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Despite the detailed imaging information provided by optical coherence tomography (OCT) during percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), clinical benefits of this imaging technique in this setting remain uncertain. The aim of the OCCUPI trial was to compare the clinical benefits of OCT-guided versus angiography-guided PCI for complex lesions, assessed as the rate of major adverse cardiac events at 1 year.

A significantly enhanced THz radiation generation from femtosecond photoexcited MoS2layers due to Nb-doping is reported here. Different microscopic mechanisms involved in the THz photocurrent generation vary in their relative contributions in the two cases of photoexcitation, i.e., above and below the electronic bandgap of the layers. For a moderate Nb-doping level of just ∼0.05%, we have observed a multifold enhancement in the THz emission for the case of the above bandgap excitation, which is, though, nearly 1.5 times for the case of the below bandgap excitation of the monolayer MoS2. Alongside the difference in THz generation efficiency, the THz pulse polarity is also reversed at the above bandgap excitation of the Nb-doped layers, consequent to the reversed surface depletion field. Except for a slightly smaller difference in the THz enhancement factor, all the observations are reproducible in the bilayers as well to imply a weaker inversion symmetry and reduced screening of the surface depletion field due to Nb-doping. Furthermore, we employed pristine MoS2and Nb-doped MoS2monolayers to fabricate piezoelectric nanogenerator devices. Like enhancement in the ultrafast THz emission, the piezoelectric performance of the nanogenerator, fabricated with the Nb-doped MoS2monolayer is also increased by a similar factor.

We propose the electrified catalytic inductive heating system (ECIHS), which utilizes electromagnetic induction heating (IH) of a monolithic catalytic composite to induce direct and efficient heat transfer to the liquid-phase reaction environment. Herein, we demonstrated that the ECIHS could be utilized to extract hydrogen from liquid-phase perhydro-dibenzyltoluene (H18-DBT) within just 3.5 s, accounting for a 16.4-fold improvement in the reaction rate compared with conventional heating methods. This remarkable observation underscores the potential of the ECIHS for on-site hydrogen utilization, empowering various advanced applications such as hydrogen-powered vehicles. Furthermore, the capabilities of the ECIHS for efficient heat and mass transfer in the liquid phase are also translatable to a myriad of different chemical processing schemes with high industrial value. Overall, the ECIHS represents a major breakthrough in the development of sustainable chemical processing methods, further propelling efforts to achieve full decarbonization in the global chemical processing industry.

Citrus fruits are susceptible to a loss of quality during postharvest storage due to weight loss and potential infection with pathogens. New citrus varieties are constantly developed to improve storability. The objective of this study was to investigate changes in quality characteristics and metabolite profiles of Yellowball, a novel citrus variety, during long-term storage (12 weeks) at different temperatures (5, 10, and 25 °C). The decay rates of Yellowball fruit were < 3.7% during the first 2 weeks of storage at all temperatures. An exceptional resistance to weight loss (< 15%) was observed during storage for 12 weeks at low temperatures (5 and 10 °C). Fruit firmness remained unaltered, while the soluble solids content (SSC) to titratable acidity (TA) ratio increased during storage, independent of the storage temperature. Quality-related metabolites (sugars, acidic compounds, amino acids, and secondary metabolites) in both the flesh and peel changed significantly with increasing storage period, dependent on the storage temperature. In addition, citrus metabolomic pathways associated with the storage of Yellowball flesh and peel were proposed. These results provide valuable insights into changes in citrus quality and metabolites during extended storage and under different temperature regimes that can benefit postharvest practices in the citrus industry.

