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Although type 2 diabetes is a strong risk factor for cardiovascular disease and mortality, information on its association with mortality and life expectancy according to cardiovascular comorbidities is limited, especially in Asia. Thus, this study assessed mortality and reductions in life expectancy associated with cardiometabolic multimorbidity.

ABSTRACTPost-translational modification by bonding of small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) peptides influences various cellular functions, and is regulated by SUMO-specific proteases (SENPs). Several proteins have been suggested to have diverse impact on insulin synthesis and secretion through SUMO modification in β cells. However, the role of SUMO modification in β cell mass has not been established. Here, we examined the changes in expression of Senpin INS1 cells and pancreatic islets under diabetes-relevant stress conditions and associated changes in β cell mass. Treatment with 25 mM glucose for 72 h induced Senp2mRNA expression but not that of Senp1in INS1 cells. Immunohistochemical staining with anti-SENP2 antibody on human pancreas sections revealed that SENP2 was localized in the nucleus. Moreover, in a patient with type 2 diabetes, SENP2 levels were enhanced, especially in the cytoplasm. Senp2 cytoplasmic levels were also increased in islet cells in obese diabetic mice. Cell number peaked earlier in INS1 cells cultured in high-glucose conditions compared to those cultured in control media. This finding was associated with increased Ccnd1mRNA expression in high-glucose conditions, and siRNA-mediated Senp2suppression abrogated it. Mafaexpression, unlike Pdx1, was also dependent on Senp2expression during high-glucose conditions. In conclusion, Senp2 may play a role in β cell mass in response to chronic high-glucose through Cyclin D1 and Mafa.

This study evaluated the effects of low dose radiation on spermatogenic cells using the morphological characteristics of sperm in the caudal epididymis of ICR mice. In this study, six abnormal sperm shapes (amorphous heads, blunt hooks, excessive hooks, two heads and tails, folded tails and short tails) were observed at eight days after gamma-irradiation ((137)Cs, 0, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2 or 4 Gy) with both a high-dose-rate (0.8 Gy/min) and a low-dose-rate (0.7 mGy/hr). Fewer abnormal forms of sperm were observed in low-dose-rate irradiated mice than in mice that received a high-dose-rate irradiation (P = 0.002). The ratio of the dose rate effect among low-dose-rate irradiated mice to high-dose-rate irradiated mice was approximately 0.6. In addition, sperm with blunt hooks and two heads and tails significantly increased in number after irradiation, potentially providing an endpoint marker for estimating the effects of radiation. This study suggests that low-dose-rate (0.7 mGy/hr) radiation does not damage stem spermatogonia and probably stimulates repair in damaged spermatogonial stem cells in male mice.

isolation and structure determination of orobol 4′‐O‐β‐glucopyranoside (I) along with four known compounds