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ABSTRACT: This case report describes a 10-year-old boy who presented with comorbid stuttering, ADHD, and Tourette Syndrome. The focus of this case study is the child’s favorable reaction to the non-stimulant Strattera® versus the stimulant Adderall XR® on stuttering behaviors. The family reported increased stuttering, tic behaviors, social anxiety, and communication-related frustration resulting in social isolation shortly after starting the stimulant medication. Consequently, the medical team discontinued the stimulant medication and prescribed the non-stimulant Strattera® to manage the ADHD symptoms. After initiating the non-stimulant medication, the family reported an increased willingness to interact with peers and reduced aggressiveness while interacting with family members. Compared to the disfluency rate and speech patterning from the first evaluation, the child demonstrated a 63% reduction in disfluency rate and a 51% reduction in the proportion of speech behaviors typical of stuttering. However, the non-stimulant medication was linked with a noticeable increase in impulsivity and decrease in attention/focusing in the academic setting.

A long cropmark enclosure at Springfield, Essex, interpreted as a Neolithic cursus, was investigated betwee 1979–85 to confirm its date and establish a site sequence. The enclosure was c. 690 m long and 37–49 m wide the ditch being uninterrupted in all areas examined, features within the interior at the eastern end included a incomplete ring of substantial post-pits which it is suggested originally formed a complete circle. Peterborou pottery, predominately Mortlake style, Grooved Ware, a small amount of Beaker pottery, earlier Bronze Age urn sherds, and flint artefacts of the late 3rd-early 2nd millennium were recovered from the cursus ditch an other features. Collectively the evidence indicates a prolonged period of use. The results of the excavations a described, the site is discussed in its local and regional context and the implications of the excavation for our understanding of cursus monuments are considered.

The purpose of this study was to compare stutterers' and nonstutterers' fluency during multiple productions of two dissimilar speech contexts. Twenty-two adult stutterers were matched within 1 year of age to 22 nonstutterers. Spectrographic analyses were performed on subjects' five consecutively fluent productions of a simple isolated phrase and a phrase extracted from an oral reading passage. Measures of fluent voice onset time (VOT), and vowel, consonant, and total phrase durations were calculated from the five repetitions of each phrase. From the isolated phrase, there were a total of five fluent durational measures (i.e., one VOT, two vowel, one consonant, & one phrase duration). For the phrase taken from the oral reading passage, six fluent measures were obtained (i.e., one VOT, three vowel, one consonant, & one phrase duration). Results demonstrated that only one of the five measurements taken during the isolated phrase condition was significantly different between the groups. Three of the six measures obtained from the phrase taken from the oral reading condition revealed significant between-group differences. No group differences were associated with the repetitions of either phrase for any of the dependent measures for both groups. These findings suggest that the length and complexity of the speech tasks used to obtain acoustic measures of stutterers' fluency play an important role in the discovery of differences between the fluency of the two groups.

The purpose of this study was to examine stutterers' and nonstutterers' fluent voice onset time (VOT) and fundamental frequency (F0) contour measures from target syllables located at the beginning of a carrier phrase. Ten adult male stutterers were matched within one year of age with 10 adult male nonstutterers. Oscillographic and spectrographic analyses of subjects' VOT and F0at vowel onset, average vowel F0, and speed and range of Fo change were obtained from fluent productions of 18 stop consonant-vowel syllables. Results showed that VOTs for voiced stops and the range of F0change for voiceless stops were associated with significant between-group differences. All other dependent measures were not significantly different between the two groups. When eompared with past research, these findings indicate that greater differences emerge between stutterers and nonstutterers when measures of fluency are taken at the beginning than in the middle of a carrier phrase. Implications for future research are discussed.

The excavation of two adjacent round barrows at Trelystan, Long Mountain, Powys, in 1979, has revealed a complex sequence of Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age funerary structures and traces of Late Neolithic settlement. The earliest structure was a large pit grave, dated to about 2400 bc, which was superseded at about 2200 bc by a settlement represented by stake-walled buildings associated with Grooved Ware. Following this some activity took place, possibly domestic, which is represented by sherds probably derived from several southern Beakers, which by analogy with sites elsewhere are to be dated to a period after about 1850 bc. The subsequent Bronze Age cemetery, dated to between about 1800 and 1500 bc (but possibly continuing later), presents a sequence of burial types and structures which can broadly be seen to illustrate a change from the concept of barrow cemetery to that of cemetery barrow. The earliest burials, which consist of cremations in pits and occasionally accompanied by a Food Vessel, were covered by separate small mounds of stone or turf, or a combination of the two. These were eventually overlain by and amalgamated beneath two larger turf barrows associated with Food Vessel Urns, which employed stake circles in their construction and which acted as repositories for additional cremation burials. The cemetery was sited along a pre-existing boundary fence, set up after the Late Neolithic phase, which was renewed at various times throughout the life of the cemetery in response to changes in its layout. A small undated cemetery of inhumation graves, possibly of the Early Christian period, was founded on the eastern side of the barrows at a later date.

