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In this letter, a novel two-way product pattern synthesis method utilizing a uniform transmit array and a thinned receive array is proposed. Specifically, the thinned receive array is an extended coprime array (ECA). Based on the ECA's characteristics, the ECA's array factor is decomposed into the product of the slow-varying array factor and the fast-varying array factor. Subsequently, the positions of nulls and the first sidelobe of the ECA are derived, respectively. It reveals that the fast-varying array factor plays a dominant role in the positions of nulls and the first sidelobe. The ECA architecture is optimized for element number and element spacing using the combinatorial traversal algorithm. It enables the alignment of nulls and the first sidelobe between the uniform array and the ECA. Compared to the traditional uniform transmit–receive method with the same number of elements, a two-way product pattern with a lower peak sidelobe level, a larger aperture, a narrower beamwidth, and a higher resolution can be achieved by the proposed method. The efficiency of the proposed method has been validated by typical simulation results.

Most artificial lights exhibit subtle fluctuations in intensity and frequency in response to the influence of the grid's alternating current, providing the potential to estimate the Electric Network Frequency (ENF) from conventional frame-based videos. Nevertheless, the performance of Video-based ENF (V-ENF) estimation largely relies on the imaging quality and thus may suffer from significant interference caused by non-ideal sampling, scene diversity, motion interference, and extreme lighting conditions. In this paper, we show that the ENF can be extracted without the above limitations from a new modality provided by the so-called event camera, a neuromorphic sensor that encodes the light intensity variations and asynchronously emits events with extremely high temporal resolution and high dynamic range. Specifically, we formulate and validate the physical mechanism for the ENF captured in events and then propose a simple yet robust Event-based ENF (E-ENF) estimation method through mode filtering and harmonic enhancement. To validate the effectiveness, we build the first Event-Video ENF Dataset (EV-ENFD) and its extension EV-ENFD+ with diverse scenarios, including static, dynamic, and extreme lighting scenes. Comprehensive experiments have been conducted on our proposed datasets, showcasing that our proposed E-ENF significantly outperforms the V-ENF in extracting accurate ENF traces, especially in challenging environments.

The unprecedented success of deep learning could not be achieved without the synergy of big data, computing power, and human knowledge, among which none is free. This calls for the copyright protection of deep neural networks (DNNs), which has been tackled via DNN watermarking. Due to the special structure of DNNs, backdoor watermarks have been one of the popular solutions. In this article, we first present a big picture of DNN watermarking scenarios with rigorous definitions unifying the black- and white-box concepts across watermark embedding, attack, and verification phases. Then, from the perspective of data diversity, especially adversarial and open set examples overlooked in the existing works, we rigorously reveal the vulnerability of backdoor watermarks against black-box ambiguity attacks. To solve this problem, we propose an unambiguous backdoor watermarking scheme via the design of deterministically dependent trigger samples and labels, showing that the cost of ambiguity attacks will increase from the existing linear complexity to exponential complexity. Furthermore, noting that the existing definition of backdoor fidelity is solely concerned with classification accuracy, we propose to more rigorously evaluate fidelity via examining training data feature distributions and decision boundaries before and after backdoor embedding. Incorporating the proposed prototype guided regularizer (PGR) and fine-tune all layers (FTAL) strategy, we show that backdoor fidelity can be substantially improved. Experimental results using two versions of the basic ResNet18, advanced wide residual network (WRN28_10) and EfficientNet-B0, on MNIST, CIFAR-10, CIFAR-100, and FOOD-101 classification tasks, respectively, illustrate the advantages of the proposed method.

Recently, adversarial attacks have shown to lead the state-of-the-art deep neural networks (DNNs) to misclassification. However, most adversarial attacks are generated according to whether they are perceptual to human visual system, measured by geometric metrics such as the $\ell _2$ℓ2-norm, which ignores the common watermarks in cyber-physical systems. In this article, we propose a fast adversarial watermark attack (FAWA) method based on fast differential evolution technique, which optimally superimposes a watermark on an image to fool DNNs. We also attempt to explain the reason why the attack is successful and propose two hypotheses on the vulnerability of DNN classifiers and the influence of the watermark attack on higher-layer features extraction respectively. In addition, we propose two countermeasure methods against FAWA based on random rotation and median filtering respectively. Experimental results show that our method achieves 41.3 percent success rate in fooling VGG-16 and have good transferability. Our approach is also shown to be effective in deceiving deep learning as a service (DLaaS) systems as well as the physical world. The proposed FAWA, hypotheses, and the countermeasure methods, provide a timely help for DNN designers to gain some knowledge of model vulnerability while designing DNN classifiers and related DLaaS applications.

