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Tricaine is a common anesthetic used in the long-distance transport of live fish. Recently, its negative impact on human health has aroused extensive concern. Thus, rapid and reliable techniques for tricaine residue analysis are essential to ensuring the quality of aquatic products. Herein, a specific anti-tricaine monoclonal antibody (Mab) was prepared. Then, a sensitive and robust ratiometric fluorescence ELISA (RF-ELISA) was constructed for detecting tricaine based on two MnO2nanoflake-mediated (MnO2NFs) fluorogenic reactions. In the RF-ELISA protocol, MnO2NFs with oxidase-like activity can trigger the formation of fluorescent 2,3-diaminophenazine (oxOPD) with an emissive peak at 570 nm from non-fluorescent o-phenylenediamine (OPD), while ascorbic acid (AA) can decompose MnO2NFs to lose their oxidase-mimicking activity, which is accompanied by the oxidation of AA into dehydroascorbic acid (DHAA). The subsequent reaction between the generated DHAA and OPD will result in the production of 3-(1,2-dihydroxy ethyl)furo[3,4-b]quinoxalin-1(3H)-on (DFQ), which has a potent emission peak at 445 nm. By virtue of the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) labeled on the antibody, which can catalyze the production of AA from ascorbic acid 2-phosphate (AAP), the concentration of tricaine can be linked to the variation of the RF signal (F445/F570) via a competitive immunoreaction. After optimization, RF-ELISA displayed a detection limit (LOD) of 0.28 ng/mL toward tricaine (in buffer solution), which was 376-fold lower than that of the traditional colorimetric ELISA. For practical application, the LODs of RF-ELISA for tricaine detection in shrimp and tilapia samples were determined to be 2.8 and 5.6 ng/g, respectively. Recoveries for spiked shrimp and tilapia samples, as well as the validation data from LC–MS/MS, showed that RF-ELISA exhibited good accuracy, precision, and reliability. This RF-ELISA protocol opened up new ways for tricaine and other-target analyses in food safety detection.

Formaldehyde is a well-known carcinogen that can occur naturally or be illicitly added as an adulterant to food, calling for rapid and reliable detection methods. In this work, leveraging the facile and selective transformation of formaldehyde into 5-nitro-benzimidazole (5-nitro-BZM) using 4-nitro-o-phenylenediamine, two haptens were designed to target the BZM structure, leading to the production of a monoclonal antibody specifically recognizing BZM. Utilizing this antibody, a lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) was developed for the detection of formaldehyde in grass carp, bighead carp, and basal shrimp, following a rapid pre-analysis derivatization. The detection limits were 0.15 mg/kg in grass carp, 0.11 mg/kg in bighead carp, and 0.14 mg/kg in kiwi shrimp. The recoveries were in the range from 75.3% to 89.2%, and the LFIA results showed good correlation with those obtained from the HPLC. This marks the first report concerning an immunoassay for formaldehyde, offering a more rapid and cost-effective alternative for routine formaldehyde monitoring.

An observational study was conducted to establish how interns spend their time and the kind of duties they perform during emergency department turns. Results indicated that interns in emergency departments are exposed to a variety of activities but substitution of rotations tends to deprive them of fully concentrating on such work.

Many polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are carcinogenic, and some have been reported to be present in tea. People can be exposed to PAHs through tea consumption. Therefore, there is real importance for the determination of PAHs in tea. Because of the complex matrix of tea, it is hard to detect PAHs in tea without cleanup and chromatographic separation procedures. In this research, for the first time, a novel synchronous fluorescence spectroscopic approach coupling nonlinear variable-angle synchronous and matrix-isopotential synchronous scanning modes has been developed for the rapid determination of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), benzo(k)fluoranthene (BkF), and anthracene (AN) in tea with simple microwave-assisted pretreatment of samples. This novel technique is able to resolve the spectra of the three PAHs well, even with interference from other EPA PAHs. The detection limits for BaP, BkF, and AN in tea were 0.18–0.28, 0.55–0.89, and 0.64–3.58 μg/kg, respectively, depending on various teas, with satisfactory recoveries ranging from 77.1 to 116%. The relative standard deviations achieved for BaP, BkF, and AN were 1.5, 6.6, and 8.5% for green tea; 2.9, 7.4, and 2.1% for oolong tea; and 5.6, 5.4, and 5.8% for black tea, respectively. Our results showed good correlation with those of gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The approach developed is simple, reliable, and cost-efficient, providing an attractive alternative for the rapid selective screening of PAHs in tea.

