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A multiple-hydrogen-bond approach was applied to shorten Pt–X–Pt distances in Cl- and Br-bridged Pt chain complexes. [Pt(dabdOH)2Cl]Cl2(5) and [Pt(dabdOH)2Br]Br2(6) (dabdOH = (2S,3S)-2,3-diaminobutane-1,4-diol) contain hydroxy groups, which form additional hydrogen bonds with counteranions. 5has the shortest Pt–Cl–Pt distance (5.0747(8) Å) of all Cl-bridged Pt chain complexes reported to date. Furthermore, the smallest optical gap (1.45 eV for 5and 1.19 eV for 6) in any Cl- or Br-bridged Pt chain complex was achieved. 6has the highest electrical conductivity (1.9 × 10–5S cm–1at room temperature) of all Br-bridged Pt chain complexes. This study shows that the introduction of additional hydrogen bonds between the ligands and halides is effective to enhance the electronic properties of halogen-bridged metal complexes.

Alveolar macrophages (AMs) exposed to asbestos are well known to produce TNF-α, which induces the production of TGF-β1, leading to lung fibrogenesis. The present study examines the production of TGF-β1 by AMs exposed to chrysotile B asbestos (CH) in vivoor in vitroand the relationship between TGF-β1 production and apoptosis in cultures of AMs. Rats instilled with CH via the trachea showed increases in TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (B ALF) 1 day after the instillation, followed by increases in TGF-β1 and apoptotic cells 5 days after. The AMs from these BALFs produced a significantly increased amount of TGF-β1 in culture compared to those from the control rats. The addition of 2.5 μg/cm2of CH augmented the production of TGF-β1 by the AMs from the control to the same level as produced by the AMs from the CH-treated rats. The apoptosis of AMs was not induced at 2.5 μg/cm2of CH, but was drastically induced at over 12.5 μg/cm2. In contrast, the production of TGF-β1 by AMs peaked at around 2.5 μg/cm2of CH, and it lasted for 11 days. In addition, Bcl-2 and Bcl-xLincreased in the AMs surviving under the exposure to CH. Taken together, these results indicate that AMs can autonomously, without other pulmonary cells, acquire the lasting ability to produce TGF-β1 independently of apoptosis under low exposure to CH. The AMs with the lasting production of TGF-β1 may contribute not only to lung fibrosis but also to immune suppression.

AbstractVarious types of transport barriers have been studied in the Compact Helical System. In addition to the neoclassical transport barrier, the edge transport barrier (H-mode) was studied using the high-power heating of two coinjection neutral beam injections. A density pedestal is formed after the transition that is indicated by the drop of Hαemission signal. The heating power threshold for the transition was investigated by varying the heating power. Its dependence on the density and the magnetic field is close to the H-mode scaling obtained in tokamaks. The dependence of the power threshold on the magnetic field configuration was also found. Local density fluctuation was measured with beam emission spectroscopy, which observed harmonic oscillations appearing after the density pedestal was formed. For L-mode plasma, long-distance coherence of the potential fluctuations were measured with two sets of heavy ion beam probes (HIBPs). Those coherent modes are supposed to be the geodesic acoustic mode part of zonal flow. Turbulent particle flux was also measured with HIBP, and its change with internal transport barrier formation is demonstrated.

Spectral changes in electric field fluctuation are measured using twin heavy ion beam probes in compact helical system (CHS) before and after an internal transport barrier is broken down. Wavelet analysis reveals intermittent behaviour of the fluctuations and a significant correlation between fluctuation powers of the low (2.5 < f< 10?kHz) and high (30 < f< 250?kHz) ranges. The high frequency (turbulence) fluctuation increases with a decrease in the low frequency fluctuation after the back-transition. The change in the power distribution between these two frequency ranges may contribute to the improved transport on the barrier.

Turbulence and zonal flow at a transport barrier are studied with twin heavy ion beam probes in a toroidal helical plasma. A wavelet analysis is used to extract turbulence properties, e.g. spectra of both density and potential fluctuations, the coherence and the phase between them and the dispersion relation. Particle transport estimated from the fundamental characteristics is found to clearly rise with their intermittent activities after the barrier is broken down. Time-dependent analysis reveals that the intermittency of turbulence is correlated with the evolution of the stationary zonal flow.