Face anti-spoofing (FAS) is vital to ensure the security of the face recognition systems, for which the essential task is to capture the unique spoof face features. Most of the existing methods extract spoof features from the whole faces, overlooking clues in local face patches. Meanwhile, researchers usually use intermediate parameters as a proxy in face classification, but this requires the design of additional loss functions. To solve these problems, we propose a multimodal proxy-free FAS model which uses contrastive language image pre-training (CLIP) as the backbone. Specifically, we use patches cropped from the original face to augment the data, forcing the network to learn local spoof features, such as the edges of printing attacks. At the same time, we introduce dynamic central difference convolutional (DCDC) adapter to extract fine-grained features in patches. Furthermore, we propose to adopt a proxy-free pairwise similarity learning (PSL) loss to achieve the goal that the maximum intra-class distance is smaller than the minimum inter-class distance. Experiments on several benchmark datasets show that the proposed method achieves state-of-the-art performance.

In this letter, novel approximations for the moment generating function (MGF) and the probability density function (PDF) of the sum of arbitrary nonnegative random variables are proposed in terms of convergent series involving elementary functions using the composite Gauss quadrature integration method and generated auxiliary random variables (RVs). Subsequently, two novel approximations for the noncoherent detection probability of the multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar system with approximately orthogonal transmitted signals are deduced utilizing the PDF-based and MGF-based approaches. The accuracy of the proposed approximations is confirmed numerically by Monte Carlo simulations.

Anti-resonance (AR) is a special optical resonance phenomenon developed in the past decade, which has been researched for telecommunication networks, supercontinuum lasers, and sensing due to its low loss, broad tunable range, and high sensitivity. Here, a novel seawater temperature and salinity simultaneous measurement sensor with remarkable sensitivity and low crosstalk is demonstrated using the superimposition of AR effect and Mach–Zehnder interference. The AR is excited by a temperature-sensitive material-filled hollow core tube fiber (HCTF), while the interference is formed by a single-mode fiber (SMF) with a transverse penetration channel. The simulation analysis and experimental test results indicate that the characteristic dips of AR and interference structures coexist in the spectral curve. According to the wavelength position of the characteristic dips, and combined with the polynomial surface decoupling algorithm to reduce crosstalk between measured parameters, the sensor realizes the temperature and salinity sensing with the minimum sensitivities of 1.825 nm/°C and −2.584 nm/‰, respectively. The technique uses commercial fiber-optic components to make a cost-effective all-fiber probe with compact structure, good stability, and excellent processing consistency for reliable seawater parameters’ measurement.

In contrast to the conventional targets, the electromagnetic simulation results of stealth targets usually exhibit the low radar cross section (RCS) scattering properties. Furthermore, electromagnetic simulation results of a typical stealth aircraft model show that the RCS statistical characteristics of stealth targets are skewed toward the low RCS side and typically exhibit the sharp fluctuation and oscillatory decaying characteristics exemplified by a typical stealth aircraft model. In this article, a fractional-order Legendre polynomial series-based (FLP) RCS distribution model is proposed to more precisely fit the RCS statistical properties of stealth targets. Compared with the conventional Legendre polynomial-series-based (LP) RCS distribution model, the biased side of the FLP RCS distribution model can be adjusted to adapt to the RCS statistical characteristics of stealth targets by varying the fractional order $\alpha$. Based on this characteristic, the FLP RCS distribution model is adaptable to a variety of scenarios. Especially, the shifted LP (SLP) RCS distribution model with lower complexity is derived from the FLP RCS distribution model by setting $\alpha =1$. In addition, the fundamental statistics of the FLP and SLP RCS distribution models, including the cumulative distribution function, moment generating function, and higher order moments, are derived. Simulation results indicate that the FLP RCS distribution model can obtain better fitting results than the conventional RCS distribution models. SLP RCS distribution model fitting results for low RCS scattering areas of stealth targets are comparable to FLP RCS distribution model results.

The collusion attack combines multiple multimedia files into one new file to erase the user identity information. The traditional anti-collusion methods (which aim to trace the traitors) can defend the collusion attack, but they cannot well defend some hybrid collusion attacks (e.g., a collusion attack combined with desynchronization attacks). To address this issue, we propose a frequency spectrum modification process (FSMP) to defend the collusion attack by significantly downgrading the perceptual quality of the colluded file. The severe perceptual quality degradation can demotivate the attackers from launching the collusion attack. Because FSMP is orthogonal to the existing traitor-trace-based methods, it can be combined with the existing methods to provide a double-layer protection against different attacks. In FSMP, after several signal processing procedures (e.g., uneven framing and smoothing), multiple signals (called FSMP signals) can be generated from the host signal. Launching collusion attack using the generated FSMP signals would lead to the energy disturbance and attenuation effect (EDAE) over the colluded signals. Due to the EDAE, FSMP can significantly degrade the perceptual quality of the colluded audio file, thereby thwarting the collusion attack. In addition, FSMP can well defend different hybrid collusion attacks. Theoretical analysis and experimental results confirm the validity of the proposed method.