Aim:Dominant negative mutant G proteins have provided critical insight into the mechanisms of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling, but the mechanisms underlying the dominant negative characteristics are not completely understood. The aim of this study was to determine the structure of the dominant negative Gαi1β1γ2G203A/A326S complex (Gi-DN) and to reveal the structural basis of the mutation-induced phenotype of Gαi1β1γ2.Methods:The three subunits of the Gi-DN complex were co-expressed with a baculovirus expression system. The Gi-DN heterotrimer was purified, and the structure of its complex with GDP was determined through X-ray crystallography.Results:The Gi-DN heterotrimer structure revealed a dual mechanism underlying the dominant negative characteristics. The mutations weakened the hydrogen bonding network between GDP/GTP and the binding pocket residues, and increased the interactions in the Gα-Gβγ interface. Concomitantly, the Gi-DN heterotrimer adopted a conformation, in which the C-terminus of Gαiand the N-termini of both the Gβ and Gγ subunits were more similar to the GPCR-bound state compared with the wild type complex. From these structural observations, two additional mutations (T48F and D272F) were designed that completely abolish the GDP binding of the Gi-DN heterotrimer.Conclusion:Overall, the results suggest that the mutations impede guanine nucleotide binding and Gα-Gβγ protein dissociation and favor the formation of the G protein/GPCR complex, thus blocking signal propagation. In addition, the structure provides a rationale for the design of other mutations that cause dominant negative effects in the G protein, as exemplified by the T48F and D272F mutations.

AbstractMicrowave assisted chemical reaction is increasingly studied in recent years by using the modified domestic microwave oven to heating on chemical reaction in the laboratory scale study. But the problems of temperature distribution non-uniformity and low power efficiency in the heating process are becoming a new obstacle in the application of microwave chemistry. An optimized microwave oven with two sources is proposed in this paper from the view of feeding system to overcome these disadvantages. As water is usually concerned as important solvent and reactant, a beaker of water is used as heating load in this study. By modeling the process of heating water for 180 s, the standard deviation and the average temperature are compared between the domestic microwave oven and the optimized microwave oven with two sources. As a result, the power is utilized more efficiently as a 20.14% increase can be seen by using the optimized microwave oven under the same microwave power and more uniformity is obtained as a 11.23% increase is performed by the use of the optimized microwave oven under the same heating conditions.

AbstractThe Common Land Model (CoLM) was coupled with the IAP Dynamic Global Vegetation Model (IAPDGVM), and the performance of this combined CoLMIAP model was evaluated. Offline simulations using both the original Common Land Model (CoLM-LPJ) and CoLM-IAP were conducted. The CoLM-IAP coupled model showed a significant improvement over CoLMLPJ, as the deciduous tree distribution decreased over temperate and boreal regions, while the distribution of evergreen trees increased over the tropics. Some biases in CoLM-LPJ were preserved, including the overestimation of evergreen trees in tropical savanna, the underestimation of boreal evergreen trees, and the absence of boreal shrubs. However, most of these biases did not exist in a further coupled simulation of IAP-DGVM with the Community Land Model (CLM), for which the parameters of IAP-DGVM were optimized. This implies that further improvement is needed to deal with the differences between CoLM and CLM in parameterizations of landbased physical and biochemical processes.

AbstractThis study investigates the influence of interannual vegetation variability. Two sets of offline and online simulations were performed using the Community Earth System Model. The interannual Global LAnd Surface Satellite (GLASS) leaf area index (LAI) dataset from 1985 to 2000 and its associated climatological LAI were used to replace the default climatological LAI data in version 4 of the Community Land Model (CLM4). The results showed that on a global scale, canopy transpiration and evaporation, as well as total evapotranspiration in offline simulations were significantly positively correlated with LAI, whereas ground evaporation and ground temperature showed significant negative correlation with LAI. However, the correlations in online simulations were reduced markedly because of interactive feedbacks between albedo, changed climatic factors and atmospheric variability. In the offline simulations, the fluctuations of differences in interannual variability of evapotranspiration and ground temperature focused on vegetation growing regions and the magnitudes were smaller. Those in online simulations spread over more regions and the magnitudes were larger. These results highlight the influence of interannual vegetation variability, particularly in online simulations, an effect that deserves consideration and attention when investigating the uncertainty of climate change.