This is a report on fluctuation measurements using twin heavy ion beam probes in CHS. The observation shows that dozens of coherent modes with intermittent nature co-exist in an electron cyclotron heated plasma. The modes are found to have a long-distance correlation in the toroidal direction. The radial structure of the modes is evaluated in potential fluctuation. The characteristics are consistent with those of the geodesic acoustic modes.

Gyrotron FU II has been successfully applied as a submillimeter wave radiation source to plasma scattering measurements on the Compact Helical System (CHS) in National Institute for Fusion Science (NIFS) in Japan. The gyrotron operates in a long pulse mode (the pulse width is about 600 ms) at a frequency of about 350 GHz (the corresponding wavelength is 0.85 mm). The output power is about 110 W. The output power is transmitted along a circular waveguide system and converted to a Gaussian-like beam by a quasi-optical antenna. After that, the beam is directed onto the CHS plasma and the scattered signal is detected by a homodyne detection system. The frequency and the wave number of the scattered signal are analyzed. The results suggest that a broad band low frequency (several tens to several hundreds kHz) density fluctuation is excited in the CHS plasma only during neutral beam injection (NBI) or ion cyclotron resonance (ICR) heating.

Optimization has been carried out on the operational regime where neoclassical internal transport barriers (N-ITBs) are formed. The condition of the forming N-ITB is sensitive to the location of the electron cyclotron heating resonance zone. A high electron temperature is obtained for the central heating (−2 cm &lt; R_resonance &lt; 2 cm). The variation of the magnetic axis location affects the formation of the N-ITB. The electron and ion temperatures at the magnetic axis location (R_ax) of 94.9 cm are higher than those at 92.1 and 97.4 cm. This result indicates that the neoclassical flux and the created radial electric field are influenced by the magnetic field structure.

The edge transport barrier (ETB) for particle transport is formed in the neutral beam (NB) heated hydrogen discharges in compact helical system (CHS). The transition to the ETB formation and the back transition are controlled by the heating power. The existence of the heating power threshold is confirmed and it is roughly proportional to the density. The Hα emission signal shows a clear drop at the transition (the timescale of signal decrease is ~1 ms for the high heating power case). The ETB formation continues for the full duration of NB injection (100 ms) with a moderate level of radiation power loss. Local density profile measurement shows increase of the edge density and the movement of the density gradient region towards the edge.

We report recent progress in the study of neoclassical internal transport barriers (N-ITBs) in the compact helical system (CHS) experiment. N-ITBs have been observed in electron cyclotron (EC) heated NBI plasmas. The improved confinement region for electrons is expanded compared with that of previous N-ITB plasmas heated by only EC heating. Moreover, the ion temperature is found to be increased simultaneously by two to three times (T_i(0) ~ 400–500 eV), with a steep gradient region at ρ ~ 0.6. From measurement of the averaged peak energy intensity using a soft x-ray CCD camera, it is confirmed that the impurity confinement is also improved with N-ITBs. The radial electric field is observed to bifurcate into ion and electron root (E_r ~ 15 kV m⁻¹), and a rather large electric field shear (dE_r/dr ~ −300 kV m⁻²) is produced in the layer between ion and electron root.

Standard diagnostics for fundamental plasma parameters and for plasma physics are routinely utilized for daily operation and physics studies in the large helical device (LHD) with high reliability. Diagnostics for steady-state plasma are under intensive development, especially for T_e, n_e (yttrium–aluminium garnet (YAG) laser Thomson, CO₂ laser polarimeter), data acquisition in steady-state and heat-resistant probes. To clarify the plasma properties of the helical structure, two- or three-dimensional diagnostics are being aggressively developed: tangential cameras (fast SX TV, photon counting CCD, H_α TV); tomography (tangential SX CCD, bolometer); imaging (bolometer, ECE, reflectometer). Divertor and edge physics are important key issues for steady-state operation. Diagnostics for neutral flux (H_α array, Zeeman spectroscopy) and n_e (fast scanning probe, Li beam probe, pulsed radar reflectometer) are also in advanced stages of development. In addition to these, advanced diagnostics are being intensively developed in LHD through domestic and international collaborations.