A strain-insensitive optical fiber Mach–Zehnder interferometer (MZI) composed of a rectangular micropore and refractive index modification waveguide (WG) is proposed, which realizes simultaneous measurements of seawater temperature and salinity. The micropore transversely penetrates the single-mode fiber, which is fabricated by ablating part of the cladding and core with the femtosecond laser. The WG is constructed by inscribing successive modified lines in the fiber cladding by laser direct writing technology. The phase difference between interference beams changes with the temperature and salinity variations, which causes the shift of characteristic wavelengths. The maximum response sensitivities are 3.205 nm/°C and −2.714 nm/ ‰, with resolutions of 0.006 °C and 0.007 ‰. To solve the crosstalk problem between these two seawater parameters, a quadratic polynomial surface fitting method is utilized to achieve accurate data decoupling and reduce measurement errors. In addition, the experimental tests show that the compact MZI sensor is insensitive to longitudinal strain, and has good measurement repeatability and stability, which has broad application potential in the dynamic and complex detection of the marine environment.

Most of the audio signals in real-world applications are stereo signals. However, the previous desynchronization attacks resilient watermarking methods cannot preserve perceptual quality or achieve robustness when constrained by high embedding rates and stereo host. In this paper, based on two novel features segmental singular values summation (SSVS) and segmental singular values difference (SSVD) that are generated using discrete cosine transform (DCT) and singular value decomposition (SVD), we present a robust watermarking method for stereo signals that not only is robust to desynchronization attacks and common signal processing attacks but also has a larger embedding rate compared with the previous methods. In the proposed method, we first apply DCT and SVD on each segment of the host signal to extract the SSVS feature and the SSVD feature. Then we generate the adaptive embedding parameters and embed watermark bits via optimized embedding strategies based on these features. Due to the use of the adaptive embedding parameters and the optimized embedding strategies, the proposed method significantly increases the embedding rate without compromising the robustness and perceptual quality. Analysis results show our proposed method outperforms the state-of-the-art methods by a large margin, where the perceptual quality improvement is over 14%, and the robustness against desynchronization attacks is improved by more than 49% when the embedding rate is 70 bps.

Collusion attacks are considered to be challenging attacks in audio copyright protection. The traditional watermarking algorithms cannot identify the traitors when other attacks, such as desynchronization attacks, are applied with a collusion attack. Instead of tracing the traitors, in this paper we aim to tackle collusion attacks by removing the commercial value from the colluded copy, which will demotivate the attackers from launching collusion attacks. Since the commercial value of an audio signal is directly reflected by its perceptual quality, we propose a novel non-linear-echo generation (NLEG) based algorithm to significantly degrade the perceptual quality of the colluded copy by embedding a time delay sequence into the host signal. The proposed NLEG is also designed to be resilient to common signal processing attacks and desynchronization attacks. Furthermore, the proposed NLEG can be combined with other digital watermarking techniques to enhance its performance on protecting the copyright information. Experimental results show the validity of the proposed NLEG.

Malfunction of critical components in the power system can lead to large scale cascading failures and blackouts. Identifying critical components and taking protection on them can prevent the above problem effectively. In this article, investigating from the sight of network dynamics, a critical node identification method of complex power systems is proposed to find the nodes that have a great influence on the controllability and observability of the power system. First, based on electrical betweenness, a directed network model of power systems is proposed, which solves the problem that assessment results are not accurate because the traditional network model only represents the structural characteristics of power systems at a certain time. Then, combining structure controllability theory and the electrical characters of power systems, the electric cactus structure is established to provide a theoretical basis for assessment indexes. The node number of electric cactus is defined as the electric control capability index (ECCI), which measures the node's influence on the controllability of power systems. Besides, based on the duality principle and ECCI, the electric observe capability index is defined to measure the node's influence on the observability of power systems. Combining the two capability indexes, the electric dynamic characteristic index is defined. Finally, the method has been demonstrated on the IEEE 118-bus system. The results show that the identified nodes have a strong impact on the controllability and observability of the IEEE 118-bus system.

The AlSi20/8009 aluminum alloy was heated to high temperatures near the melting point and cooled to investigate the effect of external Si addition on the phase evolution of Al12(Fe,V)3Si dispersion. Differential scanning calorimeter, scanning electron microscope, energy dispersive spectrometer and X-ray diffractometer were employed. The results showed that Al12(Fe,V)3Si and Si phases evolved into a needle-like Al4.5FeSi phase and a nano-sized V-rich phase during holding the alloy at 580−600 °C. With increasing holding temperature to 620−640 °C, Al4.5FeSi and nano-sized V-rich phases evolved reversibly into Al12(Fe,V)3Si and Si phases, of which Al12(Fe,V)3Si occupied a coarse and hexagonal morphology. During the alloy (after holding at 640 °C) furnace cooling to 570 °C or lower, Si and Al12(Fe,V)3Si phases evolved into strip-like Al4.5FeSi and the V-rich phases, which is a novel formation route for Al4.5FeSi phase different from Al−Fe−Si ternary system.