We theoretically investigate the influence of the phonon-mediated coupling on the properties of the laser generated by a single red-detuned quantum dot (QD), where the QD is coherently driven and coupled to a microscopic cavity which can be engineered in a photonic band-gap (PBG) material. In the low-temperature limit, the phonon-mediated coupling is deleterious to the emission of photon into cavity field and the threshold behavior of the laser persists after the inclusion of the phonon-mediated processes. Without being engineered in the PBG material, if the damping rate K of the cavity is close to but smaller than the phonon-mediated spontaneous emission rate y of the dot, the photon statistics of the cavity field change from super-Poissonian to sub-Poissonian. The nonclassical effect can be achieved due to the phonon-mediated processes induced by the electron-phonon interaction and the off-resonant dot-cavity coupling. The nonclassical effect can be enhanced by the PBG material. When the effect of the thermal phonon is taken into account, the cavity field exhibits the super-Poissonian property. If k is much smaller than y, the phonon-mediated processes can lead to the increase (decrease) of the photons provided that the incoherent pumping rate is lower (higher) than the effective phonon-mediated threshold. But, if K is close to or larger than Y, the emission of the photon may dominate the absorption process, strengthening the intensity of the cavity field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cluster methods can be used for fault diagnosis of marine diesel engine. We propose a cluster method by assigning a class label to each sample and updating it according to the class label probability. Due to the random walk process in cluster process, multiple results are obtained, and some classes can be found more easily. Fault diagnosis simulation experiment is executed on a self-manufactured marine engine room simulator to verify the method performance, and we obtain the correct graphical and number results. Both fault patterns in fault history and new fault pattern can be recognized.

Fault diagnosis for marine engine system can be achieved by cluster process. We propose a multiple clusters method using label propagation model repeatedly to cluster for fault samples. Due to randomness in label propagation, some classes which are not easy to be found in single cluster can be found. To verify the performance of this method, the samples from self-manufactured marine engine room simulator are used in fault diagnosis simulation experiment. Both fault analysis results and fault diagnosis results are completely correct, and fault pattern which is not in fault history data can be recognized.

Fault diagnosis can be achieved by the cluster analysis process. We give a complete similarity measurement method and a cluster criterion function defined by modularity increment in complex network community detection. An agglomerative cluster method is proposed and the diagnosis rules are extracted to fault diagnosis for the marine engine system. Using the samples collected from self-manufactured marine engine room simulator, fault diagnosis simulation experiment is carried out to verify the algorithm performance. The results show that the method is accurate and less time-consuming, and is able to recognize the fault pattern which does not exist in the fault history data.

We employ double quantum interference to propose a ground-state cooling scheme for a nanomechanical resonator coupled to a triple quantum dot (TQD), of which the third dot is driven by a microwave field. In our scheme, the carrier transition is diminished by the destructive interference (the occurrence of a dark state) arising from the coherent tunnelings of electrons among the three dots. Furthermore, the additional transition induced by the microwave field enables the system to possess double quantum interference effect. Under certain conditions, the processes which might increase one phonon through the blue sideband transitions are prohibited due to the double destructive interference analog to double electromagnetically induced transparency mechanism. Thus, both the carrier and blue sideband transitions are canceled. The cooling process occurs when the electron trapped in the dark state absorbs one phonon of the resonator through the transition from the dark state to the bright state and then to the excited state and finally tunnels to the drain. As a result, the phonon occupation can be reduced to zero in the ideal case and the resonator can be cooled down to its ground state with high efficiency even when the dephasing of the TQD is present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The steady-state cooling of a nanomechanical resonator interacting with three coupled quantum dots is studied. General conditions for the cooling to the ground state with single- and two-electron dark states are obtained. The results show that in the case of the interaction of the resonator with a single-electron dark state, no cooling of the resonator occurs unless the quantum dots are not identical. The steady-state cooling is possible only if the energy state of the quantum dot coupled to the drain electrode is detuned from the energy states of the dots coupled to the electron source electrode. The detuning has the effect of unequal shifting of the effective dressed states of the system in which the cooling and heating processes occur at different frequencies. For the case of two electrons injected to the quantum-dot system, the creation of a two-particle dark state is established to be possible with spin-antiparallel electrons. The results predict that with the two-particle dark state, an effective cooling can be achieved even with identical quantum dots subject to an asymmetry only in the charging potential energies coupling the injected electrons. It is found that, similar to the case of the single-electron dark state, the asymmetries result in the cooling and heating processes occurring at different frequencies. However, an important difference between the single- and two-particle dark-state cases is that the cooling process occurs at significantly different frequencies. This indicates that the frequency at which the resonator could be cooled to its ground state can be changed by switching from the one-electron to the two-electron Coulomb blockade process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of bio-filter on domestic sewage treatment in purifying tank was studied in this paper. The result shows that when all the three zones were added bio-filter the mean values of effluent COD and NH3-N were 37.8mg/L and 9.64mg/L respectively, which shows that the bio-filter bed is a key technology and plays important roles for solid-liquid separation, bio-sorption and bio-degradation, to raise the effluent quality in the sewage treatment process.