The purpose of this study was to determine the amount of change in speakers' vocal intensity when a listener is located at various perceived versus actual physical distances from a speaker. Twelve men and 12 women with normal voices were asked to read a passage at three interspeaker distances in one of two conditions. In the perceived listener condition, participants were asked to “imagine” that the listener was located 3, 15, or 30 ft away. In the actual listener condition, one of the experimenters stood at each one of the three experimental distances. Conditions were counterbalanced. The results showed that men and women increased vocal intensity levels for all three interspeaker distances regardless of the type of condition. However, women showed larger increases than men at all interspeaker distances in both conditions. Data for both men and women combined showed that the amount of increase is <6 dB, which indicates that speakers do not follow the inverse square law when raising vocal intensity. Clinical implications of the results are discussed.

This study was conducted to determine if the reduction of stuttering typically observed during singing is associated with altered vocalization or the familiarity of the melody and lyrics of the song sung by the stutterer, or both. Subjects were eight adult male stutterers. Prior to testing, each of these individuals demonstrated that he knew the melody and lyrics of a well-known song from memory. Subsequently, subjects were asked to read these lyrics aloud and then sing them. Next, subjects had to read aloud and then sing a set of unfamiliar lyrics to the conventional melody of the same song. The stutterers' reading and singing performances were audiotaped. The dependent measures of utterance duration and stuttering frequency were extracted from the tapes. Results showed that subjects' utterance durations were significantly longer during singing than reading. The main effects of singing and familiarity were both associated with significant reductions in stuttering frequency. The greatest decrement in stuttering occurred in the condition where subjects sang the familiar melody and lyrics. These findings were interpreted to mean that changes in vocalization cannot account for all of the decrease in stuttering that occurs during singing. During song, the familiarity of the melody and lyrics being produced may also affect stuttering frequency.

As part of a continuing programme of assessment and investigation of prehistoric activity in the coastal area of E Cleveland, Cleveland County Archaeology Section excavated an insubstantial and enigmatic monument which had a ritual use continuing from the late Neolithic into the early Bronze Age.

The partial excavation under rescue conditions in 1961–63 of the ditches and interior of an enclosure of the earlier neolithic period is described. The enclosure, covering a total area of approximately 2.4 ha, was defined by double concentric interrupted ditches, which were for the most part naturally filled. There were many traces of activity within the interior, presumed to be contemporary with the ditches, including pits, gullies, post- and stake-holes, and varying concentrations of struck and burnt flint and pottery. Human burials were found. There is a little Ebbsfleet pottery in secondary contexts and there are later prehistoric, Roman and medieval finds. It is probably not possible to ascribe a single or specific role to the site, which may have been important as a place where several activities were concentrated, including occupation, subsistence, exchange, enclosure or defence, burial and ritual.

1.Nach Unterbrechung der Farbnervenbahn durch Zerschneidung des Rückenmarks vor dem 15. Wirbel wird die Elritze zuerst tief dunkel.2.Auf weißem Untergrund wird sie nach einigen Tagen hell.3.Eine solche aufgehellte Elritze mit durchtrenntem Rückenmark zeigt immer noch eine Anpassung an hellen und dunklen Untergrund.4.Das Aufhellungszentrum im Rückenmark spielt keine wesentliche Rolle bei diesem Farbwechsel.5.Nach Durchtrennung des Sympathikus ohne Verletzung der Blutgefäße zeigt der denervierte Teil der Haut dieselben Farbreaktionen wie die ganze Haut beim Fisch mit durchtrenntem Rückenmark.6.Einspritzungen mit Hormonen zeigen die starke Empfindlichkeit einer solchen Elritze dem unverletzten Fisch gegenüber.7.Implantationsversuche und Einspritzungen frisch hergestellter Hypophysenextrakte von verschiedenen Tieren führten zu widersprechenden Ergebnissen.8.Einspritzungen von Serum aus hell und dunkel angepaßten Forellen scheinen auf die Existenz eines Verdunkelungshormons bei der Forelle hinzudeuten.9.Nach Entfernung der Hypophyse bei Elritzen mit durchschnittenem Rückenmark können die Fische im weißen Aquarium nicht mehr hell werden.10.Nach Entfernung der Hypophyse bei der sonst normalen Elritze zeigt der Fisch nicht mehr seine normalen Farbreaktionen. Er kann auf weißem Untergrund nicht mehr die volle Helligkeit erreichen.Auf schwarzem Untergrund kann er eine tief dunkle Färbung nur für eine verhältnismäßig kurze Zeit halten.11.Ein die Melanophoren zusammenballendes Hormon wird in der Hypophyse der Elritze abgesondert, und zwar wahrscheinlich im Vorderlappen.12.Einige Beobachtungen deuten darauf hin, daß ein die Melanophoren ausbreitendes Hormon im Zwischenlappen der Hypophyse der Elritze abgesondert wird. Diese Beobachtungen sind aber nicht beweisend.13.Die Elritze mit durchtrenntem Rückenmark wird von der Lichtintensität beeinflußt. Beleuchtung ruft eine Ausbreitung der Melanophoren hervor, während sie im Dunkeln mehr zusammengeballt sind. Der beschriebene Einfluß des Lichtes ist lokaler Art.14.Versuche werden beschrieben die Anhaltspunkte geben, daß nicht nur die Melanophoren kontrahierende Nervenfasern, sondern auch expandierende Nervenfasern vorhanden sind.

