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PRACTICE RECOMMENDATIONS > Encourage children and adolescents (6 to 17years of age) to engage in 60 min of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, including aerobic, muscle-strengthening and bone-strengthening endeavors on most, if [...]

For pressure vessels, heat exchangers and piping in corrosive services, the materials in contact with the process are often required to be high alloys to provide a reliable service life. [...]

For pressure vessels, heat exchangers and piping in corrosive services, the materials in contact with the process are often required to be high alloys to provide a reliable service life. [...]

This study has significant implications for water treatment and environmental engineering, demonstrating a successful reduction in the concentration of selective minerals from municipal wastewater and tap water through a demineralization process. The use of multi-objective response surface methodology with a desirability function underscores the importance of these findings. Temperature, resin depth and pH were selected as independent factors, while, hardness, concentrations of cations (calcium, magnesium, manganese), conductivity and total dissolved solids were the dependent variables. Individual quadratic regression models were developed for each dependent variable and water sample, yielding high coefficient of determination and low relative error, mean absolute error and mean squared error values. Using a multi-objective optimization approach, optimal values for demineralization were achieved and validated experimentally, showing good agreement between measured and predicted values. Analysis of variance analysis revealed that all independent variables were significant (p< 0.05) and notably affected all responses. The high combined desirability values for both samples indicate that the set of optimal conditions was effective in minimising all responses. The reasonable coefficient of determination for all models, along with the low values of statistical performance indicators suggest that the laboratory test data fit the predicted response values. Both water samples achieved an optimal removal efficiency greater than 95%, with the maximum values of conductivity, cations, and total dissolve solids. The removal/reduction efficiencies of this work were higher than previous published results. This superior performance can be attributed to the efficient optimization of the treatment process through a combination of mathematical modelling and experimental approaches.

Carbon emission policies have gained significant attention internationally as natural disasters are occurring rapidly and the environment worsens. This research aims to determine the causal relationship between various factors, such as the carbon emission of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation countries from 1990 to 2018. To achieve this, the study employs non-linear auto-regressive distributed lag models to analyze Load capacity factor, Fossil fuel consumption, Economic Complexity, Foreign direct investment, Renewable electricity consumption, and Economic Growth on carbon emission. Using this method also aids in capturing the non-linear interaction and temporal dependencies of the data. More specifically, the findings indicate a positive and direct relationship between economic complexity, renewable electricity consumption, and foreign direct investment in achieving sustainable development targets. In contrast, the direct influence of fossil fuel consumption and economic growth has been negative. These findings help understand the extent of progress toward carbon emissions and help the policymakers and stakeholders to design and implement sound and effective strategies for sustainable development that are appropriate to the economic and environmental realities of the countries.

ObjectiveHealth disparities are widely prevalent; however, little has been done to examine and address their causes and effects in sports and exercise medicine (SEM). We aimed to summarise the focus areas and methodology used for existing North American health disparity research in SEM and to identify gaps in the evidence base.DesignScoping review.Data sourcesSystematic literature search of PubMed, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, CINAHL Plus with Full Text, Web of Science Core Collection and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials.Eligibility criteriaFull-text, peer-reviewed manuscripts of primary research, conducted in North America; published in the year 2000 or after, in English; and focusing on organised sports were included.Results103 articles met inclusion criteria. Articles were classified into five focus areas: access to and participation in sports (n=45), access to SEM care (n=28), health-related outcomes in SEM (n=24), provider representation in SEM (n=5) and methodology (n=1). Race/ethnicity (n=39), socioeconomic status (n=28) and sex (n=27) were the most studied potential causes of health disparities, whereas sexual orientation (n=5), location (rural/urban/suburban, n=5), education level (n=5), body composition (n=5), gender identity (n=4) and language (n=2) were the least studied. Most articles (n=74) were cross-sectional, conducted on youth (n=55) and originated in the USA (n=90).ConclusionHealth disparity research relevant to SEM in North America is limited. The overall volume and breadth of research required to identify patterns in a heterogeneous sports landscape, which can then be used to inform positive change, need expansion. Intentional research focused on assessing the intersectionality, causes and consequences of health disparities in SEM is necessary.

