitions typical of a pseudo-octahedral coordinated d3 ion, falling into the region ν₁ 4A_2g → 4T_2g 600–700 nm and ν₂ 4A_2g → 4T_1g(F) 430–470 nm, and 10Dq values between 14 400 and 16 700 cm−1. In the presence of MMAO the complexes give active catalyst systems for the conversion of ethylene into 1-alkenes or polymers, with activities and selectivities depending on the electronic and steric factors of the ligand system and the metal centre, respectively.

New, functionalised phosphines with an OPN donor set which are potentially capable of square planar co-ordination were synthesized by stepwise introduction of the oxygen and nitrogen functional substituents to phosphorus. The secondary phosphines (phenyl)(tetrahydrofurfuryl)phosphine, 1, and [2-(1,3-dioxolan-2-yl)ethyl](phenyl)phosphine, 2, were first prepared before the introduction of the nitrogen donor substituents. The OPN phosphines (phenyl)(D¹)(D²)phosphine {D¹ = tetrahydrofurfuryl, D² = 2-pyridylmethyl or pyridyl; D¹ = 2-(1,3-dioxolan-2-yl)ethyl, D² = 2-pyridylmethyl}, 3–5, were obtained. This approach was not appropriate for the preparation of an OPN ligand with an ester functionality. Therefore the synthesis of methyl 3-[(phenyl)(2-pyridylmethyl)phosphino]propanoate, 7, was achieved via a radical induced coupling of methyl acrylate to (phenyl)(2-pyridylmethyl)phosphine 6. All new ligands, 1–5, 7, were characterised by ¹H, ¹³C and ³¹P NMR spectroscopy. The methods developed allowed the ligands to be synthesized in high yields and purity such that further purification was generally unnecessary for subsequent applications.

The CD85 molecule was originally defined at the Fifth Workshop on Leucocyte Antigens in 1993 by two monoclonal antibodies, VMP55 and GHI/75. This cell‐surface glycoprotein is expressed on B cells, monocytes, and subpopulations of T and natural killer (NK) cells, and particularly high levels are expressed by normal and neoplastic plasma cells and by hairy cell leukemia B cells. We affinity purified the CD85 antigen and obtained tryptic peptide sequence which indicated that this molecule might be ILT2, a recently described inhibitory major histocompatibility complex class I receptor of the immunoglobulin superfamily. This was confirmed by showing that both of the original anti‐CD85 mAbs stained ILT2 transfectants. The cell signaling role demonstrated for ILT2 is consistent with the previously reported involvement of CD85 in T cell activation. J. Leukoc. Biol.65: 841–845; 1999.

We have investigated the problem of coupling light emitting diodes to contemporary low-loss multimode optical fibers (NA ~ 0.14) for optical communications. We have calculated the maximum coupled light power and the coupling efficiencies for a disk geometry and a strip geometry with and without a lens. In our calculations, we assumed that the homostructure LED has a radiance of 30 W/sr cm^2 and requires an electrical power input JV or 2 × 10^4 W/cm^2. In the disk geometry without a lens, the maximum coupled light power of 36 μW can be achieved. With a lens the LED junction area can be reduced so that the coupled light power of 31 μW which is 0.1% of the input electric power, is possible. In the strip geometry with a lens a coupled light power of 260 μW is achievable.

Summary When Lettree cells are exposed to Mn2+, the cation becomes associated with cells in two ways: in a relatively loose and mobile manner that gives a six-line EPR spectrum designated Mnb*, and in an immobile, relatively tight manner that gives no detectable EPR spectrum, designated Mnb. Mnb* is probably on the surface of cells; most Mnb is probably inside cells. NMR measurements of Lettree cell suspensions show two water proton relaxation rates and confirm the existence of cell-associated Mn. Human erythrocytes, on the other hand, bind no Mn2+ under these conditions, as judged by EPR and NMR measurements.

Using synthetic peptide or recombinant protein as immunising antigens we have produced monoclonal antibodies and polyclonal antisera directed against targets of particular interest in leukaemia diagnosis. In this way we have prepared reagents which recognise all T or all B lymphocytes in routinely fixed paraffin sections which are unique in this respect. We have also produced monoclonal antibodies to molecules potentially involved in specific neoplastic transformations, implicated by virtue of the involvement of their genes in chromosomal defects in these neoplasms. In particular, we have produced antibodies recognising bcl-2, involved in follicular lymphoma, tal-1, involved in T-cell acute leukaemias and HRX involved in a variety of hematologic disorders. The application of these reagents to diagnosis has so far proved useful. In addition their use outside the field of leukaemia diagnosis has proved to be even more important in some cases.

