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There is evidence suggesting that infection with SARS-CoV-2 can lead to several long-term sequelae including diabetes. This mini-review examines the rapidly evolving and conflicting literature on new-onset diabetes after COVID-19, which we term NODAC. We searched PubMed, MEDLINE, and medRxiv from inception until December 1, 2022, using Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms and free text words including “COVID-19,” “SARS-CoV-2,” “diabetes,” “hyperglycemia,” “insulin resistance,” and “pancreatic β-cell.” We also supplemented searches by examining reference lists from retrieved articles. Current evidence suggests that COVID-19 increases the risk of developing diabetes, but the attributable risk is uncertain because of limitations of study designs and the evolving nature of the pandemic, including new variants, widespread population exposure to the virus, diagnostic options for COVID-19, and vaccination status. The etiology of diabetes after COVID-19 is likely multifactorial and includes factors associated with host characteristics (eg, age), social determinants of health (eg, deprivation index), and pandemic-related effects both at the personal (eg, psychosocial stress) and the societal-community level (eg, containment measures). COVID-19 may have direct and indirect effects on pancreatic β-cell function and insulin sensitivity related to the acute infection and its treatment (eg, glucocorticoids); autoimmunity; persistent viral residency in multiple organs including adipose tissue; endothelial dysfunction; and hyperinflammatory state. While our understanding of NODAC continues to evolve, consideration should be given for diabetes to be classified as a post-COVID syndrome, in addition to traditional classifications of diabetes (eg, type 1 or type 2), so that the pathophysiology, natural history, and optimal management can be studied.

A fixed-dose combination of phentermine and extended-release topiramate (PHEN/TPM - approved for weight management) has demonstrated in-clinic reduction of blood pressure (BP). Ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM) may be a better predictor of cardiovascular disease risk than in-clinic BP.

It is unclear how adolescent glycemic status relates to brain health in adulthood.

People with a low or high haemoglobin glycation index (HGI) have lower or higher HbA1c than other people with the same FPG. This study compared the prevalence of prediabetes based on FPG, 2hOGTT and HbA1c in people with low, moderate or high HGI. Prediabetes was diagnosed based on ADA cutpoints in 10,488 NHANES participants without self‐reported diabetes. HGI was calculated as the difference between a participant's observed HbA1c and a predicted HbA1c where predicted HbA1c = 0.024 FPG + 3.1. Participants were divided into low (HGI < −0.15%), moderate (HGI −0.15% to +0.15%) and high (HGI > +0.15%) HGI subgroups. The prevalence of prediabetes was 42.4% based on FPG, 27.2% based on HbA1c and 17.2% based on 2hOGTT. FPG and HbA1c thus overdiagnosed prediabetes by 25.2% and 10.0%, respectively, compared to the OGTT gold standard. Prevalence was (1) similar in low, moderate and high HGI participants based on 2hOGTT, (2) highest in low HGI participants based on FPG, and (3) highest in high HGI participants based on HbA1c. Among participants with mismatched FPG and HbA1c, OGTT was normal in (1) 79.5% of participants with normal FPG but prediabetic HbA1c (mean HGI = +0.53%), and (2) 75.2% of participants with normal HbA1c but prediabetic FPG (mean HGI = −0.30%). FPG overdiagnosed prediabetes in people with low HGI. HbA1c overdiagnosed prediabetes in people with high HGI. Clinical use of HGI could improve prediabetes diagnosis and help health care providers avoid inappropriate or delayed treatment of people with extremes of HGI. The prevalence of prediabetes based on 2hOGTT was similar in NHANES participants with low, moderate or high HGI. The prevalence of prediabetes based on FPG was disproportionally higher in low HGI participants while the prevalence of prediabetes based on HbA1c was disproportionally higher in high HGI participants. HGI innovatively incorporates HbA1c and FPG into one value that simplifies risk assessment and limits over diagnosis or underdiagnosis of prediabetes.

The National Patient-Centered Clinical Research Network (PCORnet) supports observational and clinical research using health care data. The PCORnet Antibiotics and Childhood Growth Study is one of PCORnet's inaugural observational studies. We sought to describe the processes used to integrate and analyze data from children across 35 participating institutions, the cohort characteristics, and prevalence of antibiotic use.