While improving the lithium metal (Li) Coulombic efficiency has been a focus for electrolyte design, the performance under high current densities is less studied yet highly relevant for practical applications. Here, we evaluate the charge-rate-dependent cycling stability using three types of weakly solvating fluoroether electrolytes. Although good cycle life was achieved in all three electrolytes under low current densities, they all exhibited a soft shorting behavior above various threshold current densities (between 2 and 5.2 mA cm–2). We attributed the current-dependent electrode morphology to both Li growth and residual solid electrolyte interface (rSEI) growth processes. In early cycles, Li morphology guided the formation of rSEI structures. In later cycles, the rSEI structure partially impacted Li growth. Under low current densities, the rSEI was inhomogeneous with large voids for subsequent bulky lithium growth. Under high current densities, the rSEI became more dense, which aggravated the high-surface/volume-ratio Li growth through and on the top of the rSEI. Among the three weakly solvating fluoroether electrolytes, the ones with lower ionic conductivity were observed to short within fewer cycles and at lower charge current densities. Our work suggests that fast ion transport in electrolytes may be a desirable feature for the stable operation at >1C charging in high-energy-density lithium metal batteries.

Wound dressings made from natural-derived polymers are highly valued for their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and biofunctionality. However, natural polymer-based hydrogels can come with their own set of limitations, such as low mechanical strength, limited cell affinity, and the potential cytotoxicity of cross-linkers, which delineate the boundaries of their usage and hamper their practical application. To overcome the limitation of natural-derived polymers, this study utilized a mixture of oxidized alginate and gelatin with 5 mg/mL polycaprolactone (PCL):gelatin nanofiber fragments at a ratio of 7:3 (OGN-7) to develop a hydrogel composite wound dressing that can be injected and has the ability to be remended. The in situ formation of the remendable hydrogel is facilitated by dual cross-linking of oxidized alginate chains with gelatin and PCL/gelatin nanofibers through Schiff-base mechanisms, supported by the physical integration of nanofibers, thereby obviating the need for additional cross-linking agents. Furthermore, OGN-7 exhibits increased stiffness (γ = 79.4–316.3%), reduced gelation time (543 ± 5 to 475 ± 5 s), improved remendability of the hydrogel, and excellent biocompatibility. Notably, OGN-7 achieves full fusion within 1 h of incubation and maintains structural integrity under external stress, effectively overcoming the inherent mechanical weaknesses of natural polymer-based dressings and enhancing biofunctionality. The therapeutic efficacy of OGN-7 was validated through a full-thickness in vivowound healing analysis, which demonstrated that OGN-7 significantly accelerates wound closure compared to alginate-based dressings and control groups. Histological analysis further revealed that re-epithelialization and collagen deposition were markedly enhanced in the regenerating skin of the OGN-7 group, confirming the superior therapeutic performance of OGN-7. In summary, OGN-7 optimized the synergistic effects of natural polymers, which enhances their collective functionality as a wound dressing and expands their utility across diverse biomedical applications.

This study investigated the effects of electropulsing treatment (EPT) condition on the microstructure and microhardness of cold-rolled Grade 2 Ti sheet. Particular attention was paid to the dependence of the material properties on the electric current direction, referred to as electropulsing anisotropy. Direct-current (DC) EPT was applied along either the rolling direction (RD) or transverse direction (TD) of the rolled sheet. EPT along the TD resulted in a higher heating rate and maximum temperature, whereas that along the RD accelerated the static recrystallization (SRX) process under identical electropulsing parameters. Such a discrepancy was interpreted using the elongated grain structure and basal texture in the cold-rolled Ti sheet. These results were further supported by microhardness measurements, confirming the presence of electropulsing anisotropy during DC EPT in Ti alloys for the first time. In addition, the employed EPT was compared to a traditional furnace heat treatment (FHT) with rigorous temperature and time control, wherein the optimum EPT process spent only 13% of the processing time to complete SRX with a lower thermal energy requirement. This indicates a significant athermal contribution of EPT to electropulsing anisotropy.