The purpose of this experiment was to test the effectiveness of classical conditioning procedures in reducing negative evaluative responses, i.e., attitudes, toward pictures of Afro-American people. Ss were 73 Euro-American kindergarten children who received either 0, 1, 4, or 8 conditioning sessions of 36 pairings of the color black with neutral words. Two racial attitude scales were employed to measure amount of change in Ss' racial attitudes after exposure to the conditioning procedures. Parish's (1972) Revised PRAM II did not detect any change, but Williams' (1971) PRAM II demonstrated a significant reduction in anti-Afro-American attitudes for those Ss who received 8 conditioning sessions.

1. Phospholipids prelabelled with [14C]acetate, [32P]phosphate, [3H]- or [14C]-choline or [3H]inositol are not significantly degraded during fusion of Lettrée cells mediated by Sendai virus, nor are carbohydrates prelabelled with [3H]fucose, [14C]galactose or [3H]glucosamine. Less than 1nmol of lysophosphatidylcholine/107 cells is formed during fusion. Diethyl p-nitrophenyl phosphate, which inhibits phospholipase A by more than 95% has no effect on fusion. It is concluded that none of the events leading to cell fusion is accompanied by significant turnover of phospholipids or other membrane components. 2. Intracellular K+ leaks out during virally mediated cell fusion; the loss is not as extensive as that of intracellularly accumulated choline or deoxyglucose. Movement of Ca2+ into or out of cells could not be detected. 3. At concentrations of Lettrée cells insufficient to be agglutinated by virus, intracellularly accumulated choline and deoxyglucose leak out. Agglutination caused by concanavalin A does not result in leakage of intracellular metabolites. 4. P815Y cells, which agglutinate but do not fuse in the presence of virus, show leakage of intracellularly accumulated metabolites. The extent of leakage does not alter during the G1 and S periods of the cell cycle. 5. Leakage is inhibited by Ca2+, but is unaffected by EDTA. 6. It is concluded that the interaction of Sendai virus with mammalian cells causes a weakening of membrane integrity so that intracellular metabolites leak out. Such destabilization may facilitate viral entry and is therefore an interesting system for further biochemical studies.

Fine-particle metal aluminates, MAl2O4where M=Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn as well as 3CaO · Al2O3(C3A), CaAl12O19(CA6) and MgCeAl11O19have been prepared by the combustion of mixtures of the respective metal nitrates (oxidizers) and urea or carbohydrazide (fuels) at 500 or 350‡ C, respectively, over a time of 5 min. The solid combustion products were identified by their characteristic X-ray powder diffraction patterns. The fine-particle nature of these metal aluminates was investigated using SEM, TEM, particle size analysis and surface area measurements. The surface areas of the as-prepared metal aluminates using carbohydrazide fuel were higher (45 to 85 m2g−1) compared with urea (1 to 20 m2g−1).

Fine particle fluorescent aluminous oxide materials like Cr3+-doped α-Al2O3(ruby), MgAl2O4, LaAlO3, Y3Al5O12and Ce3+-doped Y3Al5O12, LaMgAl11O19, CaAl12O19and CeMgAl11O19have been prepared by the combustion of the corresponding metal nitrate-aluminium nitrate-urea/carbohydrazide mixtures at 500°C in less than 5 min. Formation of these Cr3+- and Ce3+-doped aluminous oxides has been confirmed by their characteristic XRD, colour, UV-visible and fluorescence spectra as well as decay time measurements. Ruby (Cr3+/α-Al2O3) powder showed characteristic excitation bands at 406 and 548 nm and emission band at 695 nm with the decay time of 3·6 ms.

A recently developed, highly selective, CuSiO2 catalyst for the hydrogenation of unsaturated hydrocarbon contaminants in C2 and C3 alkene streams has been employed to remove alkynes from an industrial C4 cracker stream. At a temperature of 320°C and with approximately equal concentrations of H2 and C4 feed effectively all the contaminating alkynes and all the butadienes were hydrogenated selectively to butenes. No further hydrogenation of butenes to butanes was detected. The purified C4-stream was successfully employed in a butene dimerization reaction catalyzed by a homogeneous, Ziegler-type nickel catalyst system [Ni (dithioacetylacetonato) (PnBu3) Cl + diethylaluminiumchloride]. Prior to selective hydrogenation, alkynes present in the C4 stream had poisoned the nickel catalyst. After removing the contaminants dimerization proceeded with an activity (1480 turnovers/h) and product distribution in line with that observed using pure 1-butene feeds.