To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2010.03.002 Byline: Xiao-ming Zhu (a), Tao Han (b), Xiao-hong Wang (a), Yan-hong Li (a), Hua-guang Yang (a), Ya-ning Luo (a), Guo-wu Yin (a), Yuan-qing Yao (c) Keywords: cytolysis; human leukocyte antigen-G; JEG-3 cell; miR-152 Abstract: The purpose of this study was to gain a further understanding of the relationship between miR-152 and human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-G in human trophoblast cell line (JEG-3). Author Affiliation: (a) Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China (b) Health Department, Automotive Management Institute of People's Liberation Army, Beng Bu, China (c) Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China Article History: Received 20 September 2009; Revised 28 January 2010; Accepted 1 March 2010 Article Note: (footnote) This study was supported in part by Chinese Natural Science Foundation Grant 30070787 (to Y.-q.Y.)., The first and last 2 authors contributed equally to the study and article., Cite this article as: Zhu X-m, Han T, Wang X-h, et al. Overexpression of miR-152 leads to reduced expression of human leukocyte antigen-G and increased natural killer cell mediated cytolysis in JEG-3 cells. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2010;202:592.e1-7.

Recently, massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system has attracted tremendous research interests in wireless communications. Among various performance aspects and design problems regarding massive MIMO, precoding at the base station (BS) is one of the most important function components to ensure reliable downlink transmission. This paper provides a survey of linear precoding techniques for downlink transmission under both single-cell (SC) and multicell (MC) scenarios. In an SC scenario, a series of classical precoding techniques are reviewed and compared. In an MC scenario, massive MIMO suffers from pilot contamination problems, where orthogonal pilot sequences have to be reused among cells, leading to estimation errors of channel state information at the transmitter. Precoding techniques with and without the cooperation among BSs are reviewed and the cooperative precoding techniques are further divided into partial and full cooperations. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work that comprehensively surveys all the existing linear precoding techniques. The comprehensive review reveals current challenges in designing the precoders, where technical merits are usually bounded by practical implementation issues. We show that a viable precoding technique for massive MIMO systems is still unknown to date, and suggest several research potentials that are worthy of future research efforts.

Copyright protection of audio data is a serious problem and spread spectrum (SS) based audio watermarking is a promising technology to tackle this problem. Although a number of SS-based audio watermarking methods have been reported in the literature, they cannot achieve high robustness and embedding capacity at the same time. In this paper, we propose a novel SS-based audio watermarking method that can embed a large number of watermark bits into an audio signal without compromising the robustness against common attacks. Compared with the existing audio watermarking methods, the proposed one is especially robust against severe noise addition and compression attacks, while achieving high embedding capacity. Moreover, the new audio watermarking method is computationally efficient. The validity of the proposed SS-based audio watermarking method is demonstrated by simulation results.

A multilayer watermarking system is a system that is able to embed watermarks to a host media signal repeatedly in an overlaying manner, without incurring troubles in extracting the watermarks in each layer. In this paper, we present a novel patchwork-based audio watermarking algorithm that can embed and extract watermark bits successfully in such a multilayer framework. In the proposed method, a new watermark embedding algorithm is designed to ensure that the embedded watermarks in a certain layer do not affect the detection of watermarks in other layers. Adding multiple layers of watermark bits inevitably reduces the perceptual quality. However, to minimize the perceptual quality degradation in multilayer watermarking, the audio fragments for watermark embedding are selected from a set of specially arranged discrete cosine transform coefficients of the host audio signal. Watermark embedding is achieved by modifying the mean values of selected sample fragments. With the use of an embedding error buffer, the proposed system can withstand a wide range of common attacks. To maintain the balance between the perceptual quality and robustness, watermark embedding strength is adjusted according to the specific layer used. The proposed multilayer scheme ensures the independence of the processing in different layers. The effectiveness of the proposed system is demonstrated and verified by extensive simulation results.

This paper presents the design, modeling, and simulation of an energy-regenerative shock absorber based on dual overrunning clutches for transportation vehicles, to enable energy harvesting from suspension vibration. The energy-regenerative shock absorber consists of three main components: the suspension vibration input, the transmission module, and the generator module. The innovative design of the shock absorber uses dual overrunning clutches, which can convert oscillatory vibration into unidirectional rotation of the generator. The dynamic modeling of the shock absorber is presented to analyze damping characteristics. Simulations were performed to demonstrate the performance of the proposed energy-regenerative shock absorber. A peak output power of 44.73 W and an average power of 22.34 W were attained from this proposed shock absorber at a vibrational input of 2-Hz frequency and 20-mm amplitude. The prototype can achieve 69.19% efficiency at 1-Hz frequency and 15-mm amplitude. The results show that variable damping coefficients are achieved by changing the external load of the shock absorber. As a result, the energy-regenerative shock absorber can be applied to different types of transportation vehicles.