Minnows were subjected to spinal section at different levels between vertebrae 4 and 15, and the degree of dispersion of all the main melanophore regions was recorded in terms of the melanophore index. Records were made of the times required to reach equilibrium (a) when the fish were placed after the operation on a black or white illuminated background, and (b) when the fish at equilibrium on a black or white background were subjected to background reversal. These records show that the times necessary for the melanophores to reach equilibrium on a given background are of the same order at all the vertebral levels investigated. There is considerable variation in the degree of dispersion of similar melanophore regions of different individuals under the same conditions of operation and background. The nature of these individual differences is not known. Apart from the possibility of incomplete section of chromatic nerve fibres near the 15th vertebra, there appears to be no correlation between the chromatic behaviour and the level of the operation ; i.e. there is no indication that any activity of the spinal paling centre is being affected by spinal section at the different levels. The results of experiments involving the elimination of the spinal paling centre were tested statistically. Within the limits of this treatment, based upon the melanophore index, it was concluded that the spinal paling centre plays no part in these colour changes. Spinal section was carried out anterior to the 1st spinal nerve in order to interrupt the path of von Gelei’s dispersing fibres. Statistical treatment of the results indicates that these fibres are playing no part in these colour changes. Experiments involving combined spinal and autonomic section confirm the conclusions given in paragraphs 6 and 7. Since no activity of the nervous system arising from the spinal paling centre or resulting from the background through von Gelei’s dispersing fibres appears to be involved, the colour changes of these spinal minnows in response to illuminated backgrounds must be controlled by hormones alone. In these spinal fish the various melanophore regions do not all react equally in terms of the melanophore index. Thus, those of the lateral stripe and associated dark pattern tend to have relatively higher M.I. values under all conditions.

Records were made of the times required for the melanophores of the normal minnow to reach equilibrium when the fish is transferred from one to another of the following conditions : on an illuminated white background; on an illuminated black background; in darkness. These times give further evidence of the parts played by nervous and hormonal mechanisms in the colour change of the minnow. After section of the spinal cord between the 5th and the 12th vertebrae the fish darkens but gradually becomes pale again if kept on an illuminated white background. Such fish can still show a slow colour change: dark on a black background, pale on a white background and intermediate in darkness. Observations of the times required for these colour changes in the spinal minnow show that these no longer resemble those associated with the unoperated fish; rather, they resemble the time intervals associated with amphibian colour change. Further consideration of the times required for colour change in the spinal minnow indicate that there is not only a hormone causing aggregation of the melanophores but also a hormone causing melanophore dispersion. The part played by double innervation of the melanophores is considered.

LITTLE is known of regenerative processes in the central nervous system of lower vertebrates. In fishes a few experiments have been made on the spinal cord. Koppányi and Weiss1, Pearcy and Koppányi2and Hooker3cut the cord of Carassius carassius and C. auratus and reported the reappearance of locomotory movements after 8–10 weeks and cases of morphological regeneration. Hooker4transected the cord in young specimens of Lebistes reticulatus and claimed full co-ordination of movement in little over 4 days after the operation. Kirsche5carried out spinal section in adult L. reticulatus and reported both physiological and morphological regeneration of the cord 15 days after the operation. Like previous investigators he assessed physiological regeneration by observing the locomotory movements. He also reported a posterior twitch following electrical stimulation of the cord anterior to the section.