Lifetime-reconfigurable soft robots have emerged as a new class of robots, emphasizing the unmet needs of futuristic sustainability and security. Trigger-transient materials that can both actuate and degrade on-demand are crucial for achieving life-reconfigurable soft robots. Here, we propose the use of transient and magnetically actuating materials that can decompose under ultraviolet light and heat, achieved by adding photo-acid generator (PAG) and magnetic particles (Sr-ferrite) to poly(propylene carbonate) (PPC). Chemical and thermal analyses reveal that the mechanism of PPC–PAG decomposition occurs through PPC backbone cleavage by the photo-induced acid. The self-assembled monolayer (SAM) encapsulation of Sr-ferrite preventing the interaction with the PAG allowed the transience of magnetic soft actuators. We demonstrate remotely controllable and degradable magnetic soft kirigami actuators using blocks with various magnetized directions. This study proposes novel approaches for fabricating lifetime-configurable magnetic soft actuators applicable to diverse environments and applications, such as enclosed/sealed spaces and security/military devices.

IMPORTANCE: Prospective data assessing the safety of hypofractionated (40 Gy in 16 fractions) radiotherapy (RT) among patients who receive postoperative concurrent chemoradiotherapy for cervical cancer are lacking. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the acute toxic effects of hypofractionated pelvic intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) with concurrent chemotherapy among women with cervical cancer who underwent radical hysterectomy. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: The POHIM-CCRT (Postoperative Hypofractionated Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy With Concurrent Chemotherapy in Cervical Cancer) study was designed as a multicenter, phase 2 nonrandomized controlled trial that accrued and followed up patients from June 1, 2017, to February 28, 2023. In total, 84 patients were enrolled from 5 institutions affiliated with the Korean Radiation Oncology Group. Eligible patients experienced lymph node metastasis, parametrial invasion, or positive resection margins after radical hysterectomy for treatment of confirmed cervical cancer. INTERVENTION: Postoperative pelvic radiation using hypofractionated IMRT with 40 Gy in 16 fractions to the whole pelvis combined with concurrent chemotherapy. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The primary end point was incidence of acute grade 3 or higher gastrointestinal tract, genitourinary, and hematologic toxic effects (based on the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events, version 4.0) in the evaluable population during RT or within 3 months after RT completion. RESULTS: Of 84 patients enrolled, 5 dropped out prior to RT, and data from 79 patients were analyzed. The patients’ median (IQR) age was 48 (42-58) years, and the median (IQR) tumor size was 3.7 (2.7-4.5) cm. Of these patients, 31 (39.7%) had lymph node metastasis, 4 (5.1%) had positive resection margins, and 43 (54.4%) had parametrial invasion. Grade 3 or higher acute toxic effects occurred in 2 patients (2.5% [90% CI, 0%-4.8%]). After a median (IQR) follow-up of 43.0 (21.1-59.0) months, the 3-year disease-free survival rate was 79.3%, and the overall survival rate was 98.0%. CONCLUSIONS: Findings from this nonrandomized control trial indicated that postoperative pelvic irradiation combined with concurrent chemotherapy using hypofractionated IMRT with 40 Gy in 16 fractions was safe and well-tolerated in women with cervical cancer. Studies assessing long-term toxic effects and oncological outcomes with longer follow-up periods are needed. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03239613

The potential risk associated with the accidental release of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) is a notable concern during the design phase of gas-handling facilities. One of the risk is an excessive cryogenic exposure to structures or equipment, leading to hazardous situations. This study aims to introduce a novel method that implements Advanced Cryogenic Risk Analysis (ACRA) to enhance the safety of LNG bunkering ship structure in case of cryogenic flow leakage. The method involves evaluating thermal loads based on the preceding simulated LNG release scenarios using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). These thermal parameters are then employed in structural analysis through the Finite Element (FE) approach.

