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The effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on kinesthetic perception, when applied to the somatosensory cortex, was examined. Further, the facilitatory and inhibitory effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation using different stimulation frequencies were tested. Six female (Mage = 32.0 years, SD= 6.7) and nine male (Mage = 32.9 years, SD= 6.6) participants were asked to perceive the tendon vibration illusion of the left wrist joint and to replicate the illusion with their right hand. When comparing changes in the corresponding movement amplitude and velocity after three different repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation protocols (sham, 1 Hz inhibitory, and 5 Hz facilitatory repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation), the movement amplitude was found to decrease with the inhibitory repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, while the movement velocity respectively increased and decreased with the facilitatory and inhibitory repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. These results confirmed the modulating effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on kinesthetic perception in a single experimental paradigm.

Many authors have been trying to set up general formulas for the pressure behavior of fractally fractured porous media using fractal diffusion theory, fractional calculus, etc. For incorporating the aperture variations, the waiting-time distribution concept (sites disorder model) has been introduced. However, the validity of the sites disorder model for actual diffusion phenomena on fractal media is still being disputed. This paper reviews recent analytical results and investigates the validity of the sites disorder approach in comparison to bonds disorder using numerical simulations. By comparing the results, it is found that the diffusion coefficient that contains diffusional memory is successfully described by the analytic prediction by Park et al. (1998), except for small values of r 2 /t 2/d w. Through the research, we find that the sites disorder approach can be a good candidate for incorporating the effect of aperture variations, although the approach produces a little larger modified diffusion exponent.