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Vancomycin, an antibiotic categorized within the glycopeptide class, functions by impeding the synthesis of bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan, consequently halting bacterial growth. Its potent inhibitory effects target Gram-positive bacteria such as Staphylococci, Streptococci, and Clostridium difficile, which show resistance to antibiotics like cephalosporin and penicillin. The commercial manufacture of vancomycin relies on cultures of Amycolatopsis orientalis, a bacterium initially identified in Borneo soil, previously designated as Streptomyces orientalisand Nocardia orientalis. Nonetheless, the current large-scale production of vancomycin remains relatively limited, yielding a maximum of (3.7–4.76 g/L). Heterotrophic microorganisms utilize carbon sources for cell mass production, primary and secondary metabolites, and as an energy source. Nitrogen sources also play a crucial role in supporting microbial growth. To achieve optimal vancomycin production using both traditional and advanced methods, various parameters necessitate optimization, including temperature, pH, carbon sources, and nitrogen sources. This review explores methodologies aiming to enhance vancomycin production through the optimization of media components. It delves into discussions surrounding its wide-ranging applications and future prospects.

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