This study presents petrological and geochemical characteristics of various rock types from the Nidar ophiolite complex (NOC), eastern Ladakh, India, which include dunites, orthopyroxenites, clinopyroxenites, gabbros, basalts, andesites, rhyolites, and minor plagiogranite. The aim of this study was to understand the geological processes which control the genesis, and tectonic affinity of the NOC, and its correlation with other nearby ophiolite complexes. The mafic to acidic NOC rock types are subalkaline in nature and shows affinity towards the spinel-lherzolite depleted mantle source, with partial melting degree of 5 to 30 %. The ultramafic cumulates display overall depleted patterns with respect to the primitive mantle and positive anomalies of large ion lithophile elements (LILE: Rb, Ba, K, Pb, and Sr) and negative anomalies of Nb, La, and Eu compared to other trace elements. However, gabbros, basalts, rhyolites, and plagiogranite show fractionated multi-element patterns with LILE enrichment and depletion of high-field strength elements (HFSE: Nb, P, and Ti). These geochemical characteristics in addition to high LILE to HFSE ratios such as La/Nb (> 1.4), Ba/Nb (2.36–109.68), Rb/Nb (0.30–45.12), and La/Nb (1.06–3.99) indicate their origin from a depleted mantle source, which was metasomatized by fluids from the subducting slab. From the geochemical characteristics, it is concluded that the NOC evolved in a subduction zone environment, similar to other Neo-Tethyan ophiolites such as the Nagaland-Manipur (India), Sabzevar (Iran), and Dras-Thasgam-Suru-Shergol (western Ladakh) ophiolites.

ABSTRACTObjectivesSupporting female sports medicine physicians to simultaneously be mothers and pursue professional careers is crucial to maintain gender diversity in sports medicine physicians. The purpose of this study is to understand the attitudes toward female sports medicine physicians during pregnancy and postpartum.MethodsAn anonymous online survey was distributed to sports medicine physicians practicing in 51 different countries. They were asked how comfortable they felt with female sports medicine physicians working on the sidelines of sporting events during pregnancy, if the female sports medicine physicians were as productive as their male counterparts after giving birth, and how satisfied they were with the percentage of female sports medicine physicians in their country. Data were analyzed using the chi-square test, and multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify independent variables.ResultsIn total, 1193 physicians (380 [31.9%] female) were included for analysis. Physicians in Asia were the least comfortable with pregnant sports medicine physicians working on the sidelines and those in North America were the most comfortable (odds ratio = 0.28 and 2.51, 95% confidence interval 0.18–0.44 and 1.55–4.06, respectively). More experienced sports medicine physicians (odds ratio = 1.01, 95% confidence interval 1.00–1.03; p < 0.05) and divorced physicians (odds ratio = 0.33, 95% confidence interval 0.12–0.91; p < 0.05) were less comfortable with pregnant female sports medicine physicians working on sidelines, and those trained in orthopedics were less likely to agree that female sports medicine physicians were equally as productive as male counterparts postpartum (odds ratio = 0.29, 95% confidence interval 0.10–0.88; p < 0.05). Female physicians were less satisfied with the percentage of female sports medicine physicians in their country (odds ratio = 0.41, 95% confidence interval 0.27–0.60; p < 0.01) than their male counterparts.ConclusionsFemale sports medicine physicians may experience bias in their practice during pregnancy and postpartum.

The linear characteristics of electron-acoustic waves and associated kinetic instability are investigated in an unmagnetized electron-ion plasma containing streaming warm (hot) electrons, dynamical cool electrons and static background of the positive ions. The plasma under consideration is modeled by using a non-gyrotropic nonextensive q-distribution function in which the free energy source for wave excitation is provided by the relative directed motion of streaming warm electrons with respect to the cool electrons. In the frame work of kinetic theory, the Vlasov–Poisson equations are solved to derive the expressions for linear dispersion relation and Landau damping rate. The results are analyzed for threshold condition of wave dispersion and instability growth rate in the presence of nonextensive effects. The relevance of study to the observed situations is also described.

Abstract Adenoid cystic carcinoma is a rare malignant tumor that is well known for its deceptively encouraging 5-year survival rate and its dismal survival rate at longer intervals. Controversy exists [...]