AbstractBackground:This study examined the influence of step goals with pedometers to improve children's weight loss, physical activity, and psychosocial health during obesity treatment.Methods:Overweight and obese children ages 8–17 years (n= 105) participated in a 10-week family-based weight management intervention, including physical activity, nutrition, and behavioral modification. A quasi-experimental design was used to group eight cohorts into three conditions: no pedometer (n= 24), pedometer only (n= 25), and pedometer with step goals (i.e., 500 steps/day weekly increase above baseline; n= 56). Height and weight were measured at baseline and week 10 and used to calculate BMI. Analysis of covariance was performed to examine difference by condition for change in weight, BMI, and BMI z-score, controlling for age and baseline value. Differences in steps per day and psychosocial health were compared between the two pedometer conditions.Results:Participants were 12.4 ± 2.5 years of age, including 70% girls and 64% African Americans. The pedometer with goals condition significantly reduced BMI (p= 0.02) and BMI z-score (p= 0.01) compared with the no-pedometer group. The pedometer with goals condition significantly increased steps per day (+1185 ± 425 steps/day) compared with the pedometer-only condition (−162 ± 620 steps/day; p< 0.05). Both pedometer groups similarly increased in subjective health and quality of life.Conclusions:Providing children with pedometers and individualized step goals was an effective approach to produce weight loss. Further work is needed to increase the strength of interventions to achieve clinically meaningful weight reduction for children with obesity.

Given the low levels of physical activity (PA) among adolescent girls in the US, there is a need to identify tools to motivate increased PA. Although there is limited evidence that adolescents transfer PA from one context to another, exergames (i.e., video games that require gross motor activity) may act as a gateway to promote overall PA outside game play. The purpose of this study was to examine potential transfer effects (i.e., influences on external behaviors and psychological constructs) of a 12-week exergaming intervention on adolescent girls' PA, screen time, and self-efficacy toward PA, as well as the intrinsic motivation of exergaming.

Higher serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] is associated with lower type 2 diabetes risk. 25(OH)D varies due to skin pigmentation and weight.

Pediatric obesity has increased from a relatively uncommon problem to one of the most important public health problems facing children today. Typical “adult” diseases, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and dyslipidemia, have become increasingly prevalent in the pediatric population. The earlier presentation of these comorbidities will have a significant impact for the future because this population of children will require more medical resources at an earlier age and will have a significantly decreased life expectancy. The significant morbidity of obesity in the pediatric population has led to consideration of more aggressive treatment protocols for obesity in children, including the introduction of surgical management at an earlier age. Surgery for obesity in adolescents has particular risks and benefits that must be accounted for when considering this approach. The unique psychological and emotional needs of adolescent patients make the patient selection process and perioperative management substantially different from those of adult patients. Initial outcomes of bariatric surgery in adolescents are comparable to those seen in adults in the short term. However, the long-term effects of these procedures on the adolescent population are not known. This review discusses the epidemiology of pediatric obesity, the indications for operative therapy in adolescent patients, the common surgical procedures used for weight loss, the reported outcomes of these procedures, and the importance of multidisciplinary management for this unique patient population.

A high haemoglobin glycation index (HGI) is associated with greater risk for hypoglycaemia and chronic vascular disease. Standardizing how the HGI is calculated would normalize results between research studies and hospital laboratories and facilitate the clinical use of HGI for assessing risk. The HGI is the difference between an observed HbA1c and a predicted HbA1c obtained by inserting fasting plasma glucose (FPG) into a regression equation describing the linear relationship between FPG and HbA1c in a reference population. We used data from the 2005–2016 U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) to identify a reference population of 18,675 diabetes treatment–naïve adults without self‐reported diabetes. The reference population regression equation (predicted HbA1c = 0.024 FPG + 3.1) was then used to calculate the HGI and divide participants into low (<−0.150), moderate (−0.150 to <0.150) and high (≥0.150) HGI subgroups. Diabetes status was classified by OGTTs. As previously reported in multiple studies, a high HGI was associated with black race independent of diabetes status, and with older age, higher BMI and higher CRP in normal and prediabetic but not diabetic participants. The mean HGI was 0.6% higher in self‐reported diabetic adults. The HGI was not associated with plasma insulin, HOMA‐IR or 2 h OGTT in participants classified as normal, prediabetic or diabetic. The regression equation derived from this demographically diverse diabetes treatment–naïve adult NHANES reference population is suitable for standardizing how the HGI is calculated for both clinical use and in research to mechanistically explain population variation in the HGI and why a high HGI is associated with greater risk for chronic vascular disease. The lack of standardization in calculating hemoglobin glycation index (HGI) in diverse populations is a significant barrier to HGI research and its possible clinical use. A simple linear regression equation using fasting glucose and HbA1c derived from the demographically diverse treatment naïve adult NHANES reference population is proposed to standardize the calculation of HGI. Standardizing the calculation of HGI will facilitate research into understanding why some people have discrepant HbA1c levels despite similar blood glucose concentrations and why a high HGI phenotype is associated with greater risk for chronic vascular disease.

While there are eight medications/combinations approved for the treatment of obesity in adults, the options for the treatment of obesity in adolescents remain limited. Evidence for obesity medication use in adolescents is limited due to the relatively small number of clinical trials that have been completed and the few adolescents that have been included in many of the trials. The goal of this review will be to present the current evidence for the medications approved for adolescents, medications not approved for adolescents but have adolescent data, and medications approved for adults with the prospect for use in adolescents. We will also discuss current limitations and next steps in the exploration of future treatment options.