A letter of credit is one of the primary payment methods in international trades. A letter of credit by its nature is separate from the underlying contract under which it is issued, which promote the utility of letters of credit in international trades. A letter of credit can be categorized into different types, one of which is master letter of credit and back-to-back letter of credit. When an exporter (or a trader) uses a letter of credit issued in his favour as a means by which to request his bank (usually an advising bank) to issue a separate letter of credit on his behalf in favour of the local supplier (or a real exporter), the former letter of credit is referred to as a master letter of credit, while the latter letter of credit is referred to as a ‘back-to-back letter of credit’ because the bank issues a ‘back-to-back letter of credit’ on ‘the back of’ a master letter of credit. A back-to-back letter of credit is relatively rare, and is thus not much introduced to the traders. In FIM Bank v. Woori Bank and Kwangju Bank (2017), the Supreme Court of Korea ruled on various issues (i.e., governing law, definition of negotiation, requirements of negotiating bank, independence principle and fraud exception, presenting bank and fraud exception, etc.), including the concept of a back-to back letter of credit, arising out of letters of credit transaction involving back-to-back letters of credit. This paper analyses the court’s findings on and deals primarily with various issues concerning a letter of credit transaction involving a back-to back letter of credit.

IMPORTANCE: There have been heterogeneous results related to sex differences in prognosis after percutaneous coronary artery intervention (PCI) for complex coronary artery lesions. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate potential differences in outcomes with intravascular imaging–guided PCI of complex coronary artery lesions between women and men. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This prespecified substudy evaluates the interaction of sex in the investigator-initiated, open-label, multicenter RENOVATE-COMPLEX-PCI randomized clinical trial, which demonstrated the superiority of intravascular imaging–guided PCI compared with angiography-guided PCI in patients with complex coronary artery lesions. The trial was conducted at 20 sites in Korea. Patients with complex coronary artery lesions undergoing PCI were enrolled between May 2018 and May 2021, and the median (IQR) follow-up period was 2.1 (1.4-3.0) years. Data were analyzed from December 2022 to December 2023. INTERVENTIONS: After diagnostic coronary angiography, eligible patients were randomly assigned in a 2:1 ratio to receive intravascular imaging–guided PCI or angiography-guided PCI. The choice and timing of the intravascular imaging device were left to the operators’ discretion. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The primary end point was target vessel failure, defined as a composite of cardiac death, target vessel–related myocardial infarction, or clinically driven target vessel revascularization. Secondary end points included individual components of the primary end point. RESULTS: Of 1639 included patients, 339 (20.7%) were women, and the mean (SD) age was 65.6 (10.2) years. There was no difference in the risk of the primary end point between women and men (9.4% vs 8.3%; adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 1.39; 95% CI, 0.89-2.18; P = .15). Intravascular imaging–guided PCI tended to have lower incidence of the primary end point than angiography-guided PCI in both women (5.2% vs 14.5%; adjusted HR, 0.34; 95% CI, 0.15-0.78; P = .01) and men (8.3% vs 11.7%; adjusted HR, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.49-1.05; P = .09) without significant interaction (P for interaction = .86). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: In patients undergoing complex PCI, compared with angiographic guidance, intravascular imaging guidance was associated with similar reduction in the risk of target vessel failure among women and men. The treatment benefit of intravascular imaging–guided PCI showed no significant interaction between treatment strategy and sex. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03381872

With their groundbreaking clinical responses, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have ushered in a new chapter in cancer therapeutics. However, they are often associated with life-threatening or organ-threatening autoimmune/autoinflammatory phenomena, collectively termed immune-related adverse events (irAEs). In this review, we will first describe the mechanisms of action of ICIs as well as irAEs. Next, we will review biomarkers for predicting the development of irAEs or stratifying risks.

To investigate the factors associated with treatment outcomes of postcataract surgery fungal endophthalmitis outbreaks related to contaminated viscoelastics.