ObjectivesTo evaluate the difference between female and male sports medicine physicians regarding disrespectful attitudes and sexual harassment perceived from athletes, coaches, physicians, athletic trainers (ATs) and organisations/administrations.Methods and study designanonymous survey was distributed to sports medicine physicians practicing in 51 countries. χ2analysis was used to detect differences between female and male sports medicine physicians and logistic regression analysis was used to determine the independent variables that affect disrespectful attitudes and sexual harassment from sports participants.Results1193 sports medicine physicians (31.9% female) participated from 51 countries. The survey revealed that female physicians, compared with male physicians, perceive significantly more disrespect or have their judgement questioned more by the following categories: male and female athletes, male and female coaches, female physicians with more years of experience, male physicians (regardless of years of experience), male and female ATs and organisation/administrations (all p<0.05). The only category where the frequency of disrespect was perceived equally by male and female physicians was during their interactions with female physicians who have the same or lesser years of experience. Female sports medicine physicians noted more sexual harassment than male physicians during interactions with male athletes, coaches, ATs and physicians (all p<0.001). In the logistic regression, gender was a related factor for perceiving disrespect, especially from male coaches (OR=2.01) and physicians with more years of experience (OR=2.18).ConclusionsFemale sports medicine physicians around the world experience disrespectful attitudes, questioning of their judgement and are sexually harassed significantly more often than male counterparts.

In the recent years, rapid developments in nanotechnology have developed a great prospects for researchers to check up. Thermal performance of nanofluid is well scrutinized by global scientists. Keeping aforesaid pragmatism of nanofluids, we have considered Sutterby liquid under thermophoretic and Brownian movement's aspects. Radiation and stratification phenomenon for thermal analysis of Sutterby nanoliquid are considered. By invoking some appropriate transformations and boundary conditions the given partial differential equations are converted into coupled system of ODEs (ordinary differential equations). Then by using Bvp4c algorithm, we resolved these ODEs numerically. Graphs are designed to check the behavior of appropriate parameters on velocity, temperature, and concentration distribution. Consequences extracts that increase in Hartmann number decays the velocity profile whereas opposite behavior is accounted for temperature distribution. It is also observed that for larger values of thermal stratification phenomenon deteriorates the transportation rate of heat. Furthermore, Sutterby fluid model calculates the features of pseudoplastic plus dilatant solutions. This study is very suitable for extraordinary polymer resolutions plus polymer melts.

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to investigate the heat transportation rate by using Cattaneo–Christov heat flux model. Furthermore, homogeneous-heterogeneous reaction is also deliberated in the modeling of concentration expression. Design/methodology/approach: The nonlinear PDEs are reduced to ODEs via implementation of applicable transformations. Numerical scheme bvp4c is used to obtain convergent solutions. Findings: The main findings are to characterize the generalized Fourier's heat flux and homogeneous-heterogeneous reactions in 3D flow of non-Newtonian cross fluid. Originality/value: It is to certify that this paper is neither published earlier nor submitted elsewhere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the influence of the hardness, sliding distance and time on the surface roughness during the sliding process. Three materials with different hardness were chosen for the study. The tests were performed on the reciprocating friction monitor (RFM) with ball-on-disc configuration. The steel balls of AISI 52100 were used to reciprocate over the discs of different materials. A total of 24 experiments were conducted with eight tests on each material. The surface roughness was recorded corresponding to each test. A power law and ANN model were developed for the surface roughness prediction. The competence of the models was evaluated by the statistical parameters, i.e., R2, mean square error (MSE) and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE). It was found that R2, MAPE and MSE for the power law model were 0.998, 4.130 × 10-4, 14 × 10-4and for were ANN 0.998, 6.416 × 10-4, 1.939 × 10-4, respectively. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to estimate the influence of each factor. From the ANOVA, sliding distance was found to have the significant influence on the surface roughness followed by the material hardness and time.