The bootstrap current analyses have been carried out for two different kinds of discharges of compact helical system (CHS) heliotron/torsatron. One is the electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH) discharge with moderate density and without internal transport barrier (ITB) (n_e(0)>0.5×10¹⁹ m^-3, T_e(0)&lt;1.2 keV). Another is the neoclassical ITB (NC ITB) discharge, which has been achieved in the rather low electron density condition (n_e&lt;0.4×10¹⁹ m^-3) with ECRH and co-NBI. The NC ITB mode is characterized by steeply peaked electron temperature profile (T_e(0)>2.0 keV) in the core domain and large positive radial electric field (E_r~ + 10 kV m^-1). The dependence of toroidal net current on magnetic axis position R_ax was investigated for ECRH discharges without ITB. There is good agreement in the tendency of R_ax dependence of the net toroidal current between experiment and neoclassical calculation. In the NC ITB discharges, the experimental net current including both bootstrap and beam-driven current is largely reduced compared with that in the L-mode and it drops to almost zero. It seems as if the reversal of bootstrap current takes place in the NC ITB phase but such a view is inconsistent with neoclassical prediction. The observed reduction of the plasma current in the ITB phase is not explained by the neoclassical theory.

The plasma with neoclassical internal transport barrier (N-ITB) has been observed for electron cyclotron heated (ECH) plasma in the Compact Helical System Heliotron/Torsatron. The N-ITB is characterized by the peaked electron temperature, with a large temperature gradient (0.43 keV cm^-1) and a large electric field shear at the barrier location. The transport analysis shows that the electron thermal conductivity in plasma with N-ITB is lower than that without N-ITB at the transport barrier. The neoclassical transport is calculated from the analytical model for the neoclassical particle flux. In the ECH plasma with N-ITB, the electron thermal conductivity χ_e is at the level of the neoclassical χ_e at the barrier transport which demonstrates that the anomalous transport is reduced to a level well below the neoclassical transport.

A reversal of toroidal flow is observed in plasmas where a large positive electric field and a sharp electron temperature gradient are sustained inside the internal transport barrier in a compact helical system. This observation shows that the spontaneous toroidal flow in the direction anti-parallel to the &langle;E_r×B_θ&rangle; drift becomes large enough to reverse the toroidal flow driven by a tangentially injected neutral beam. The difference in the direction and the magnitude of the spontaneous toroidal flow are also discussed.

Abstract: Background. Pancreatic carcinoma is often associated with diabetes mellitus. The interrelationship between them is very interesting and important for clinical examination and treatment. Methods. We examined diabetes mellitus in our patients with pancreatic carcinoma, especially those with invasive ductal pancreatic carcinoma, who were admitted to the National Kyushu Cancer Center between 1972 and 1998, in relation to secondary (pancreatic) diabetes, obstructive pancreatitis, angiopathies, treatment, and prognosis. Results. Diabetes mellitus was found at a high frequency (53.1%) in patients with invasive ductal pancreatic carcinoma and was mostly thought to be secondary diabetes (45.9%), caused, in part, by obstructive pancreatitis following pancreatic tumor recognized on the first admission. Control of blood glucose with insulin was sometimes difficult, but was indispensable for the treatment of pancreatic carcinoma. Diabetic angiopathies are usually not seen in patients with pancreatic diabetes caused by pancreatic carcinoma, because the survival period of patients with pancreatic carcinoma has been limited. Furthermore, in spite of the absence of angiopathies, the survival period was significantly lower in pancreatic carcinoma patients with diabetes than in those without diabetes. Conclusion. Diabetes in patients with invasive ductal pancreatic carcinoma is usually secondary diabetes, occurring in part as a consequence of obstructive pancreatitis shown at the beginning of the clinical course. The duration of diabetes is too short for marked diabetic angiopathies to develop, and the survival period in patients with invasive ductal pancreatic carcinoma with diabetes is also short compared with that of those patients without diabetes.

