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The energy supply sector, encompassing vital components such as generation, transmission, and distribution, holds a pivotal role in satisfying the energy demands of modern society. Its intricate web of technologies and infrastructure ensures the reliable provision of electricity from diverse fuel sources, bolstering economic advancement and enhancing overall living standards worldwide. In the context of ongoing global energy transitions, the energy sector assumes a critical role in addressing the escalating demand for alternative energy sources and adapting resource allocation strategies to align with evolving societal energy requirements. Nonetheless, the energy supply sector confronts formidable challenges, including infrastructure degradation and grid instability. Not only that, but the demand of energy supply is also expected to rise by 50% by 2050. To counter these issues and enable predictive maintenance and grid optimization, digital twin solutions have emerged as a necessity. This is particularly significant as industry integrates renewable and non-renewable energy sources while managing risks in a dynamic energy landscape that undergoes constant transformation. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the myriad applications, benefits, and impediments associated with digital twin technology within the energy supply sector. Employing a methodological framework grounded in systematic reviews, detailed case studies, and extensive data analysis, this review article utilizes illustrative diagrams and visual aids to enhance clarity and comprehension. These pedagogical tools elucidate essential concepts for the deployment of digital twin technology in the energy supply industry. The analysis reveals that 4.81% (35 out of 727) of the reviewed papers explored the application of digital twins in various energy sectors. The review paper yields several significant findings, including a meticulous synthesis of existing literature, an in-depth examination of case studies, an exploration of emerging trends, and the provision of informative visual aids. These collective insights offer a comprehensive grasp of the application and impact of digital twin technology in the energy supply sector.

This study focuses on investigating the impact of flow patterns on production in perforated horizontal wellbores. According to experimental and numerical results, this paper discussion the behaviour of total pressure drop, mixture superficial velocity, void fraction, liquid film thickness, and production that occur with various flow patterns in a perforated horizontal pipe. The flow patterns were predicted experimentally and numerically using a pipe with a length of 3 m and an internal diameter of 0.0381 m, with two perforations of inside diameter 0.004 m with a phasing angle of °180, to simulate the complex flow in horizontal wellbores. Total pressure drop and liquid film thickness were reduced by increasing the radial air flow of the perforations. At the same time, void fraction and mixture superficial velocity were observed to increase. Additionally, the film thickness increased with the holdup fraction but decreased with the void fraction. The local friction factor reflected the behaviour of the mixture's superficial velocity during the region of the perforations. The friction factor with the perforated horizontal pipe was greater than that in the unperforated horizontal pipe. The liquid product increased with an increase in the mixture's superficial velocity, and the percentage amounts of production shown were 10%, 40%, and 75%, depending on the water's superficial velocity. The convergence between experimental and numerical results was good during the flow patterns (slug flow and stratified flow). In contrast, some differences in the static pressure drop behaviour occur during flow patterns (bubble flow, dispersed bubble flow, and stratified wave flow).

In order to achieve complete combustion of fuel in common thermal power plant, the process of coal fuel classification is crucial, which often governs by classifier in pulverizer. This is because smaller size of coal particle has higher surface area, and therefore able to produce higher combustion efficiency. This paper describes the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations of coal pulverizer were done for classifier with different blade length and at different opening angle. The objective of the work is to evaluate optimum classifier design with the highest coal fineness output and separation efficiencies. Preliminary work of validating simulation result with experimental result of classifier with initial geometry was done, and good agreement was obtained. Grade efficiencies and sharpness of cut of each different classifier model were determined by plotting of Tromp curves. Simulation studies showed that classifier blade length of 313.94 mm at 40° was found to be optimum, with 71.5% of particles passing fine size sieve (75 μm) and 0.1852 sharpness of cut. Classification of fine coal by the optimum classifier model is improved by 10%, as compared to original classifier model used in industry.

