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ABSTRACT The ability of a reinforced concrete structure to absorb energy and maintain applied loads is a vitally important concept and requirement in structural design and yet, in comparison with [...]

The ability to redistribute moment within a reinforced concrete frame or structure is an intrinsic requirement in design. This is generally dealt with using the established neutral axis depth factor, the kuapproach, with fixed hinge lengths, which require the flexural member to fail by concrete crushing and which, in turn, requires large strains in the tension reinforcement. As longitudinally plated flexural members tend to fail by plate debonding or plate fracture before the concrete crushes, an alternative approach is presented which is based on variable hinge lengths, which can cope with beam failure at any tension reinforcement strain, and which can be applied to both longitudinally plated and unplated structures.

Orthene Medicaps were effective in protecting foliage on grand fir, Abies grandis (Dougl.), and in reducing populations of Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman on grand fir and Douglas fir, Pseudotsuga menziessi var. glauca (Beissn.) Franco. A dosage of one cartridge (0.8 g of acephate) per 10 cm of trunk circumference was applied at three times based on bud development (tight bud, bud well, and bud burst), two tree heights (7.7 ± 1.5 and 15.4 ± 1.5 m), and two tree species (grand fir and Douglas fir). Acephate and methamidophos residue levels, monitored in midcrown foliage, sufficient to cause larval mortality, were detected 28 days after treatment.