The diagnosis of a potentially lethal cardiovascular disease in a young athlete presents a complex dilemma regarding athlete safety, patient autonomy, team or institutional risk tolerance and medical decision-making. Consensus cardiology recommendations previously supported the ‘blanket’ disqualification of athletes with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) from competitive sport. More recently, epidemiological studies examining the relative contribution of HCM as a cause of sudden cardiac death (SCD) in young athletes and reports from small cohorts of older athletes with HCM that continue to exercise have fueled debate whether it is safe to play with HCM. Shared decision-making is endorsed within the sports cardiology community in which athletes can make an informed decision about treatment options and potentially elect to continue competitive sports participation. This review critically examines the available evidence relevant to sports eligibility decisions in young athletes diagnosed with HCM. Histopathologically, HCM presents an unstable myocardial substrate that is vulnerable to ventricular tachyarrhythmias during exercise. Studies support that young age and intense competitive sports are risk factors for SCD in patients with HCM. We provide an estimate of annual mortality based on our understanding of disease prevalence and the incidence of HCM-related SCD in different athlete populations. Adolescent and young adult male athletes and athletes participating in a higher risk sport such as basketball, soccer and American football exhibit a greater risk. This review explores the potential harms and benefits of sports disqualification in athletes with HCM and details the challenges and limitations of shared decision-making when all parties may not agree.

Background: The physical activity vital sign (PAVS) is a simple, validated tool for assessing physical activity in adults that has not been previously studied in pediatrics.Hypothesis: Reported physical activity utilizing the PAVS in pediatric patients should vary according to known associations with physical activity, such as age, sex, blood pressure, and body mass index (BMI).Study Design: Cross-sectional study.Level of Evidence: Level 3.Methods: All patients within a family medicine residency clinic were assessed via the PAVS from October 1, 2015, to October 31, 2016, including 255 consecutive pediatric patients aged 5 to 18 years. Associations were examined between PAVS, age, sex, blood pressure, and BMI using 1-way analysis of variance.Results: The average PAVS reported for youth (5-11 years) was 384.9 ± 218.1 minutes per week, with 69.5% reporting sufficient physical activity (≥300 minutes per week). Adolescents (12-18 years) reported a mean PAVS of 278.3 ± 199.6 minutes per week, with 51.1% reporting sufficient physical activity. Physical activity was lower in older participants (P< 0.0001) and was higher in male patients (P< 0.03). Higher BMI was associated with lower PAVS (P< 0.005), while lower systolic blood pressure was associated with a greater number of days per week of physical activity (P< 0.005).Conclusion: The PAVS successfully identifies accepted associations between age, sex, and BMI in a pediatric population.Clinical Relevance: The correlation of the PAVS with age, sex, BMI, and blood pressure may inform future strategies to address and prevent cardiometabolic disease in pediatric patients.

Background: Sickle cell trait (SCT) has been associated with an increased risk of sudden death in athletes during strenuous exercise. In August 2010, the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) began requiring athletes to be screened for SCT, provide proof of SCT status, or sign a waiver and launched an educational campaign for athletes, coaches, and medical staff. The impact of this program is unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of death associated with sickle cell trait (daSCT) in NCAA athletes before and after legislation.Hypothesis: NCAA SCT legislation will decrease the incidence of daSCT.Study Design: Observational study.Level of Evidence: Level 2.Methods: A database of NCAA athlete deaths from 2000 to 2019 was reviewed for daSCT. A total of 8,309,050 athlete-years (AY) were included. Incidence of death was calculated before and after legislation.Results: The incidence of daSCT in Division I (DI) football athletes before legislation (n = 9) was 1:28,145 AY and after legislation (n = 1) was 1:250,468 AY (relative risk [RR], 0.112; 95% CI, 0.003-0.811; P= 0.022), an 89% reduction in risk after legislation was enacted. The incidence of daSCT in African American DI football athletes before legislation (n = 9) was 1:12,519 AY and after legislation (n = 1) was 1:118,464 AY (RR, 0.106; 95% CI, 0.002-0.763; P= 0.017), also an 89% risk reduction after legislation was enacted. For all NCAA athletes, the incidence of daSCT was 1:489,749 AY before legislation (n = 10) and 1:1,705,780 AY after legislation (n = 2) (RR, 0.288; 95% CI, 0.031-1.347; P= 0.146).Conclusion: The incidence of daSCT in DI football athletes has decreased significantly since legislation was enacted. Cases of daSCT outside of football are rare. It is unclear whether the decrease is related to screening for SCT, education, or both.Clinical Relevance: This is the first evidence that NCAA SCT legislation may save lives.