In industrial process control, there may be multiple performance objectives, depending on salient features of the input-output data. Aiming at this situation, this paper proposes multiple actor-critic structures to obtain the optimal control via input-output data for unknown nonlinear systems. The shunting inhibitory artificial neural network (SIANN) is used to classify the input-output data into one of several categories. Different performance measure functions may be defined for disparate categories. The approximate dynamic programming algorithm, which contains model module, critic network, and action network, is used to establish the optimal control in each category. A recurrent neural network (RNN) model is used to reconstruct the unknown system dynamics using input-output data. NNs are used to approximate the critic and action networks, respectively. It is proven that the model error and the closed unknown system are uniformly ultimately bounded. Simulation results demonstrate the performance of the proposed optimal control scheme for the unknown nonlinear system. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

We present a time-spread echo-based audio watermarking scheme with optimized imperceptibility and robustness. Specifically, convex optimization based finite-impulse-response (FIR) filter design is utilized to obtain the optimal echo filter coefficients. The desired power spectrum of the echo filter is shaped by the proposed maximum power spectral margin (MPSM) and the absolute threshold of hearing (ATH) of human auditory system (HAS) to ensure the optimal imperceptibility. Meanwhile, the auto-correlation function of the echo filter coefficients is specified as the constraint in the problem formulation, which controls the robustness in terms of watermark detection. In this way, a joint optimization of imperceptibility and robustness can be quantitatively performed. As a result, the proposed watermarking scheme is superior to existing solutions such as the ones based on pseudo noise (PN) sequence or modified pseudo noise (MPN) sequence. Note that the designed echo kernel is also highly secure in that only with the same filter coefficients can one successfully detect the watermark. Experimental results are provided to evaluate the imperceptibility and robustness of the proposed watermarking scheme.

The application status of heavy duty corrugated paperboard and honeycomb fiberboard were reviewed. In order to contrast the edgewise compressive strength of the two typical sandwich fiberboards, the finite element models of honeycomb fiberboard and AAB flute corrugated fiberboard with large sample size were established. By numerical simulation method, the effect of structure on the edgewise compressive strength were decoupled from the factor such as the materials, material consumption, sample size and shape, processing technology and environmental conditions etc. Under the same material, material consumption and sample size, bulking analysis based on numerical method was carried out. The results show that the edgewise compressive strength of both sides of the honeycomb fiberboard is about 50% higher than that of AAB flute corrugated fiberboard, and honeycomb fiberboard is similar to bi-isotropic material. The conclusions obtained are valuable to reasonable choice of the honeycomb fiberboard and heavy duty corrugated fiberboard and correct understanding the mechanical properties of the two sandwich fiberboard.

For high-altitude environment particularity, the device was designed for high-altitude correction. The equivalent stress analysis of particle system is researched to meet seismic requirementsneeds of automotive mobile devices. A new auto-switch is designed by improving the traditional tap-switch for automatic switching cable in the car. It is first used in a car as a automatically switch and greatly reduces the manual wiring workload. The field test results show that the device can assume a high altitude solar motion detector demand of the low voltage ride through (LVRT) .

Demand response provides many benefits in financial and operational aspects for the power user, load management unit and the grid operator. In this paper, we have extended the traditional specification in distribution system automation IEC 61968 to support further demand response service. There are some basic modules and packets have been defined to update traditional metering device, and also the newly added controlled object have been involved. At last, we have take time of use price to illustrate the performance of a wide area demand system by integrating a new controlling algorithm and the results show that it can significantly improve the performance of electricity devices in a home area network.

Around the goal of building a low-carbon logistics park, three aspects about layout optimization related issues which are functional area layout, warehouse layout and road layout are mainly studied in this paper. Functional areas dividing and layout methodology of a low-carbon logistics park are proposed in this paper. Summarizes common methods and main considerations of warehouse layout on the basis of warehouse operation process. Finally proposes methods of road network layout and optimizations of the layout according to the division of different levels of road network in logistics park.

Axial flow compressor is an important component, so the compressor performance is of crucial. Fouling changes blade geometry and blade surface roughness is increased, thus aerodynamic performance is affected. The flow of gas phase and gas-solid coupling phase are implemented to reveal the effect of inlet condition on particle deposition. Based on Euler-Lagrange model, this paper made numerical simulation of gas-solid two phase flow in the axial flow compressor rotor cascade. Simulation result shows that the increase of inlet temperature can result in the reduction of particle volume fraction. And particle mass concentration is affected by particle mass flow rate.

Fouling is the most important performance degradation factor, so it is necessary to accurately predict the effect of fouling on engine performance. This paper develops a performance calculation method of fouled multi-stage axial flow compressor based on experiment result and operating data. For multistage compressor, the whole compressor is decomposed into two sections. In this model, the performance of the first section is obtained by stage stacking method by combining scaling law method, linear progression model with traditional stage stacking method. On the other hand, the performance of the second section is calculated by averaged infinitesimal stage method. Finally, the model is successfully applied to predict the 8-stage axial flow compressor.

