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This study analyses the effect of personal, situational, socio-economic and communicational characteristics such independent variables of the commercial mango grower’s on management orientation. The effect of independent variables was measured through path coefficient analysis, and the profile of the commercial mango growers has significant influence on the efficient management of mango orchard. Path coefficient analysis was used to process the data of 240 commercial mango growers. The main contribution of this study is to show that the personal characteristics of the commercial mango growers have formed a suitable framework for determination effect on management orientation. Path coefficient statistical tool has been used to determine the direct, indirect and substantial indirect effect on management orientation of commercial mango growers. Out of fourteen independent variables, training received has had a direct and positive effect on management orientation and gained the highest path coefficient of 0.08294.

Two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) studies have been carried out on a series of 55 bis-pyridinium compounds to find out the structural requirements of choline kinase (ChoK) inhibitors. The best predictions were obtained from the model where 44 compounds were considered in the training set and the remaining 11 in the test set. The heuristic and BMLR methods resulted with r2 and q2 values of 0.86, 0.83 and 0.87, 0.84 respectively. The obtained Fisher and S2 values for both the methods are 49.02 and 54.05, 0.053 and 0.0397 respectively. The best model for 3D-QSAR has been obtained with r2=0.97, q2 = 0.58 and r$\rm{ {_{pred}^{2}}}$=0.68 when CoMFA fields were used. The r2 of 0.85, q2 of 0.55 and r$\rm{ {_{pred}^{2}}}$=0.66 have been observed when CoMSIA fields were used. The results that are obtained from 2D and 3D-QSAR studies may provide useful insights into the roles of various substitution patterns on the bis-pyridinium skeleton and may also help to design more potent compounds.

Choline kinase (ChoK) is a cytosolic enzyme present in various tissues, whcih catalyzes the phosphorylation of choline to form phosphorylcholine (PCho) in the presence of ATP and magnesium. ChoK is important for the generation of two major membrane phospholipids, phosphatidylcholine (PC) and sphingomyelin (SM) and subsequently for the cell division. ChoK plays a vital role in cell signaling pathways and regulation of cell growth along with PCho involved in malignant transformation through ras oncogenes in different cancers such as breast, lung, colon, prostate, neuroblastoma, hepatic lymphomas, meningiomas and diverse murine tumours. The Ras effectors serine/threonine kinase (Raf-1), the Ral-GDP dissociation stimulator (Ral-GDS) and the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) are involved in the activation of ChoK during tumorigenesis. ChoK gene induction seems to be associated with certain cell stress or cell defense. Nowadays, RNAi appear to be one of the most promising routes in the cancer therapy. The anticancer potential of both stable expression of siRNAs and their high sequence specificity by RNAi mediated suppression of oncogenic ras in human pancreatic carcinoma, human melanomas and ovarian cancer has been observed. It has an important role in sequence specific post-transcriptional gene silencing mechanism. Presently, the crystal structure of Caenorhabditis elegans choline kinase A-2 (ChoKA-2) is available, which may be useful for comparative modeling of human ChoK and further modeling studies. The present review aims at the general overview of importance, expression, structure, progress in molecular modeling, active site analysis and inhibitors of ChoK. It also highlights the recent role of ChoK in various types of Ras-dependent and Rasindependent carcinogenesis.