This study was carried out to evaluate the value of three X-STR loci (DXS6803, DXS981and DXS6809) in forensic application and thereby investigate their polymorphism. The primer for each locus was labeled with fluorochrome 6-FAM. A fluorescent multiplex PCR for simultaneously amplifying three X-STR loci was set up. The PCR products that were obtained were analyzed using capillary electrophoresis and ABI PRISM 3100 Genetic Analyzer, with GENESCAN Analysis Software. When 340 male and 195 female individuals of Han population in China were tested, 13, 12, and 11 alleles were observed for DXS6803, DXS981 and DXS6809, respectively. One hundred and eighty three haplotypes were detected in the male individuals. The haplotype diversity reached 0.9926. The results show that the three loci of the multiplex system provide significant information on polymorphism for forensic identification and paternity testing, particularly for complicated paternity deficient cases.

Objective: Cordyceps sinensis (CS) is a popular natural Chinese herbal medicine for invigoration, health preservation and reducing fatigue. Its natural substance has been prepared as a fermentation product of a specific strain of Cordyceps sinensis (Cs-4). Our objective was to assess the effect of Cs-4 on the exercise capacity of the healthy elderly people in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.Methods: Thirty-seven healthy, elderly Chinese subjects were randomly assigned to receive either Cs-4 (3 g/ day) or identical placebo capsules. Their exercise performance was tested before and after 6 weeks of treatment with a symptom-limited, incremental work rate protocol on a cycle ergometer. Maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) was measured using a metabolic chart. Anaerobic thresholds (VO2θ) were identified by two observers using plots of both VCO2vs VO2and VE/VO2vs time.Results: After taking Cs-4 for 6 weeks, VO2max (1.88 ±0.13 to 2.00 ±0.14 L/min;P= 0.050) and VO2θ (1.15 ±0.07 to 1.30 ±0.09 L/min;P= 0.012) were significantly increased, whereas after placebo application they were unchanged.Conclusion: These findings support the belief held in China that Cs-4 could improve oxygen uptake or aerobic capacity and ventilation function and resistance to fatigue of elderly people in exercise.

We study the quantum nucleation in a nanometer-scale antiferromagnet placed in a magnetic field at an arbitrary angle. We consider the magnetocrystalline anisotropy with tetragonal symmetry and that with hexagonal symmetry, respectively. Different structures of the tunneling barriers can be generated by the magnitude and the orientation of the magnetic field. We use the instanton method in the spin-coherent-state path-integral representation to calculate the dependence of the rate of quantum nucleation and the crossover temperature on the orientation and strength of the field for bulk solids and two-dimensional films of antiferromagnets, respectively. We find that the rate of quantum nucleation and the crossover temperature from thermal-to-quantum transitions depend on the orientation and strength of the external magnetic field distinctly, which can be tested by use of existing experimental techniques.

The β-NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) and β-NQR (nuclear quadrupole resonance) technique and its experimental set-up have been developed for the first time in China. The lifetime, magnetic moment and spin polarization of ¹²B were determined. The experimental results show the reliability of this newly developed β-NMR and β-NQR set-up.

By means of variable separation approach, quite a general excitation of the new (2 + 1)-dimensional long dispersive wave system: is derived. Some types of the usual localized excitations such as dromions, lumps, rings, and oscillating soliton excitations can be easily constructed by selecting the arbitrary functions appropriately. Besides these usual localized structures, some new localized excitations like fractal-dromion, fractal-lump, and multi-peakon excitations of this new system are found by selecting appropriate functions.