Energy efficiency detection system plays a important role in energy conservation service market, which is applied in lots of enterprises. Mobile detection system can save manpower and financial resources especially for energy conservation service agencies and energy efficiency assessment institutions, which consists of the portable devices, self-organizing communication network, reliable data collection ability, strong data analysis and display tools. The physical architecture, function architecture of the system was designed and key technologies about the system were also specially studied. The test method about the system was designed, which is used to guide the technicians in the field. The thesis results supply a practical measure for the work of the above mentioned related agencies and institutions.

In order to accurately measure the surface roughness of the outer strands on aluminum conductor steel reinforced cable, two different methods are proposed to correct the error by the general method using light-section microscope. Comparing the images by staining method and angle amendment method for ACSR cable, it is found that the later is better than staining methods. The result conducts that angle amendment method using light-section microscope is suitable for measuring the surface roughness of the outer strands on ACSR cable.

n the global carbon emission reduction and energy saving environment, the State Grid Corporation is actively establishing energy service system, building a national grid of energy efficiency services data platform. The data through three ways, such as submitted, the existing data extraction and on-line monitoring, are captured for largest energy users, and then uploaded to the company's headquarter data platform through a variety of communication means of the State Grid Corporation private and public network. Headquarter platform take energy efficiency modeling and data analysis with mass data storage, data mining, OLAP, and other technologies.

At present, smart grid is developing in China, in order to reach a safe and economical power system. In the process of establishment of smart grid, transformers which are dissatisfied with the demand of increasing load must be renovated or replaced. Economic costs and loss reduction and energy saving should be taken into account when choose a transformer. According to existing algorithms, a novel algorithm for energy savings of transformer after the original transformer is renovated or replaced. Combined with one practical project, the effectiveness and accuracy of this algorithm have been verified.

Effective vibration control technology for stay cables is extremely critical to safe operations of cable-stayed bridges. This paper focuses on a new cable vibration control technology and introduces an electromagnetic damper being tested for its electrical performance. Control performance of a model cable attached with a passive electromagnetic damper was investigated in the laboratory. The test results show that modal damping ratios of the cable in the first four modes can be improved significantly with the electromagnetic damper. As such, advantages and feasibilities of this new cable vibration controlling system are finally demonstrated.

Combined with the application of a new tensioning device for prestressed CFRP strengthening concrete structures, in order to ensure the safety and determine the reasonable adhesive length of CFRP on steel plate of the anchorage during prestress exerting of CFRP, the tests were carried out to measure the tensile strength of CFRP and the bond strength of CFRP with steel plate considering the influence of different kinds of adhesive. Based on the results, the behaviors of CFRP under tension are analyzed, and the special CFRP glue is chosen as the adhesive of CFRP bonded on steel plate.

According to requirement of the energy conservation of the distribution system, this paper analyses the principle of D-STATCOM reducing Loss and saving energy in distribution system, from the point of reactive power compensation and harmonic filtering in this article from no point of view. Based on instantaneous reactive power theory, a control strategy for the D-STATCOM voltage bridge circuit designed, to use D-STATCOM the purpose to improve the distribution network power factor. The effectiveness and good operating performance of the device and control strategy are certified by simulation with PSCAD/ EMTDC, filtering out the harmonics and compensating reactive power, so as to achieve the purpose of energy conservation Loss Reduction.

AIM: To investigate the mechanism of hyaluronic acid on rabbit chondrocyte apoptosis in vitro induced by NO. METHODS: We cultured rabbit chondrocytes as normal group and added SNP after cultured 24 h as model group. Treated group was added HA. We used cell culture experiment. We tested the activity of mitochondria though MTT. The flow cytometry detected mitochondrial membrane potential, the percentage of apoptosis and intracellular free calcium concentration.RESULTS: HA could elevate the active of chondrocyte mitochondria and MMP; it could decrease the rate of chondrocyte apoptosis and intracellular free calcium concentration.CONCLUSION: HA can inhibit the lowering of the MMP in chondrocyte, which has a stable role on MMP and inhibit apoptosis occurred. This effect may be related to inhibiting of intracellular calcium overload chondrocytes.

AIM: To observe the effect of Sposknikovan on spleen in traumatized mice.METHODS: A total of 60 Kunming mice were randomly divided into three groups: normal group, model group and treatment group. Sposknikovan were administered once by intragastric administration (i.g.), lasting seven days. We stripped each group of mice, weighed spleen and calculated spleen index after an hour when the last administration, then stained by propidium iodide dye. We used FACSAria flow cytometry and ModFit software for cell cycle analysis of spleen cell proliferation index and the proportion of the spleen lymphocyte subsets.RESULTS: A total of 60 Kunming mice were analyzed. ① compared with control group, spleen index of model group decreased significantly, while treatment groups were higher than control and model group. ②Proliferation index of spleen cells in model group was lower than control group; treatment group could increase the proliferation index of mouse spleen cells. ③Compared with control group, the ratio of CD3+ CD4+ /CD3+CD8+ was decreased in model group. The ratio of CD3+CD4+/CD3+CD8+ in treatment group was increased compared with control and model group. CONCLUSION: Sposknikovan retrieved the ratio of CD3+CD4+/CD3+CD8+ and enhanced immune function of spleen in traumatized mice by promoting proliferation of lymphocytes in traumatized mice.

