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Effective monitoring of wetlands plays a pivotal role in comprehending and managing these ecologically vital ecosystems. This study assesses the potential of C-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery in compact polarization (CP) mode, utilizing the RADARSAT Constellation Mission (RCM), for wetland characterization. We introduce the compact-polarimetric signature (CPS) as a novel descriptor to delineate wetlands, including bog, fen, and marsh classes. In addition, we propose an alternative decomposition technique ( $\mu -\chi $ ) to segment the total power into three components: odd-bounce scattering $(P_{s})$ , double-bounce scattering $(P_{d})$ , and random scattering $(P_{v})$ . For our evaluation, we selected a test site in New Brunswick, Canada, and acquired a series of RCM datasets covering this region. The time-series CPS plots yield valuable insights, elucidating the scattering mechanisms of different wetland classes. Notably, these plots reveal that during the active season, characterized by changing vegetation structures, the scattered waves exhibit variations, leading to changes in received power and the purity parameter ( $\mu $ ). Furthermore, the observed variations in the proposed power components demonstrate a significant discriminatory capacity among wetlands. The $P_{s}$ , $P_{d}$ , and $P_{v}$ components effectively distinguish bog, fen, and marsh classes, respectively, capturing the unique characteristics of each wetland type. These findings carry considerable potential for advancing wetland characterization through the RCM CP-SAR mission. The improved discriminative ability among different wetland classes is a valuable contribution to the broader field of wetland ecology and management. This advancement potentially empowers precise wetland classification, facilitating well-informed decision-making in wetland preservation and resource allocation. The applications of these findings extend to ecosystem monitoring, environmental impact assessments, and the long-term evaluation of wetland health. Eventually, this contributes to developing more effective wetland conservation and management strategies.

ABSTRACTIn medicine, cryotherapy is used to destroy tissue of both benign and malignant lesions by the freezing and rethawing process. In dentistry, cold application has been frequently employed for postoperative pain control following intraoral surgical procedures. The purpose of this paper is to review the applications of cryotherapy in endodontics including its effects on post-endodontic pain, effectiveness against endodontic infections, hazardous effects on dentin and efficacy on cutting efficiency of Ni-Ti rotary instruments, etc.

ABSTRACTOil spills are one of the most hazardous disasters with significant short- and long-term effects on fragile marine ecosystems. Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) has been considered an effective technology for mapping and monitoring oil spills in the marine environment, primarily thanks to its weather-, illumination-, and time-independent capabilities. To cope with serious oil spill threats, researchers have developed various analytical methodologies utilizing key advantages of SAR imagery to identify the occurrence of oil spills and discriminate lookalikes. Choosing the appropriate SAR specifications and investigating the effects of field conditions are challenging for oil spill monitoring and should be investigated further. This paper presents a comprehensive review study on maritime surveying and oil slick detection using SAR imagery through indexed research studies’ compilation and analysis. To this end, a total of 230 peer-reviewed papers, published in various remote sensing (RS) journals and 78 conference papers in the International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ISPRS) archive and the IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) proceedings were reviewed. Our review study represents a meta-analysis investigation of these papers focusing on several features, including data, sensor type, imaging mode, microwave carrier frequency (e.g., L-, C-, and X-bands), polarization option (i.e., single-pol, dual-pol, full-pol, and compact-pol), incidence angle, and wind speed. Furthermore, it provides an overview of the RS techniques developed to deal with the oil spill detection task. This paper can be a guideline for two groups of audiences; those interested in oil spill monitoring who want to get an overview of the problem and how to address it, and those already working in the field who want to understand the scope of the work being accomplished. Consequently, the current paper contributes both to academic RS research and to practical applications.