The current paper describes the impact of variable viscosity and thermal conductivity over an exponentially stretching sheet in MHD radiating free stream Newtonian fluid with internal heat generation/absorption in a porous medium. The underlying problem consists of mass, momentum and energy equations, which are transformed by implying appropriate similarity transformations into ordinary differential equations (ODEs). Using the shooting technique, the resulting problem has been solved numerically and tested with MATLAB built-in solver bvp4c. The numerical data produced for the coefficient of the skin friction, the local Nusselt number and the local Sherwood number are compared with the available literature and have been found to be in close agreement. In addition, the profiles of velocity, temperature, and concentration are discussed through graphically. It is noted that the skin friction coefficient increases for increasing values of viscosity parameter θr, magnetic parameter Mand porosity parameter Kpwhich causes reduction in velocity of the fluid flow. On the other hand the local Nusselt number and local Sherwood number decreases for higher values of viscosity parameter θrand small thermal conductivity parameter ϵ. Heat transfer rate is higher for constant fluid properties when compared with variable fluid properties.

Purpose: This paper aims to address the flow of Sisko nanofluid by an unsteady curved surface. Non-uniform heat source/sink is considered for heat transfer analysis. Design/methodology/approach: Numerical solutions are constructed using bvp4c procedure. Findings: Pressure profile inside boundary region is increased when A and K are enhanced. Originality/value: No such analysis is yet presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nasal obstruction is one of the commonest presenting complaints in Otorhinolaryngology Clinic. Oftenly, the obstruction is caused by inferior turbinates hypertrophy. Medical therapy is the mainstay of treatment. However, if it is failed, surgical procedure such as submucosal diathermy of hypertrophic turbinates is performed. The objective of this study is to evaluate the duration-effectiveness of the procedure. This observational retrospective study was conducted at Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia. A total of 36 patients who underwent submucosal diathermy of turbinates only, within 2000 to 2006 were identified. Nasal obstruction relief for more than one year duration was documented in 50 % of the sample. The results of the study showed that this simple and repeatable surgical procedure offers improvements of nasal breathing in patients with chronic obstructive inferior turbinates, both on a short-term and long-term basis. Keywords: submucosal diathermy | inferior turbinates, Introduction Nasal obstruction is one of the most common chronic presenting symptoms encountered by otolaryngologists. In most patients, the underlying problem is either deviated nasal septum or turbinates hypertrophy1. Those [...]

Introduction : Peritonsillar infection is the most common deep infection of head and neck region in adult. Despite of that, the treatment of peritonsillar abscess remains controversial. Objective : To demonstrate the demographic distribution of peritonsillar infected patients, theraputic approaches, antibiotics used and the role of culture & sensitivity Design : Observational retrospective study at Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia. All patients diagnosed to have peritonsillar infection were recruited and medical records review was done. Results : Thirty five patients were identified where by the highest incidence in young adult males. Majority experienced it as the first episode. No antibiotic change required after culture and sensitivity testing. Conclusion : Diagnosis is clinical, and infections are often resolved by intravenous penicillin. Fine-needle aspiration of pus is warranted to establish the diagnosis and drainage should be performed if an abscess is confirmed., Introduction Peritonsillar space infection is most commonly caused by Streptococcus sp. The space is bounded medially by palatal tonsil, laterally by superior constrictor muscles and superior, inferior and posterior borders [...]

Purpose: This paper aims to develop a mathematical model featuring Brownian motion and thermophoresis. The idea of curved stretching subjected to time-dependent non-Newtonian (Sisko) fluid flow is introduced. Design/methodology/approach: Shooting scheme is implemented to compute nonlinear systems. Findings: Velocity profile of Sisko magnetonanofluid enhances for augmented values of curvature parameter. Originality/value: To the best of the authors' knowledge, no such analysis has yet been reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The irradiation of metallic ions on polymeric surfaces may change the chemical, electrical and physical properties of polymers. In this article, we have investigated the effects on the electrical and morphological properties of polypropylene caused by irradiating with copper (Cu) ions generated from laser-produced plasmas. For this purpose Nd: YAG laser (1064 nm) was employed to produce Cu ions. The flux of ions was controlled by varying the number of laser shots in the range 100–400, with a step size of 100. The changes in the electrical conductivity of the irradiated sample were studied using a four-point probe technique, while the surface features were examined by using optical microscopy. The electrical conductivity changed from 4.758 × 10−8Ω−1cm−1to 5.003 × 10−8Ω−1cm−1for unexposed and exposed (with 400 shots) samples, respectively.

