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The last two decades have been marked by a dramatic increase in global attention to the concept of governance, especially in relation to the effective and sustainable management of natural resources. Furthermore. South Africa has been through a rapid transition to democracy since 1994 with significant changes in government, society and within the legislative environment. Despite the highly desirable attributes of these landmark pieces of legislation, almost a decade after their promulgation South African government authorities are still struggling to implement the requirements of these Acts. An investigation by the South African CSIR into the reasons for the nonimplementation indicated that an incomplete understanding of the importance of governance was a central reason for the lack of successful implementation and that the concept of "governance" had not really been fully defined or explored. Countries and regions differed in their understanding and interpretation of "governance", whilst equally wide differences were recorded in countries that had different levels of socio-economic and political development. In an effort to unpack the so-called "black box" of governance, a group of international specialists were invited to review governance issues related to their areas of technical specialization, covering different levels of development and maturity of democracy. Each specialist was challenged to interrogate a new "Trialogue" hypothesis on governance. A selection of the manuscripts is published in this special edition of Water Policy entitled Ecosystem Governance in Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The International Symposium on Ecosystem Governance held in South Africa during 2005 enabled scientists from several disciplines to debate issues relating to governance. The symposium provided an opportunity to explore the concept of governance, particularly as it relates to ecosystem governance, by interrogating the concepts of a Trialogue Model: and helped to develop a set of pointers for research on ecosystem governance that could stimulate future cooperation. The working hypothesis is that the Trialogue Model consists of six essential elements, and that successful governance i.e. good governance depends on the balance that is achieved between these elements. The key issues relating to ecosystem governance are presented in this special edition of Water Policy. Each paper interrogates the Trialogue Model, while the pointers for research on ecosystem governance provide a useful way forward for the implementation of government tools. The Trialogue Model of governance provides a simple conceptual construct that directs discussion about current governance processes and structures at different scales. This introductory paper provides an overview of the papers in this special edition, and outlines the set of proposals for research on ecosystem governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Open‐ended plastic tubes were used as capsules for obtaining interstitial fluid from rabbits. The capsule was a 2.5 cm long plastic tube with an inner diameter of 6 mm. Three small incisions were made in the dorsal mid‐line of the anaesthetized rabbit; two capsules were inserted into each incision. A sample of capsular fluid was obtained 6 weeks later by inserting a hypodermic needle through the skin. The volume of fluid obtained from the capsule was sufficient for the analysis of total protein, albumin, albumin:globulin ratio, colloid osmotic pressure and the fluid viscosity. Despite the significantly lower total protein, albumin, globulin and colloid pressure of intracapsular fluid compared with plasma, the intracapsular fluid was found to have a greater viscosity. It is our opinion that the increased viscosity of the intracapsular fluid is due to the presence of a high molecular weight substance other than albumin and globulin, possibly hyaluronan.

1. Bovine serum albumin injected into conscious rabbits produced a dose‐dependent fever of short latency and duration of at least 2 1/2 hr. 2. The fever was not due to contamination by other proteins nor due to contamination by bacterial endotoxin. 3. The fever following albumin injection had characteristics similar to endogenous pyrogen fever. 4. Some traditional ways of distinguishing bacterial endotoxin fever from other types of fever need to be reassessed.

As very few of the competitors in a triathlon are truly specialist in more than one of the three disciplines, high levels of physical (and mental) stress may result during the course of the event. We investigated some of the physiological responses occurring in runners participating in an “Iron Man” triathlon consisting of canoeing (20 km), cycling (90 km) and running (42 km), in that sequence.