The macroscopic quantum coherence in a biaxial antiferromagnetic molecular magnet in the presence of magnetic field acting parallel to its hard anisotropy axis is studied within the two-sublattice model. On the basis of instanton technique in the spin-coherent-state path-integral representation, both the rigorous Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin exponent and pre-exponential factor for the ground-state tunnel splitting are obtained. We find that the quantum fluctuations around the classical paths can not only induce a new quantum phase previously reported by Chiolero and Loss (Phys. Rev. Lett. 80(1998) 169), but also have great influence on the intensity of the ground-state tunnel splitting. Those features clearly have no analogue in the ferromagnetic molecular magnets. We suggest that they may be the universal behaviors in all antiferromagnetic molecular magnets. The analytical results are complemented by exact diagonalization calculation.

Quantum phase interference and spin-parity effects are studied in biaxial molecular magnets in a magnetic field at an arbitrarily directed angle. The calculations of the ground-state tunnel splitting are performed on the basis of the instanton technique in the spin-coherent-state path-integral representation, and complemented by exactly numerical diagonalization. Both the Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin exponent and the pre-exponential factor are obtained for the entire region of the direction of the field. Our results show that the tunnel splitting oscillates with the field for the small field angle, while for the large field angle the oscillation is completely suppressed. This distinct angular dependence, together with the dependence of the tunnel splitting on the field strength, provides an independent test for spin-parity effects in biaxial molecular magnets. The analytical results for the molecular magnet are found to be in good agreement with the numerical simulations, which suggests that even the molecular magnet with total spin is large enough to be treated as a giant spin system.

Phellodendri chinensiscortex (PC) is a commonly used traditional Chinese medicine for clearing heat. It is often applied in the clinical practice by using the salt-water processing method. According to the theory of Chinese meteria medica processing, after being processed with salt-water, traditional Chinese medicine can increase absorption of the kidney and enhance the effects of kidney disease treatments, which can be abbreviated as “entering into kidney by processing with salt-water”. PC is a typical traditional Chinese medicine using the salt-water processing method. The resulting salt-water processed PC（SPC）can specifically enter the kidney meridian, as compared to raw PC (RPC), which enhances the kidney yin nourishing and purges away kidney fire. However, the effect of “entering into kidney by processing with salt-water” of PC has not been proven and its mechanism is unknown. Therefore, it is of great significance to compare the renal absorption effect of PC before and after salt-water processing and elucidate its mechanism. In this article, using the PC alkaloid content as an indicator, a human proximal tubular epithelial cell (HK-2 cell) experiment and the binding rate of alkaloids to lysozyme-kidney target enzyme was was conducted to simulate kidney absorption in vitro. These results were combined with an investigation of the alkaloid content in rat kidneys after a gavage of PC solution, comprehensively evaluating the difference in kidney absorption after salt-water processing. Compared with RPC, the efflux of SPC alkaloids in the HK-2 cell permeability experiment was significantly reduced, and affinity of the lysozyme-kidney target enzyme was higher. In addition, those who were given SPC had a higher alkaloid concentration in the kidneys than the RPC group. Finally, we verified enhanced kidney absorption effect of PC by salt-water processing, and to a certain extent revealed the mechanism of enhanced kidney absorption of SPC.

Summary: The ultrastructure of the cervical spinal ganglia in rat was studied by means of transmission electronmicroscope. In 100 ultrathin sections we found 4 axodendrite-like synapses. The authors believe that the presynaptic terminals might come from the sympathetic ganglia, the postsynaptic elements might be the peripheral or central processes of the spinal ganglia. From the viewpoint of functional significance, it seems to us that the axodendrite-like synapses may serve as the morphological basis of presynaptic control of sympathetic nerve over the peripheral primary afferent informations. Key words: spinal ganglia, axodendrite-like synapses, sympathetic nerve, presynaptic control