As an emergent expertise, there is a serious necessity for enhancing the low thermal conductivity of conventional liquids is to improve proficient heat transfer liquids in numerous solicitations. By diffusing nanometric materials in a certain base liquid, this obligation can be attained and resulting nanoliquid improved the thermal conductivity of the base liquids. Nanofluids are liquid interruptions of nanomaterials, and broad scrutiny has been escorted on nanoliquid solicitations in heat transfer developments. In this exploration, we scrutinize the thermal enactment of nanoliquid movements influenced by stretching cylinder. For this persistence we established a mathematical relation for 2D flows of an Oldroyd-B nanoliquid influenced by a stretched cylinder. The mechanisms of convective heat and mass transport are also deliberated. The utilization of conversion technique yields nonlinear differential structures which are elucidated via homotopic approach. The countless features of the numerous variables on velocity component, nanoliquid temperature and concentration are schemed and conferred graphically as well as in tabular procedure. The presented exploration exposes that the liquid velocity improved for augmenting values of curvature parameter and Deborah number. It is also noted that the thermal Biot number and Brownian motion parameter augment the liquid temperature although it diminishes for Deborah number.

This article scrutinizes the influence of chemical reactions on flow of an Oldroyd-B fluid due to stretched cylinder. In vision of non-Fourier heat flux model, the heat transfer phenomenon is scrutinized. This enhanced constitutive model anticipates the time space upper-convected derivative which is recycled to depicting heat conduction mechanism. Additionally, heat transfer scrutiny is considered with the influence of thermal conductivity which is temperature dependent. Apposite conversions are engaged to acquire ODEs which are then deciphered analytically via homotopic approach. To highlight their physical consequences, the graphical portrayal of diverse considerations on velocity, temperature and concentration fields is depicted and conferred. It is scrutinized from this study that all the profiles are higher in the instance of the cylinder as equated to a flat plate. This scrutiny also reported that the thermal relaxation parameter decreases the temperature field while the Schmidt number and homogeneous response parameter display the conflicting performance on concentration field. In addition, an assessment in restrictive instance is also presented in this exploration, which ensures us that our outcomes are more precise.

In view of ecological concern and energy security, execution of refrigeration system should be enriched which can be done by improving the characteristics of working liquids. The nanoliquids have gained interest in industrial and engineering fields due to their outstanding thermophysical features. Researchers used nanoliquids as working liquid and detected substantial variations in thermal performance. In the present research work, our intention is to explore the impact of nonlinear thermal radiation and variable thermal conductivity on 3D flow of cross-nanofluid. Moreover, heat sink–source, chemical processes and activation energy are implemented. Zero mass flux relation with thermophoresis and Brownian motion mechanisms are scrutinized. The required system of ordinary ones is achieved by implementing appropriate transformations. The achieved system of ordinary ones is computed numerically by implementing bvp4c scheme. Graphs are plotted to explore the impact of various physical parameters on concentration, temperature and velocity fields. It is detected from obtained graphical data that thermophoresis and Brownian motion mechanisms significantly affect heat transport mechanism. Furthermore, graphical analysis reveals that concentration of cross-nanofluid enhances for augmented values of activation energy.

The present article investigates the steady 3D flow of a Carreau liquid influenced by bidirectional stretching surface. In the presence of Cattaneo–Christov double diffusion with temperature-dependent thermal conductivity, the heat and mass transfer mechanisms have been scrutinized. The alteration of nonlinear PDEs to nonlinear ODEs is equipped via apposite conversions and then resolved numerically by means of bvp4c scheme. The graphical assessment is exposed to portray the essential features of somatic parameters on Carreau liquid temperature and concentration distributions. This study indicates that the variable conductivity parameter enhances the liquid temperature, while the thermal relaxation time parameter and Prandtl number are diminishing functions of temperature field. Furthermore, our results illustrate that the concentration relaxation time parameter and Schmidt number diminish the concentration field. The assertion of present exploration is asserted by emergent assessment with former outcomes vacant in prose, which sets a benchmark for execution of computational methodology. Moreover, graphical assessment is also vacant for two altered techniques, namely analytical (HAM) and numerical (bvp4c).