AIMS: To explore gene expressions of Bax and changes of cytC releasing in the CIR hippocampus neuron; to observe the effect on CIR with ligustrazine. METHODS: According to Bannisters, we made ischemia and reperfusion models of rat, and then using ligustrazine to cure; we observed the expression changes of Bax gene in hippocampus neurons by nucleic acid in situ hybridization, detecting cytC release through Western blotting. RESULTS: Ligustrazine protect neuron by reducing neuronal apoptosis induced by CIR, and inhibiting release of cytc by releasing.

To ensure both performance and security of grid-connected photovoltaic inverters(PVI), a detection platform for grid-connected PVI is researched. The testing method and procedures of grid-connected PVI are analyzed and the development course of this detection platform is described in detail. The detection platform consists of control computer, data acquisition system, RS 485 and GPIB system. In this platform, the solar-cell panel is simulated by programmable DC source, the power grid characteristics of power grid by programmable DC source and the load characteristic by programmable controlled RLC load. The whole detection system is controlled by LabVIEW software interface. The proposed detection platform can be used in the testing of electric performance, protection function, EMC and so on. Practical application shows that the configuration of this detection platform is rational and reliable，and its detection results are accurate.

In the process of power Energy Security evaluation, the load curtailment optimization is the crucial key step, which also supplements and perfects the static safe evaluation. In this paper, the LCO’s linear program algorithm is deduced on the basic mathematics model foundation, and programs in Visual Fortran environment. The IEEE bus-5 results in various states are presented to verify the load cutting optimization model.

In order to promote the development of wind power and accelerate the efficient use of new energy sources, countries have brought energy storage systems into grid-connected wind farms to achieve efficient and stable operation of the wind power plant. This paper recounts the latest development status and trend of wind power at home and abroad, and introduces the principle of power conversion between energy storage system and wind farm. Based on the existing research results, it analyses power system stability related to wind power, low voltage ride-through ability of wind turbine, wind power penetration limit, as well as power quality issues. It also describes the new ideas about how to use energy storage technologies to solve the problems faced by the wind power.

In order to reveal the characteristics of surface erosion of transmission line in sand and dust conditions in the northwest of China, an approach of simulating sandstorm flow field and impact on transmission line is proposed. Based on FLUENT model of two phase flow, the velocity flowing around the line and impacting direction between sand and line are analyzed. Simulation results show that the maximum sustained wind speed amounts to 20.9m/s at up and down side of line when the air velocity keeps at 15m/s. The simulation of impacting process based on LS-DYNA shows that the maximum displacements are 0.45×10-3mm, 4×10-3mm and 10×10-3mm and maximum stresses are 0.25Mpa, 7MPa and 16MPa in the three processes which sand size is 0.25mm, 0.50mm and 0.75mm respectively.

The continuous advance of the policy about ‘Energy saving and emission reduction’, along with the continuous development of information technology, control technology, which bring profitable conditions for the monitoring and control over the building (here mainly refers to the large building of government, commercial or industrial user). In particular, a interaction and monitoring system is proposed, which is used to monitor the parameters about energy consumption of energy consumption system or equipment inside the building, in addition the information about the running of the energy consumption system or equipment. At the same time, the relevant units of the energy consumption system or equipment is controlled by the interaction and monitoring system. The interaction and monitoring system for energy saving in building consists of the node for energy saving and monitoring, wireless sensor network (hereinafter referred to as WSN), the platform for energy saving and monitoring, making up the three-layer structure of the interaction and monitoring system inside the building. The node for energy saving and monitoring is a wireless sensor actually, which plays the role as collecting data and controlling. Along with the other nodes for energy saving and monitoring, as well as the nodes acting as repeater, router, coordinator, all nodes inside the building compose the WSN. The node acting as the repeater is of great significance for the transmission of data, especially when some nodes for energy saving and monitoring is located in underground building and some other places where the signal of WSN is blocked, as well as the places far away from the neighbor nodes of WSN. The coordinator is located on the platform for energy saving and monitoring, meanwhile the function of gateway is integrated in the node acting as the coordinator. This node converge the data of the WSN, and transfers the data to the server of the platform for energy saving and monitoring.

C-flute corrugated paperboards with length of 100mm were combined side by side with/without water soluble glue to study the static edgewise crush property. Combinations with different height (20, 25, 40, 60, 80, and 100mm), different number of layers, with or without glue were tested to obtain mechanical property and buffering property data of C-flute corrugated paperboard. The result indicates that the deformation of paperboard combinations can be divided into three stages as elastic-like deform stage, yield-like stage and high plastic deformation stage. The mechanical model of the elastic-like deform stage was built according to numerical fitting, which shows that the relationship between the stress and the quadratic function of strain is exponential.