We study the leading-twist quasi parton distribution function (quasi-PDF) and quasigeneralized parton distribution (quasi-GPD) of the pion meson by using a spectator model. We consider the case where the quasifunctions are defined via inserting the matrix γz in the spacial correlation functions. We obtain the analytical expressions for the quasi-PDF and quasi-GPD. The numerical results of the quasifunctions are calculated from the parameters obtained by fitting the model result to the known parametrization. Particularly, we investigate the hadron momentum dependence of the quasifunctions as well as compare the quasidistributions to the standard functions at different hadron momentum. We find that in the region x>0.2, the quasidistribution are similar to the standard distributions in size and shape when the hadron momentum is larger than 2 GeV. Our study thus supports the idea of using quasidistributions to obtain standard distributions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel phenomenon that the localized coherent structures of a (2+1)-dimensional physical model possess fractal behaviors is revealed. To clarify the interesting phenomenon, we take the (2+1)-dimensional Boiti-Leon-Pempinelli system as a concrete example. Starting from an extended homogeneous balance approach, a general solution of the system is derived. From which some special localized excitations with fractal behaviors are obtained by introducing some types of lower-dimensional fractal patterns.

The production of large pT dileptons and photons originating from photoproduction processes in p-p collisions at Large Hadron Collider energies is calculated. The comparisons between the exact treatment results and the ones of the equivalent photon approximation approach are expressed as the Q² (the virtuality of photon) and pT distributions. The method developed by Martin and Ryskin is used for avoiding double counting when the coherent and incoherent contributions are considered simultaneously. The numerical results indicate that the equivalent photon approximation is only effective in small Q² region and can be used for coherent photoproduction processes with proper choice of Qmax² (the choices Qmax²∼ŝ or ∞ will cause obvious errors), but cannot be used for incoherent photoproduction processes. The exact treatment is needed to deal accurately with the photoproduction of large pT dileptons and photons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, acetone iodation was carried out and the Huang method based on experimental results was employed to calculate the effective permittivity of acetone iodation system as a function of temperature and reaction time. The coupled electromagnetic field equations, reaction kinetics equations, and heat transport equation were solved to simulate the microwave heating on chemical reaction. Here, the finite difference time domain (FDTD) method was used. Finally, the calculated results were compared with the measured results to verify this calculation. This method offers high potential applications in the explanation of some specific phenomena in the microwave heating on chemical reactions and instructs the design of microwave chemistry reactor.

We report on in situ high-pressure studies up to 1.0 GPa on the MgB₂ superconductor which was high-pressure synthesized. The as-prepared sample is of high quality in terms of sharp superconducting transition (T_c) at 39 K from the magnetic measurements. The in situ high-pressure measurements were carried out using a Be-Cu piston-cylinder-type instrument with mixed oil as the pressure transmitting medium which warrants a quasi-hydrostatic pressure environment at low temperature. The superconducting transitions were measured using the electrical conductance method. It is found that T_c increases by more than 1 K with pressure in the low-pressure range, before the T_c value decreases with the further increase of the pressure.

The photoproduction of large pT dileptons, photons, and light vector mesons in p-p, p-Pb, and Pb-Pb collisions at LHC energies is studied, where the fragmentation processes and the ultra-incoherent photon channel are included. An exact treatment is developed for photoproduction processes in heavy ion collisions, which recovers the equivalent photon approximation (EPA) in the limit Q20 and can avoid double counting effectively. The full kinematical relations are also achieved. We present the results as the distributions in Q2, pT, and yr, and the total cross sections are also estimated. The numerical results indicate that the contribution of photoproduction processes is evident in the large pT and yr regions and starts to play a fundamental role in p-Pb collisions. The ultra-incoherent photon emission is an important channel of photoproduction processes, which can provide the meaningful contributions. EPA is only applicable in small y and Q2 domains and is very sensitive to the values of ymax and Q2max. The EPA errors appear when y>0.29 and Q2>0.1 GeV2 and are rather serious in p-Pb and Pb-Pb collisions. When dealing with widely kinematical regions, the exact treatment needs to be adopted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we propose a scheme for the generation of a nonclassical non-Gaussian motional state of a mechanical resonator (MR) in the three-mode optomechanical system in which two linearly coupled single-mode cavities interact dispersively with the mechanical oscillator simultaneously. With one cavity driven by a weak laser field and by properly tuning the driving frequency, a desirable phononic Liouvillian superoperator can be obtained by engineering the selective interaction Hamiltonian confined to Fock subspaces. It is shown that the MR can be driven dissipatively into a steady non-Gaussian nonclassical state, which possesses sub-Poisson statistics, although its Wigner function is positive. The present scheme can be useful for obtaining single phonons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]