Smoking is a well-established risk factor for various pathologies, including pulmonary diseases, cardiovascular disorders, and cancers. The toxic effects of cigarette smoke (CS) are mediated through multiple pathways and diverse mechanisms. A key pathogenic factor is oxidative stress, primarily induced by excessive formation of reactive oxygen species. However, it remains unclear whether smoking directly induces systemic oxidative stress or if such stress is a secondary consequence. This study aimed to determine whether short-term inhalation exposure to CS induces oxidative stress in extrapulmonary organs in addition to the lung in a murine model. In the experiment, 3R4F reference cigarettes were used to generate CS, and 8-week-old male BALB/c mice were exposed to CS at a total particulate matter concentration of either 0 or 800 µg/L for four consecutive days. CS exposure led to an increase in neutrophils, eosinophils, and total cell counts in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. It also elevated levels of lactate dehydrogenase and malondialdehyde (MDA), markers indicative of tissue damage and oxidative stress, respectively. Conversely, no significant changes were observed in systemic oxidative stress markers such as total oxidant scavenging capacity, MDA, glutathione (GSH), and the GSH/GSSG ratio in blood samples. In line with these findings, CS exposure elevated NADPH oxidase (NOX)-dependent superoxide generation in the lung but not in other organs like the liver, kidney, heart, aorta, and brain. Collectively, our results indicate that short-term exposure to CS induces inflammation and oxidative stress in the lung without significantly affecting oxidative stress in extrapulmonary organs under the current experimental conditions. NOX may play a role in these pulmonary-specific events.

Critical limb ischemia (CLI) is a devastating disease characterized by the progressive blockage of blood vessels. Although the paracrine effect of growth factors in stem cell therapy made it a promising angiogenic therapy for CLI, poor cell survival in the harsh ischemic microenvironment limited its efficacy. Thus, an imperative need exists for a stem-cell delivery method that enhances cell survival. Here, a collagen microgel (CMG) cell-delivery scaffold (40 × 20 μm) was fabricated via micro-fragmentation from collagen–hyaluronic acid polyionic complex to improve transplantation efficiency. Culturing human adipose-derived stem cells (hASCs) with CMG enabled integrin receptors to interact with CMG to form injectable 3-dimensional constructs (CMG-hASCs) with a microporous microarchitecture and enhanced mass transfer. CMG-hASCs exhibited higher cell survival (p < 0.0001) and angiogenic potential in tube formation and aortic ring angiogenesis assays than cell aggregates. Injection of CMG-hASCs intramuscularly into CLI mice increased blood perfusion and limb salvage ratios by 40 % and 60 %, respectively, compared to cell aggregate-treated mice. Further immunofluorescent analysis revealed that transplanted CMG-hASCs have greater muscle regenerative and angiogenic potential, with enhanced cell survival than cell aggregates (p < 0.05). Collectively, we propose CMG as a cell-assembling platform and CMG-hASCs as promising therapeutics to treat CLI.

Psoriasis, a prevalent chronic inflammatory skin ailment affecting approximately 2–3% of the global population, is characterized by persistent symptoms. Dexamethasone, a primary corticosteroid for treating psoriasis, demonstrates notable efficacy; however, its limited skin permeation results in documented adverse effects. To address this, the presented study employed a novel strategy to conjugate gold nanorod and dexamethasone and evaluate their potential for mitigating psoriatic inflammation using an imiquimod-induced mouse model and human skin cells. Our findings revealed enhanced cutaneous penetration of gold nanorod and dexamethasone conjugates compared with that of dexamethasone, owing to superior skin penetration. Gold nanorod and dexamethasone conjugates demonstrated an optimal pharmacological impact at minimal dosages without toxicity during extended use. To further enhance the effectiveness of gold nanorod and dexamethasone conjugates, 808 nm near-infrared laser irradiation, which reacts to gold, was additionally applied to achieve thermal elevation to expedite drug skin penetration. Supplementary laser irradiation at 808 nm significantly ameliorated psoriatic symptoms following deep gold nanorod and dexamethasone conjugates penetration. This corresponded with restored peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ levels and accelerated dexamethasone release from the gold nanorod and dexamethasone conjugates complex. These findings highlight the potential of gold nanorod and dexamethasone conjugates to enhance drug penetration through dermal layers, thereby aiding psoriasis treatment. Moreover, its compatibility with photothermal therapy offers prospects for novel therapeutic interventions across various inflammatory skin disorders.