The cushion design methods based on cushioning coefficient - maximum stress curve were studied. In research work, the cushioning coefficient - maximum stress curve was equivalent to an infinitive equation, and then composed to infinitive equations together with the cushion area and thickness formula. The cushion design methods based on cushioning coefficient - maximum stress curve was characterized as the problem of solving infinitive equations. By this method, the classic cushion area and thickness calculation methods were analyzed. It is believed that the essence of the classic design methods is increasing a restriction to the infinitive equations, as changed the original infinitive equations to posed equations. The research work can help designers deep understanding the traditional cushioning design methods and theories, and can be used to flexible design the cushion structure.

Based on the research on application and design method of combination cushion, the equivalent cushioning coefficient formula of overlay combination cushion made by different cushioning material were derived, and the relevant cushion design method was proposed. The work provides a theory basis for the combination cushion design. The equivalent cushioning coefficient formula can be used conveniently as it is expressed by the material’s property parameters. The research can help to play the advantages of different materials, promote the integrated use of different materials, and carry out economic packaging, green packaging ultimately.

Mechanical spectroscopy is a powerful tool for the investigation of molecular dynamics of amorphous polymers over a large temperature range and frequency scale. In this work, by using high precision shear mechanical spectroscopy tool, we have investigated the segmental dynamics from local segmental relaxation to sub-Rouse modes in a series of amorphous polymers. We have demonstrated the existence of sub-Rouse modes slower than the local segmental motion in amorphous polymers. The sub-Rouse modes exhibit a similar change of dynamics at the same temperature TB ~1.2 Tg, as the local segmental relaxation through the temperature dependence of relaxation time and relaxation strength. Furthermore, the crossover relaxation time of the sub-Rouse modes at TB is almost the same for all the polymers investigated, i.e. τα'(TB) = 10-1±0.5 s, which is independent of molecular weight and molecular structure. This remarkable finding indicates that solely the time scale of the relaxation determines the change in dynamics of the sub-Rouse modes. According to the coupling model, the crossover is suggested to be caused by the onset of strong intermolecular cooperativity below TB. Hence the results suggest that the sub-Rouse modes and their properties are generally found in amorphous polymers by mechanical spectroscopy, and reveal the cooperative nature of the sub-Rouse modes.

The author designed a new device for growing vegetable sprouts and ornamental plants by combining greenhouse design and soil-less cultivation technology together with houses construction, aiming at saving arable land and energy by rapidly producing sprouts or flowers through vertical cultivation by installing the new device on the roof-top of houses in rural areas. Taking into consideration of design ideas, technological process, and the selection of raw materials, along with their practical value and future prospects, the author construct a double-layered, vertically cultivated vaulting greenhouse. As a result, the use of soil-less cultivation techniques on the roofs of houses in the Chinese countryside shows promise as a potential solution to deal with the shortage of arable land. This new cultivation technique may be more effective in promoting agricultural productivity and sustainable development of the economy and society since it can take full advantage of available resources in order to achieve a more economical and intensive use of land. There are three major benefits with roof-top agriculture: First, by using greenhouses located on the tops of roofs, a grower can maximize his utilization of sunlight. Second, roof-top agriculture doesn’t require any additional arable land. Third, the vegetables can be planted all year-round. The life circle of crops was shortened and productivity was promoted. The application of the technology will significantly increase economic efficiency and practical value of the idle roof-tops of houses in rural and suburban areas.

As one of the national medium-long term energy conservation special planning, the energy efficiency for motor system is key projects. On the other hand, a large number of motor systems have a wide range of applications in power system, and almost occupy 60 percent of the end use energy consumption. It is very important to improve motor system energy efficiency for end use energy efficiency improvement. This paper introduces the energy efficiency evaluation methods and testing system for motor and the high-efficiency motor, by the system, energy conservation certification evaluation and energy label technology service are given, thus, the motor efficiency can be known by the testing. The system can help manufacturers and users to make right decision during the models producing and selecting, and it can be meet the technique requirement of the smart grid construction.

To select appropriate diameter of end mill using in rough milling for complex pocket with islands and free form surfaces, an approach of automatic measuring minimum distance between profiles at cutting area is proposed. After obtaining disordered curves from some intersection plane, recognizing loop algorithm and differentiating inner and outer profiles algorithm are developed. Based on the recognized inner and outer profiles, the minimum distance between them can be measured automatically. Case study conducted feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed approach.

To select appropriate diameter of ball mill using to remove all step profiles for complex pocket with islands and free form surfaces in semi-finish milling, an algorithm of obtaining the diameter of maximum ball mill is proposed. Based on the character of semi-finish milling, the select criterion is built. After testing the approximate depth per cut for each step profile, the minimum value is used as the threshold to select maximum diameter of ball mill. Case study demonstrated its feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.