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Foreign exchange hedging ratios are considered alongside freight and commodity ratios in a time-varying portfolio framework, which is a very important derivative instrument to reduce uncertainty for traders. The results of this show that due to low levels of trading activity, the trading of the Baltic International Freight Futures Exchange Freight futures contracts have been stopped.

Market efficiency and unbiasedness are tested in four agricultural commodity futures markets--live cattle, hogs, corn, and soybean meal--using cointegration and error correction models with GQARCH-in-mean processes. Results indicate each market [...]

This paper makes three related points useful in teaching first‐year graduate production theory. First, the local applicability of the classical function coefficient idea for short‐run nonhomogeneous production technologies is shown for returns to scale, satisfaction of second‐order and total conditions for profit maximization, and delineation of the economic region of production in factor space. Second, the general applicability of Euler's Theorem results to nonhomogeneous (variable‐proportional‐return) cases is developed. Lastly, it is shown that short‐run, nonhomogeneous production/yield functions are fully consistent with long‐run linear homogeneity.