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Conventional finite state predictive torque control (FS-PTC) suffers from increased computational complexity, torque ripple, and switching losses due to using all the available voltage vectors for prediction and estimation. This paper presents an enhanced FS-PTC algorithm for two-level voltage source inverter (VSI) driven induction motor drives (IMDs). The proposed method significantly reduces computational complexity by optimizing the voltage vector selection process. Based on motor operating conditions and stator current position, this reduces the number of evaluated vectors from eight to five. This optimization achieves a 24% reduction in execution time to 29.03 μs, compared to 36.06 μs for conventional FS-PTC, while maintaining excellent dynamic response. Additionally, the proposed approach reduces inverter switching losses and demonstrates improved performance metrics, including reduced torque ripple (2.35%), flux ripple (0.026%), and total harmonic distortion (7.06%) compared to the conventional method. Simulation results and experimental validation on a prototype confirm the effectiveness of the proposed strategy in enhancing computational efficiency and overall drive performance.

Eggshell (ES) and rice husk ash (RHA) were used in this study to develop an aluminum-based composite material. Physical and chemical parameters of the composite material, such as density, porosity, specific strength, and corrosion rate, have been examined by adding ES and RHA to the base material. The tensile strength and hardness of aluminum alloys have been improved by using waste materials, i.e., ESA and RHA. In addition to this porosity and corrosion rates have also been enhanced. The microstructural investigation has been also carried out to observe the wettability of reinforcement with base metal, i.e., Al alloy (AA-3105). The specific strength of base material AA3105 was 51.78 N-m/kg; however, after adding the reinforcements, i.e., AA3105/5% ES/5% RHA, the specific strength was found to be 67.004 N-m/kg. Results showed that specific strength improved by about 29.40% after the addition of 5% ES and 5% RHA in the AA3105. The theoretical density of the AA3105/5% ES/5% RHA was also found 3.07% lower than base aluminum alloy. Porosity percent and corrosion rate for same proportion (AA3105/5% ES/5% RHA) were found to be 0.13% and 0.44 mm/year, respectively. X-ray diffraction (XRD) of AA3105/5% ES/5% RHA composite showed the presence of Al, CaCO3, SiO2, and CaO, respectively, the presence of hard phases such as CaCO3, SiO2, and CaO are responsible for improving mechanical properties of base material, i.e., Al3105.

The inclusion of agricultural wastes in aluminium-based metal matrix composites (AMMC) is gaining popularity because this will strengthen particulate matter present in AMMC, improving the composite materials' structural characteristics. Furthermore, by putting such agro-industrial residues to good use, not just save money on manufacture, but also lessen the environmental pollution. The synthesizing techniques of industrial and agro-industrial wastes loaded AMMC, as well as their mechanical, corrosion, and physical characteristics, are described in this article. This research discusses the possibilities for innovative filler particles that are low-cost, easy to access and have physical and mechanical characteristics compared to traditional particles. The mechanical, physical, thermal, and corrosion characteristics of the composites improved as an outcome of such enhancements.

In recent years, phase change materials (PCMs) have attracted considerable interest due to their capacity to store and release enormous energy during phase transitions. However, low thermal conductivity and leakage are significant obstacles that hinder the efficacy of PCMs. Foams and porous matrices have been investigated as potential solutions to the leakage problem in PCMs. This review examines the use of foam to improve the thermal energy storage performance of PCMs. The primary objective of this paper is to unveil the leakage control using foams and discuss the effect on the thermophysical properties of foam-based PCMs. To achieve this objective, we have reviewed previous research in this area, established the research's rationale, and filled any voids in the literature. The paper examines the utilization of carbon-based and metallic foams for PCMs at varying temperatures. It evaluates the methodologies used to evaluate the efficacy of PCMs with foam reinforcement. Key findings include the significant enhancement in thermo-physical properties of PCM performance due to the use of foam and the potential applications of these materials in various fields, including thermal management of batteries, heating and cooling of buildings, smart textiles and electronic heat sinks. The study also summarizes the foams and other porous matrices to compare their performance with PCM. Foam-based PCMs prove to be a strong candidate by solving the leakage issue in PCMs without compromising their thermophysical properties.