To clarify the roles of vitamin K (VK) in the pancreas, twice oral, glucose tolerance tests were examined in 12 healthy young male volunteers before and after 1 week of VK tablet intake. Blood were collected by venipucture at 0, 30 and 120 min after 75 g oral glucose loading. They then took VK tablets (90 mg/d of menaquinone-4) for 1 week, and the second glucose tolerance test was examined. The subjects were divided into three groups by serum descarboxy prothrombin (DP) levels; four of lowest DP (L-DP), middle of DP (M-DP) and highest DP (H-DP) levels. They were compared by one-factor analysis of variance and Scheffè's F (group differences) and paired t-test (the effects of 1 week of VK intake). Age, body mass index and glucose status [plasma glucose (PG) and immunoreactive insulin (IRI), hemoglobin-Alc, fructosamine] of all groups were almost the same, but the IRI of the H-DP group was higher than that of the other groups at 120 min after the glucose loading (mean±SEM; L; 10.6±0.9, M–; 17.5±4.2, H–; 40.4±6.0 μU/ml). One week of VK intake tended to decrease the plasma DP levels of all groups and signifiantly reduced IRI of the H-DP at 120 min by half (before; 40.4±6.0 vs after: 18.4±4.6 μU/ml). The IRI/pG ratio in areas under the curve (AUC) of H-DP from 0 to 120 min after the loading was significantly decreased by 1 week of VK tablet intake (before: 31.0±7.4 vs after: 20/1±3.8 μU/g). These results suggested that there may be some relationship between pharmacological dose of vitamin K and insulin response.

Acetyl-CoA carboxylase regulates the rate of fatty acid synthesis. This enzyme in plants is localized in plastids and is believed to be composed of biotin carboxyl carrier protein, biotin carboxylase, and carboxyltransferase made up of alpha and beta polypeptides, although the enzyme has not been purified yet. Accumulated evidence shows that pea plastidic acetyl-CoA carboxylase is activated by light and the activation is caused by light-dependent reduction of carboxyltransferase, but not of biotin carboxylase, via a redox cascade. To understand the reductive activation of carboxyltransferase at the molecular level here, we obtained the active enzyme composed of decahistidine-tagged (His tag) alpha and beta polypeptides through the expression of the pea plastidic carboxyltransferase gene in Escherichia coli. Gel filtration showed that the molecular size of the recombinant carboxyltransferase is in agreement with that of partially purified carboxyltransferase from pea chloroplasts. The catalytic activity of the recombinant enzyme was similar to that of native carboxyltransferase. These results indicate that the molecular structure and conformation of recombinant carboxyltransferase resemble those of its native counterpart and that native carboxyltransferase is indeed composed of alpha and beta polypeptides. This recombinant enzyme was activated by dithiothreitol, a known reductant of S-S bonds, with a profile similar to that of its native counterpart. The recombinant enzyme was activated by reduced thioredoxin-f, a signal transducer of redox potential in chloroplasts under irradiation. Thus, this enzyme was redox-regulated, like that of the native carboxyltransferase.

A high ion temperature (T_i) mode is observed for neutral beam heated plasmas in the Compact Helical System (CHS) heliotron/torsatron. The high T_i mode plasma is characterized by a high central ion temperature, T_i(0), and is associated with a peaked electron density profile produced by neutral beam fuelling with low wall recycling. Transition from L mode to high T_i mode has been studied in CHS. T_i(0) in the high T_i mode discharges reaches 1 keV, which is 2.5 times higher than that in the L mode discharges. The ion thermal diffusivity is significantly reduced by a factor of more than 2-3 in the high T_i mode plasma. The ion loss cone is observed in neutral particle flux in the energy range 1-6 keV with a narrow range of pitch angle (90° ±20°) in the high T_i mode. However, the degradation of ion energy confinement due to this loss cone is negligible.

Edge density profiles were measured during natural and forced magnetic axis shifts in the lowaspect-ratio heliotron/torsatron CHS, using an 8 keV fast neutral lithium beam probe. The Shafranov shift of the magnetic axis (and hence the dislocation of the LCFS) that was negligible for a low density ECH discharge became substantial (~4.5 cm) for a high density NBI discharge (e>~2.5× 1013cm-3) and the corresponding radius of the LCFS increased about 1.2 cm in major radius compared to the vacuum case. For NBI discharges with different settings of the vacuum magnetic axisRax (fixed during the discharge), the measured edge density profiles indicated reasonable agreement between the theoretically and experimentally obtained LCFS radii for 90 cm ax<101.6cm, while forRax<90 cm the measured radius was 10% larger than expected. When a change ofRax from 94.7 cm to 89.9 cm during a discharge was imposed externally, a well behaved plasma boundary moved inward smoothly by about 7.5 cm, while the steepness of the edge density profile changed for different values ofRax. The steepest profile was attained forRax=92.1 cm when the highest energy content and average density were achieved.