TiS2is a transition metal dichalcogenide with semiconducting transport properties, and is considered a potential thermoelectric material owing to its relatively low lattice thermal conductivity originated from van der Waals stacking. In this study, the evolution of electrical and thermal transport properties of TiS2by solid solution alloying with TiSe2are investigated systematically regarding thermoelectric properties. A series of solid solution compositions of Ti(S1 − xSex)2(x= 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5) polycrystalline samples was synthesized by a conventional solid-state reaction, wherein no secondary phase was formed. As xincreased, the electrical conductivity and carrier concentration gradually increased, while the Seebeck coefficient decreased. Consequently, the power factor decreased. On the other hand, the lattice thermal conductivity is reduced largely to 0.96 W/mK for x= 0.5 at 300 K, compared to 2.3 W/mK for the pristine TiS2sample. Consequently, the thermoelectric figure of merit zTof TiS2was enhanced by solid solution allying with TiSe2, despite deterioration of the electrical transport properties. The maximum zTof 0.41 was observed for x= 0.4 (Ti(S0.6Se0.4)2) at 500 K.

For patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tumors without currently targetable molecular alterations, standard-of-care treatment is immunotherapy with anti-PD-(L)1 checkpoint inhibitors, alone or with platinum-doublet therapy. However, not all patients derive durable benefit and resistance to immune checkpoint blockade is common. Understanding mechanisms of resistance—which can include defects in DNA damage response and repair pathways, alterations or functional mutations in STK11/LKB1, alterations in antigen-presentation pathways, and immunosuppressive cellular subsets within the tumor microenvironment—and developing effective therapies to overcome them, remains an unmet need. Here the phase 2 umbrella HUDSON study evaluated rational combination regimens for advanced NSCLC following failure of anti-PD-(L)1-containing immunotherapy and platinum-doublet therapy. A total of 268 patients received durvalumab (anti-PD-L1 monoclonal antibody)–ceralasertib (ATR kinase inhibitor), durvalumab–olaparib (PARP inhibitor), durvalumab–danvatirsen (STAT3 antisense oligonucleotide) or durvalumab–oleclumab (anti-CD73 monoclonal antibody). Greatest clinical benefit was observed with durvalumab–ceralasertib; objective response rate (primary outcome) was 13.9% (11/79) versus 2.6% (5/189) with other regimens, pooled, median progression-free survival (secondary outcome) was 5.8 (80% confidence interval 4.6–7.4) versus 2.7 (1.8–2.8) months, and median overall survival (secondary outcome) was 17.4 (14.1–20.3) versus 9.4 (7.5–10.6) months. Benefit with durvalumab–ceralasertib was consistent across known immunotherapy-refractory subgroups. In ATM-altered patients hypothesized to harbor vulnerability to ATR inhibition, objective response rate was 26.1% (6/23) and median progression-free survival/median overall survival were 8.4/22.8 months. Durvalumab–ceralasertib safety/tolerability profile was manageable. Biomarker analyses suggested that anti-PD-L1/ATR inhibition induced immune changes that reinvigorated antitumor immunity. Durvalumab–ceralasertib is under further investigation in immunotherapy-refractory NSCLC.

Graphical abstract:

The loss of the tail is among the most notable anatomical changes to have occurred along the evolutionary lineage leading to humans and to the ‘anthropomorphous apes’1–3, with a proposed role in contributing to human bipedalism4–6. Yet, the genetic mechanism that facilitated tail-loss evolution in hominoids remains unknown. Here we present evidence that an individual insertion of an Alu element in the genome of the hominoid ancestor may have contributed to tail-loss evolution. We demonstrate that this Alu element—inserted into an intron of the TBXTgene7–9—pairs with a neighbouring ancestral Alu element encoded in the reverse genomic orientation and leads to a hominoid-specific alternative splicing event. To study the effect of this splicing event, we generated multiple mouse models that express both full-length and exon-skipped isoforms of Tbxt, mimicking the expression pattern of its hominoid orthologue TBXT. Mice expressing both Tbxtisoforms exhibit a complete absence of the tail or a shortened tail depending on the relative abundance of Tbxtisoforms expressed at the embryonic tail bud. These results support the notion that the exon-skipped transcript is sufficient to induce a tail-loss phenotype. Moreover, mice expressing the exon-skipped Tbxtisoform develop neural tube defects, a condition that affects approximately 1 in 1,000 neonates in humans10. Thus, tail-loss evolution may have been associated with an adaptive cost of the potential for neural tube defects, which continue to affect human health today.