Arms and the African: Military Influences on Africa's International Relations edited by William J. Foltz and Henry S. Bienen Yale University Press, New Haven (Connecticut), and London, 1985. xv plus 221 pp. including map, tables, appendix and index. $22,50.Language, Society and Paleoculture: Essays by Edgar C. Polome Stanford University Press, Stanford, California, 1982. xiii plus 387 pp. including bibliography. $20,00.Indigenous Agricultural Revolution: Ecology and Food Production in West Africa by Paul Richards Hutchinson, London, 1985. 192 pp. including figures, tables, illustrations, appendix, bibliography and index. $12,95.Rural-Urban Balance: Policy and Practice in Ten African Countries by T.J.D. Fair Africa Institute of South Africa, Pretoria, 1985. 37 pp. including tables, map and references. R4,00 paperback.Hundert Jahre Afrika und die Deutschen edited by Wolfgang Höpker Günther Neske (for the Deutsche Afrika-Stiftung), Pfullingen (West Germany), 1984. 178 pp. including map and illustrations. DM28,00.Kenya: The Quest for Prosperity by Norman N. Miller Westview Press, Boulder (Colorado), and Gower, London, 1984. x plus 180 pp. including map, illustrations, figures, tables, notes, bibliography and index. £14,45.Colonial Evangelism: A Socio-Historical Study of An East African Mission at the Grassroots by T.O. Beidelman Indiana University Press, Bloomington, 1982. xix plus 274 pp. including maps, tables, notes, bibliography and index. $12,50 paperback.Zimbabwe: A Revolution that Lost its Way? by André Astrow Zed Press, London, 1983. xv plus 254 pp. including maps, tables, notes, bibliography and index. R.20,75 paperback.Where are the Ju/Wasi of Nyae Nyae?: Changes in a Bushman Society, 1958-1981 by John Marshall and Claire Ritchie Centre for African Studies, University of Cape Town, 1984. ix plus 187 pp. including diagrams, tables, maps, illustrations, appendices and references. R3,50 paperback.South Africa in its International Context: Some Historical Reflections by F.H. Hinsley, Noel Garson and Sara Pienaar South African Institute of International Affairs, Johannesburg, October 1986 (Bradlow Series, No. 4). 14 pp. R10,00 paperback.The Surplus People: Forced Removals in South Africa by Laurine Platzky and Cherryl Walker Ravan Press, Johannesburg, 1985. xxxiii plus 446 pp. including maps, tables, illustrations, bibliography and index. R.14,95 paperback.From Control to Confusion: The Changing Role of Administration Boards in South Africa, 1971-1983 by Simon Bekker and Richard Humphries Shuter and Shooter, Pietermaritzburg, 1985. 258 pp. including maps, tables, notes, appendices, bibliography and index. R20,00 paperback.The Ambiguities of Dependence in South Africa: Class, Nationalism, and the State in Twentieth-Century Natal by Shula Marks Ravan Press, Johannesburg, 1986. ix plus 171 pp. including map, illustrations, appendix, notes and index. R.13,50 paperback.Khoikhoi and the Founding of White South Africa by Richard Elphick Ravan Press, Johannesburg, 1985. xxii plus 266 pp. including maps, references, bibliography and index. R14,95 paperback.The Colonization of the Southern Tswana, 1870-1900 by Kevin Shillington Ravan Press, Johannesburg, 1985. xxii plus 311 pp. including maps, tables, illustrations, notes, appendices, bibliography and index. R18,00 paperback.John Blades Currey, 1850 to 1900: Fifty Years in the Cape Colony edited by Phillida Brooke Simons Brenthurst Press, Johannesburg, 1986. 275 pp. including illustrations, notes, appendix, bibliography and index. R.195,00.The World of Can Themba: Selected Writings edited by Essop Patel Ravan Press, Johannesburg, 1985. 244 pp. R6,95 paperback.

Summary.The growth of the testicular artery was restricted on one side in young bulls and subsequent testicular development was monitored. After the animals had been killed, the testes were studied histologically and compared with testes from hypoplastic bulls. The growth rate of testes from the experimental side was significantly lower than that of testes from the sham-operated side over a period of 578 days. At death, the experimental testes had a mean (± sd) mass of 76 (± 41) g compared with 220 (± 31) g for the control testes. The sham-operated testes accounted for 0·071 (± 0·008)% of live body mass compared with 0·025 (± 0·014)% for the experimental testes. The seminiferous tubules in the sham-operated testes had a mean diameter (±sd) of 211 (± 25) μm, whereas those of the artery-restricted testes and hypoplastic testes were significantly smaller (152 (± 37) and 145 (± 45) μm, respectively). In the artery-restricted and hypoplastic testes, the interstitial tissue accounted for a significantly greater proportion of the testicular tissue than in the sham-operated testes and spermatogenesis was either totally absent or present in only a small proportion of tubules. It is suggested that the artery-restricted testes could be used as a model for testicular hypoplasia.Keywords:testicular growth; artery; occlusion; spermatogenesis; hypoplasia; bulls

Summary.The biased unilateral occurrence of heritable gonadal hypoplasia was investigated by examining the gross- and microanatomy of the testicular artery and vein, testicular blood flow and testicular testosterone secretion in normal Nguni bulls and in Nguni bulls showing unilateral left, unilateral right and bilateral hypoplasia of the testis. A high incidence of branching of the testicular artery was found ipsilateral to hypoplastic testes. The branching occurs a short distance from the dorsal aorta: one branch proceeds to the testis, the other to the ipsilateral kidney. The association between arterial branching to the kidney and ipsilateral hypoplasia of the testis held for both unilaterally left and unilaterally right hypoplastic bulls. Variations in the anatomy of the testicular vein occurred in both normal and hypoplastic bulls but there was no specific association between the variations and ipsilateral hypoplasia. The lumen diameter of the testicular artery or branch correlated with testis mass. Wall thickness of the artery ipsilateral to hypoplastic testes was not different from that in normal bulls, discounting hyperplasia of the endothelium. Total blood flow to the testis correlated with testis mass. The secretion rate of testosterone from hypoplastic testes was lower than that of normal testes but there was no difference when compared on a unit mass basis.Keywords:testis; hypoplasia; vascular anomalies; testosterone; bulls

This study compares the effects of ethylenediamine tetra-acetate (EDTA) and heparin in various concentrations as anticoagulants on the microhaematocrit values of the blood of five species of freshwater fish. EDTA always produced haemolysis after a time interval ranging from 1 to 48 hrs and increased cell volume. Heparin in powdered form was found to be the anticoagulant of choice although minor haematological changes do occur, but it is stressed that preliminary experiments must be done to examine the effects of the anticoagulant before routine haematologic analyses are preformed.

The effectiveness of EDTA (dipotassium and disodium salts) and heparin as anticoagulants for the blood of puffadders and pigeons has been investigated. In the case of the snakes all three substances produced haemolysis after variable time intervals, and increases in cell volume were observed. In the case of the pigcons, samples stored at 4° C showed lower haematocrit values and haemolysed sooner than samples stored at room temperature.

The nature of the electrophile (S or Se) added to (I) as well as the temp. of reaction determines whether carbene complexes or thione and selenone complexes are formed.

The insertion of (II) into the metal carbene bonds affords complexes such as (III).