Abstract: The largest superconducting fusion machine, Large Helical Device (LHD), is now under construction in Japan and will begin operation in 1997. Design and construction of related R&D programs are now being carried out. The major radius of this machine is 3.9 m and the magnetic field on the plasma center is 3 T. The NbTi superconducting conductors are used in both helical coils and poloidal coils to produce this field. This will be upgraded in the second phase a using superfluid coil cooling technique. A negative ion source is being successfully developed for the NBI heating of LHD. This paper describes the present status and progress in its experimental planning and theoretical analysis on LHD, and the design and construction of LHD torus, heating, and diagnostics equipments.

An ion cyclotron range of frequencies (ICRF) heating experiment was performed on the Compact Helical System (CHS) device in order to identify the problems in establishing this as a reliable heating method. Radiofrequency heating was applied to plasmas with two ion species produced by ECH. Stored energy increased upto 2.2 kJ with the application of a 590 kW ICRF heating pulse, giving a heating efficiency comparable to that of NBI heating. More importantly, the `flat-top' of the stored energy was maintained during the pulse. Good heating was realized with 30% proton and 70% deuteron plasmas at high density (4*10¹⁹ m^-3). It was found that the best discharges are dominated by electron ICRF heating, which seems to be the reason for the successful results. On the contrary, a flat-top in stored energy has never been obtained in discharges where ion heating dominates. The loss of high energy ions with large pitch angles produced by ion heating appears to degrade the performance and limit the duration of the heating. A similar degradation was encountered in previous ICRF heating experiments in helical systems. A newly designed detector was used to study the loss of the helically trapped particles

A large, rapid change in the local plasma potential is found to be induced by off-axis hydrogen ice pellet injection into a tokamak plasma. The polarity of the change during the ablation is reversed when the pellet is injected into the upper and lower halves of the poloidal plasma cross-section. This change can be interpreted as being due to the Del B drift of particles in the high density plasmas of the pellet cloud, before the increase of the plasma density due to the ablation becomes uniform on the magnetic surface

Fast changes of electric potential with different polarities are observed during sawtooth oscillations in the core region of a tokamak plasma using a heavy ion beam probe. Near the inversion radius the polarity of the observed change of the potential is found to be dependent on the swift movement of the hot core at the crash and is consistent with the prediction of one-fluid MHD theory. Near the magnetic axis the change of the potentials is positive and outside the inversion radius the change is negative. This is in contradiction with the MHD prediction

The emergence of superoxide anion radicals (O2-) in the guinea pig inner ear following acoustic trauma was investigated by histochemical methods. Five minutes after exposure to sound at 120–125 dB SPL for 3 h, an O2- reaction product was detected in the cochlea along the luminal membrane of the marginal cells of the stria vascularis. This reaction product could not be found at 30 min, but reappeared at 2 h. The first appearance of O2- is not explainable by our studies, but the second appearance may be related to recirculation of strial blood flow after blood flow stasis. The present observations raise the possibility that free radicals are produced in the inner ear after acoustic trauma and lead to inner ear damage.

If the shape of the femoral canal could be predicted with sufficient accuracy for the design of custom femoral stems, this would reduce the cost and provide a simpler design method than using computed tomography scans. Five groups of femurs were used for the study. The first two groups were used to determine an average femur shape, described by 25 transverse sections. In the next group of femurs, the shape was predicted from radiographs by distorting the shape of the average femur to conform to the radiographic outlines. The profiles were accurate to within 1 mm on average, the larger errors being in the trochanteric regions. In the proximomedial region, and in the distal canal, the accuracy was better than 0.3 +/- 0.8 mm. When femoral stems were designed from the actual and predicted canals, there was minimal difference in the sections of the two stems. The stems had a particular geometric form with a straight distal end, and flares at the proximomedial and proximoanterior locations; however, when stems designed by either method were inserted into canals prepared by distal reaming and proximal rasping, there was an error in fit in certain regions of approximately 1 mm. It was concluded that for femurs without serious abnormality of shape, a biplanar radiographic method was sufficiently accurate for the prediction of canal shape and for the design of a standard type of custom uncemented stem.

