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Herein, we have directly investigated a 2 delta L as the diffusion length in a‐IGZO TFT using a scanning capacitance microscopy (SCM) technique at the cross section of TFTs instead of indirect normal transmission line method (TLM). Moreover, we revealed that the difference of 2 delta L leads the variation of total parastic capacitance in devices, which play a key role in the properites of EL currents in case of display devices.

ABSTRACTFrom biogenesis to degradation, mRNA goes through diverse types of regulation and interaction with other biomolecules. Uneven distribution of mRNA transcripts and the diverse isoforms and modifications of mRNA make us wonder how cells manage the complexity and keep the functional integrity for the normal development of cells and organisms. Single-molecule microscopy tools have expanded the scope of RNA research with unprecedented spatiotemporal resolution. In this review, we highlight the recent progress in the methods for labeling mRNA targets and analyzing the quantitative information from fluorescence images of single mRNA molecules. In particular, the MS2 system and its various applications are the main focus of this article. We also review how recent studies have addressed biological questions related to the significance of mRNA localization in vivo. Efforts to visualize the dynamics of single mRNA molecules in live cells will push forward our knowledge on the nature of heterogeneity in RNA sequence, structure, and distribution as well as their molecular function and coordinated interaction with RNA binding proteins.

PhCH=S+Ar (Ar = p-FC6H4) was generated and accumulated for the first time in organic solvents that are commonly used for organic synthesis such as dichloromethane by the indirect cation pool method. The thionium ion is stable at temperatures lower than −20 °C, and reacts with carbon nucleophiles at the carbon adjacent to sulfur. The thionium ion was successfully characterized by UV, NMR, and IR measurements. Electronic structure of the thionium ion, in particular its bond character, is discussed based on the spectroscopic measurements and DFT calculations.

It′s all about the timing: Precise control of the residence time (tRx; see picture) of reactive intermediates in flow microreactors enables the reaction pathway of lithiated 1,2‐dichloroethene to be switched to produce either alkenes or alkynes. This method also allows versatile syntheses of asymmetric disubstituted dichloroalkenes and alkynes.

Timing ist alles: Über die Feineinstellung der Verweilzeit (tRx, siehe Bild) der reaktiven Intermediate in Flussmikroreaktoren kann der Reaktionspfad von lithiiertem 1,2‐Dichlorethen zwischen Alkenen und Alkinen als Produkten geschaltet werden. Auf diese Art sind auch asymmetrische disubstituierte Dichloralkene und Alkine einfach zugänglich.

The eye colour mutant sepia (se1) is defective in PDA {6-acetyl-2-amino-3,7,8,9-tetrahydro-4H-pyrimido[4,5-b]-[1,4]diazepin-4-one or pyrimidodiazepine} synthase involved in the conversion of 6-PTP (2-amino-4-oxo-6-pyruvoyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteridine; also known as 6-pyruvoyltetrahydropterin) into PDA, a key intermediate in drosopterin biosynthesis. However, the identity of the gene encoding this enzyme, as well as its molecular properties, have not yet been established. Here, we identify and characterize the gene encoding PDA synthase and show that it is the structural gene for sepia. Based on previously reported information [Wiederrecht, Paton and Brown (1984) J. Biol. Chem. 259, 2195–2200; Wiederrecht and Brown (1984) J. Biol. Chem. 259, 14121–14127; Andres (1945) Drosoph. Inf. Serv. 19, 45; Ingham, Pinchin, Howard and Ish-Horowicz (1985) Genetics 111, 463–486; Howard, Ingham and Rushlow (1988) Genes Dev. 2, 1037–1046], we isolated five candidate genes predicted to encode GSTs (glutathione S-transferases) from the presumed sepia locus (region 66D5 on chromosome 3L). All cloned and expressed candidates exhibited relatively high thiol transferase and dehydroascorbate reductase activities and low activity towards 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, characteristic of Omega class GSTs, whereas only CG6781 catalysed the synthesis of PDA in vitro. The molecular mass of recombinant CG6781 was estimated to be 28 kDa by SDS/PAGE and 56 kDa by gel filtration, indicating that it is a homodimer under native conditions. Sequencing of the genomic region spanning CG6781 revealed that the se1 allele has a frameshift mutation from ‘AAGAA’ to ‘GTG’ at nt 190–194, and that this generates a premature stop codon. Expression of the CG6781 open reading frame in an se1 background rescued the eye colour defect as well as PDA synthase activity and drosopterins content. The extent of rescue was dependent on the dosage of transgenic CG6781. In conclusion, we have discovered a new catalytic activity for an Omega class GST and that CG6781 is the structural gene for sepia which encodes PDA synthase.

Vinyllithiums were effectively generated by bromine-lithium exchange reaction of vinyl bromides with one eq of s-BuLi in a flow microreactor system at 0 °C or 20 °C, although two eq of t-BuLi and much lower temperatures are required for a conventional macro batch reaction. Subsequent reactions with various electrophiles in the flow microreactor system gave the corresponding vinyl compounds in good yields.