Nanoliquids, the engineered liquids with isolated effectual nanoparticles have disclosed a surprising thermo-physical effects and added functionalities and therefore have supported an extensive sort of essential applications. In particular, nanoliquids have displayed pointedly improved aptitude of heat transfer as equated to traditional functioning liquids. The notable intention of current scrutiny is to explore the features of combined convective and stratification phenomena by utilizing Brownian and thermophoresis nanoparticles on 3D mixed convection flow of magnetite Carreau fluid influenced by a bidirectional stretching surface. The heat transport phenomenon is also betrothed in the manifestation of thermal radiation and the heat sink/source. By means of suitable conversions the nonlinear PDEs transformed into nonlinear ODEs. To identify the behavior of numerous somatic parameters, numerically bvp4c tactic has been worked to elucidate the governing ODEs. The graphical depiction is delineated and tables are organized for diverse physical parameters on Carreau nanofluid. It is scrutinized that the impact of magnetic parameter on both the velocity components is analogous and diminishes both the velocities for shear thinning/thickening liquids. Moreover, the present exploration reports that the mixed convection and thermal stratification parameters decline the liquid temperature and allied thickness of the thermal boundary layer for both shear thickening/thinning liquids.

In the present study hybrid NBR/chitosan/nano-silanised silica blends were prepared by melt blending for utilisation of chitosan (the second most abundant biopolymer) in development of green rubber products. The non-reinforcing nature of chitosan was improved by addition of nano-silanised silica. The effect of nano-silanised silica loading on crosslink density, tensile properties, surface hardness, tear strength, abrasion resistance and morphology of blends was studied. Improvement in both mechanical and morphological properties of NBR-chitosan blends was observed upon addition of nano-silanised silica. FTIR analysis was also carried out to study the interaction between rubber phase and chitosan as a result of compatibilisation by nano-silanised silica.

ABSTRACTTyre pyrolysis oil (TPO) blend with diesel can be used as an alternate fuel. Tests have been carried out to analyse the energy and exergy characteristics of diesel engine fuelled by B10, B20 and B30 blend of TPO with diesel fuel. TPO was derived from waste automobile tyres through vacuum pyrolysis process (batch type). In this paper, the brake thermal efficiencies of TPO of different blends (10%, 20% and 30%) are compared with the pure diesel and discussed. Further, exergy and energy values of TPO–diesel with different blends are analysed.

In this article, we establish a mathematical relation for unsteady 3D flow of a magneto-Carreau liquid over a bidirectional stretched surface. The impact of convective heat transfer for magneto-Carreau liquid is investigated in the presence of non-linear thermal radiation and heat absorption/generation. Additionally, in this analysis, the proposed model of heterogeneous–homogeneous processes with equivalent diffusivities for reactant and autocatalysis is considered. The modeled boundary layer equations are reduced to a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations using the appropriate transformation. The resulting equations are then solved by utilizing two different techniques, namely the bvp4c function in Matlab and homotopy analysis method (HAM). The numerical data for the velocity, temperature and concentration fields are graphically sketched and characteristics of the relevant parameters are deliberated in detail. Moreover, the velocity gradients and the rate of heat transfer at the stretched surface for different values of the pertaining parameters are given in tabulated form. It is observed that the temperature profile enhance for higher values of magnetic parameter Mand heat generation parameter $$(\delta >0)$$ (δ>0) , whereas it decline for augmented values of heat absorption $$(\delta <0)$$ (δ<0) parameter. In addition, the concentration profile decline for increasing values of homogeneous reaction parameter $$k_{1}$$ k1 and unsteadiness parameter S.To see the validity of the numerical computations, we compared these results of the numerical techniques bvp4c with an efficient analytical method, namely the homotopy analysis method (HAM) and perceived an outstanding correlation between these techniques.

Context: Sleep schedule adjustments are common requirements of modern-day athletes. Many nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic strategies exist to facilitate circadian rhythm shifts to maximize alertness and performance during competition. This review summarizes the evidence for commonly used pharmacologic agents and presents recommendations for the sports medicine provider.Evidence Acquisition: MEDLINE searches were performed using the following keywords: sleep aids, circadian rhythm adjustment, athletes and sleep, caffeine and sports, melatonin and athletes, and sleep aids and sports. Pertinent articles were extracted and discussed.Study Design: Clinical review.Level of Evidence: Level 2.Results: There are very few available studies investigating pharmacologic sleep aids in athletes. Data from studies involving shift workers and airline personnel are more abundant and were used to formulate recommendations and conclusions.Conclusion: Melatonin, caffeine, and nonbenzodiazepine sleep aids have a role in facilitating sleep schedule changes in athletes and maximizing sports performance through sleep enhancement.