Rechargeable Li-metal batteries have the potential to more than double the specific energy of the state-of-the-art rechargeable Li-ion batteries, making Li-metal batteries a prime candidate for next-generation high-energy battery technology1–3. However, current Li-metal batteries suffer from fast cycle degradation compared with their Li-ion battery counterparts2,3, preventing their practical adoption. A main contributor to capacity degradation is the disconnection of Li from the electrochemical circuit, forming isolated Li4–8. Calendar ageing studies have shown that resting in the charged state promotes further reaction of active Li with the surrounding electrolyte9–12. Here we discover that calendar ageing in the discharged state improves capacity retention through isolated Li recovery, which is in contrast with the well-known phenomenon of capacity degradation observed during the charged state calendar ageing. Inactive capacity recovery is verified through observation of Coulombic efficiency greater than 100% on both Li||Cu half-cells and anode-free cells using a hybrid continuous–resting cycling protocol and with titration gas chromatography. An operando optical setup further confirms excess isolated Li reactivation as the predominant contributor to the increased capacity recovery. These insights into a previously unknown pathway for capacity recovery through discharged state resting emphasize the marked impact of cycling strategies on Li-metal battery performance.

The Korean language has written (formal) and spoken (phonetic) forms that differ in their application, which can lead to confusion, especially when dealing with numbers and embedded Western words and phrases. This fact makes it difficult to automate Korean speech recognition models due to the need for a complete transcription training dataset. Because such datasets are frequently constructed using broadcast audio and their accompanying transcriptions, they do not follow a discrete rule‐based matching pattern. Furthermore, these mismatches are exacerbated over time due to changing tacit policies. To mitigate this problem, we introduce a data‐driven Korean spoken‐to‐written transcription conversion technique that enhances the automatic conversion of numbers and Western phrases to improve automatic translation model performance.

Large language models (LLMs) have revolutionized various applications in natural language processing and exhibited proficiency in generating programming code. We propose a framework for evaluating the code generation ability of LLMs and introduce a new metric, pass‐ratio@n, which captures the granularity of accuracy according to the pass rate of test cases. The framework is intended to be fully automatic to handle the repetitive work involved in generating prompts, conducting inferences, and executing the generated codes. A preliminary evaluation focusing on the prompt detail, problem publication date, and difficulty level demonstrates the successful integration of our framework with the LeetCode coding platform and highlights the applicability of the pass‐ratio@nmetric.

Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in heart transplant (HTx) recipients. However, previous studies of PTLD after HTx are limited to single-center analyses or extrapolated from all solid organ transplantations.

Two forms of plasticity, synaptic and intrinsic, are neural substrates for learning and memory. Abnormalities in homeostatic plasticity cause severe neuropsychiatric diseases, such as schizophrenia and autism. This suggests that the balance between synaptic transmission and intrinsic excitability is important for physiological function in the brain. Despite the established role of synaptic plasticity between parallel fiber (PF) and Purkinje cell (PC) in fear memory, its relationship with intrinsic plasticity is not well understood. Here, patch clamp recording revealed depression of intrinsic excitability in PC following auditory fear conditioning (AFC). Depressed excitability balanced long-term potentiation of PF-PC synapse to serve homeostatic regulation of PF-evoked PC firing. We then optogenetically manipulated PC excitability during the early consolidation period resulting in bidirectional regulation of fear memory. Fear conditioning-induced synaptic plasticity was also regulated following optogenetic manipulation. These results propose intrinsic plasticity in PC as a novel mechanism of fear memory and elucidate that decreased intrinsic excitability in PC counterbalances PF-PC synaptic potentiation to maintain fear memory in a normal range.