Possible cadmium (Cd) exposure-associated changes in urinary levels of low-molecular-weight proteins mere studied in nonsmoking and nondrinking female members of the general Japanese population (378 subjects with no known occupational heavy metal exposure) who lived at 19 study sites (all without any known environmental heavy metal pollution) in 13 prefectures throughout Japan. The external Cd dose was evaluated in terms of daily Cd intake via food (Cd-F), whereas Cd levels in blood (Cd-B) and urine (Cd-U) were taken as internal dose indicators. When the subjects were classified according to Cd-F into three groups with "low" (20.4 μg/day as a geometric mean of 97 women), "middle" (35.0 μg/day, 120 women) and "high" (67.0 μg/day, 66 women) exposure, both Cd-B and Cd-U increased in parallel with the changes in Cd-F. However, there were no dose-dependent changes in β2-microglobulin or retinol-binding protein levels in urine. α1-Microglobulin levels appeared to increase, but the distribution of the cases above the two cutoff levels of 9.6 and 15.8 μg/mg creatinine among the three Cd-F groups did not show any bias. Overall, it was concluded that there was no apparent Cd exposure-associated elevation in urinary low-molecular-weight protein levels in the study population.

To improve the efficiency of hepatic intra-arterial (h.i.a.) chemotherapy, we selected pirarubicin (THP) because it shows good properties for h.i.a. chemotherapy, such as fast and efficient cellular uptake, and used it for h.i.a. chemotherapy in rabbits with V x 2 tumour implanted in the liver. The anti-tumour effect of THP upon h.i.a. administration was compared with that upon intravenous (i.v.) injection and also with the anti-tumour activity of epirubicin (EPI) upon h.i.a. injection using optimal and maximal tolerated doses of each drug. When tumour growth rates and morphometric examinations were evaluated, it was found that THP and EPI were effective against V x 2 tumour when injected via the h.i.a. route. The activity of THP was stronger than that of EPI. As regards h.i.a. injection-related complication, plasma transaminase levels were temporarily elevated. To demonstrate higher anti-tumour activity and other advantages of h.i.a. injection of THP, plasma and tumour drug concentrations were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography after THP or EPI was administered at an equal dose to the rabbit V x 2 model. Hepatic intra-arterial injection of THP accomplished a selective and higher uptake into the tumour and lower effusion into the plasma than i.v. injection of THP or h.i.a. injection of EPL. Our findings indicate that THP is the better candidate of the two drugs tested for the h.i.a. chemotherapy because of its greater anti-tumour activity and the lower systemic drug exposure achieved upon h.i.a. injection.

Precise measurements of edge density profiles in various discharges have been performed successfully in the compact helical system (CHS) with a thermal neutral lithium beam probe. During high beta discharges, an outward shift of the plasma edge boundary was observed with an increase in the beta value, which was found to agree qualitatively with theoretical calculations. Experiments with different magnetic field configurations, i.e., with limiter, divertor and with an m n = 1 1 island, were also performed. Clear difference in the edge density profiles among the configurations and a large change of plasma parameters in the configuration with the m n = 1 1 island were observed.

Intense submillimeter wavelength radiation (f=354 GHz, P=110 W) from Gyrotron FU II is converted into a well-collimated, linearly-polarized beam by a quasi-optical transmission line consisting of a quasi-optical antenna and several mirrors. The observed focusing of the beam agrees with calculations based on the Huygens equation. We have used this intense beam to study low frequency density fluctuations by plasma scattering in Compact Helical System (CHS) plasmas at the National Institute for Fusion Science.

BACKGROUND & AIMS:Point mutations of the Ki-ras gene at codon 12 have been frequently identified in pure pancreatic juice of patients with pancreatic cancer in studies examining pancreatic cancer tissues. The aim of this study was to examine mutations of the Ki-ras codon 12 in the duodenal juice collected from patients with various pancreatic disorders. METHODS:The duodenal juice was collected through a Dreiling tube installed in the duodenum during a secretin test. Analysis of the Ki-ras mutations was performed using the enriched polymerase chain reaction--single-strand conformation polymorphism technique. RESULTS:Point mutations were detected in 12 of 19 patients with pancreatic cancer; of the 12 patients, 10 had ductal tubular adenocarcinoma and 2 intraductal papillary adenocarcinoma. Mutational patterns included GAT (n = 4), GTT (n = 3), CGT (n = 1), and double mutations of GTT and GAT (n = 3) and GAT and CGT (n = 1). In 41 patients with benign pancreatic disorders, a point mutation was detected in only 1 patient with chronic pancreatitis. CONCLUSIONS:Analysis of the Ki-ras codon 12 mutations in the duodenal juice is useful in the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. (Gastroenterology 1996 Jan;110(1):221-6)