ObjectiveThe IOC recommends periodic cardiovascular screening of athletes, but the adoption of these recommendations is unknown. The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate and compare cardiovascular screening practices of countries participating in the Rio 2016 Olympic Games.MethodsA list of chief medical officers (CMOs) was compiled by the IOC during the 2016 Olympic Games. CMOs were requested to complete an online survey about cardiovascular screening of their countries’ Olympic athletes. Comparisons of screening practices were made by categorising countries by continent, gross domestic product (GDP) per capita and size of athlete delegation.ResultsCMOs for 117/207 (56.5%) countries participating in the 2016 Olympic Games were identified. 94/117 countries (80.3%) completed the survey, representing 45.4% of all countries and 8805/11 358 (77.5%) of all 2016 Olympic athletes. Most of the countries surveyed (70.2%) perform annual cardiovascular screening. Among the survey respondents, all or most athletes from each country were screened at least once with the following components: personal history (86.2% of countries), family history (85.1%), physical examination (87.2%), resting ECG (74.5%), echocardiogram (31.9%) and stress test (30.8%). Athletes were more likely to be screened with ECG in countries with relatively larger athlete delegation (OR 2.05, 95% CI 1.10 to 3.80, p=0.023) and with higher GDP per capita (OR 1.69, 95% CI 1.11 to 2.57, p=0.014).ConclusionMost of the responding countries perform annual cardiovascular screening of Olympic athletes, but there are differences in the components used. Athletes from countries with larger athlete delegations and higher GDP per capita were more likely to be screened with ECG.

To purchase or authenticate to the full-text of this article, please visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2007.01483.x Byline: Irfan M. Ahmed (*), Hema. Kannappan (*), Mohan Datta-Chaudhuri (*), Omar Rauf ([dagger]) Author Affiliation: (*)Department of Medicine for Older People, Division of Medicine, Stepping Hill Hospital, Stockport, United Kingdom ([dagger])Department of Radiology, Stepping Hill Hospital, Stockport National Health Service Foundation Trust Stockport, United Kingdom

Context: Sudden cardiac death (SCD) in a young athlete is a tragic event and is the leading medical cause of death in this population. The precise incidence of SCD in young athletes has been subject of debate, with studies reporting drastically different rates (1:917,000 athlete-years (AYs) to 1:3000 AYs) depending on the methodological design of the investigation or the targeted population.Evidence Acquisition: A literature search was performed in PubMed using the terms: incidence, sudden cardiac death, sudden death, sudden cardiac arrest, etiology, pathology, registry, athlete, young, children, and adolescents. Articles were reviewed for relevance and included if they contained information on the incidence of SCD in athletes or young persons up to the age of 35 years.Study Design: Clinical review.Level of Evidence: Level 5.Results: Studies of high quality and rigor consistently yield an incidence of 1:50,000 AYs in college athletes and between 1:50,000 and 1:80,000 AYs for high school athletes, with certain subgroups that appear to be at particularly high risk, including the following: men, basketball players, and African Americans. Initial reports suggest that the most common cause of SCD is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). However, more comprehensive investigations in the United States and international populations—athletes, nonathletes, and military—support that the most common finding on autopsy in young individuals with SCD is actually a structurally normal heart (autopsy-negative sudden unexplained death).Conclusion: SCD is the leading cause of death in athletes during exercise and usually results from intrinsic cardiac conditions that are triggered by the physiologic demands of vigorous exercise. Current rates of SCD appear to be at least 4 to 5 times higher than previously estimated, with men, African Americans, and male basketball players being at greatest risk. Emerging data suggest that the leading finding associated with SCD in athletes is actually a structurally normal heart (autopsy-negative sudden unexplained death).

The American Medical Society for Sports Medicine recognises a need to provide direction and continually enhance the quality of sports medicine fellowship training programmes. This document was developed to be an educational resource for sports medicine physicians who teach in a 1-year primary care sports medicine fellowship training programme. It is meant to provide high standards and targets for fellowship training programmes that choose to re-assess their curriculum and seek to make improvements.