Gas turbines are capable to utlize variety of fuel including natural gas, fuel oils and synthetic gas. It has environmental advantages and thus gas turbines are favourable in the power generating industries. The use of synthetic gas or syngas may reduce the CO2 and NOx emissions. The efficiency of syngas is comparable with natural gas. With the current constrain on the environmental issues, the use of syngas in gas turbines has been increasing. Despite its many advantages, the study on the combustion characteristics still remains a challenge, due to its variety fuel components. This paper aims to discuss the CFD analysis on the flame and flue gas temperature distribution in a full scale microgas turbine operating on syngas. Three cases were simulated with variety of natural gas concentration. A base case firing natural gas (100% methane) was first established using actual operation. Validation on the combustion model is made by comparing the flame temperature distribution of methane with reasonable accuracy. Simulation results with syngas show similar flame temperature distribution as natural gas combustion. The average temperature is much dependent on the composition of methane in syngas. The highest temperature given by syngas is made from the highest methane composiotion.

Study on the flow and combustion behavior inside gas turbine combustor used in thermal power plant is described in this paper. The combustion process takes place using synthetic gas and emphasis is given to the effect of pressure variation on flame profile, temperature distribution and emissions as compared to the conventional combustion using methane. The operating pressure of the can-type combustor varies in the range of 1-10 atm. while the syngas composition is assumed to have fixed values of 10% CH4, 55% CO, 30% H2 and 5% N2. Preliminary result shows that the flow inside the can-combustor is highly swirling which indicates good mixing of fuel and air prior to the entrance of the mixture to the main combustion zone. The temperature distribution at combustor mid plane show identical pattern for pressure range between 1-10 atm for both maximum and average temperature magnitude.

Study on the flow and combustion behavior inside gas turbine combustor used in thermal power plant is described in this paper. The combustion process takes place using synthetic gas and emphasis is given to the effect of pressure variation on flame profile, temperature distribution and emissions as compared to the conventional combustion using methane. The operating pressure of the can-type combustor varies in the range of 1-10 atm. while the syngas composition is assumed to have fixed values of 10% CH4, 55% CO, 30% H2 and 5% N2. Preliminary result shows that the flow inside the can-combustor is highly swirling which indicates good mixing of fuel and air prior to the entrance of the mixture to the main combustion zone. The temperature distribution at combustor mid plane show identical pattern for pressure range between 1-10 atm for both maximum and average temperature magnitude.

This paper describes the analysis of the fundamental effect of synthetic gas combustion in a can-type combustor using Computational Fluid Dynamic(CFD). Emphasis is given towards the effect of variation of methane to the flame profile, temperature distribution and heat flux in the combustor. In this study, the composition of hydrogen in the syngas was fixed at 30% while methane and carbon monoxide were varied. Results show that the flame temperature and NOx emissions are highly dependent on the composition of methane in the syngas fuel. Nevertheless, the overall NOx emission for all cases is relatively lower than the conventional pure natural gas combustion.

This analysis considers the computational simulations of the temperature distribution of a propane-air customary flame combusted from an aeronautical fire-certification set according to the ISO2685standard. The numerical codes have been executed in Computational Fluid Dyanmics using the k-ω SST turbulence model coupled with eddy-dissipation. The resultshowsthat the maximum predicted temperature using the standard flame settings exceeds the required temperature for evaluation of a fire-resistive material. The mole fractions of the by-products, carbon dioxide and water have also been predicted.

Tangentially fired boilers are widely used in generating electricity power due to its advantage of distributing heat evenly to all furnace walls. However, this type of boiler poses common temperature deviation at the upper furnace which may lead to temperature imbalance. This consequently may reduce the performance of the boiler which cannot be simply ignored. This paper investigates the flow and temperature imbalance in a 700 MW coal-fired boiler at full load and reduced load conditions. The effect of loading condition towards the temperature imbalance is investigated. It is observed that temperature imbalance occurs at the reheater plane between left wall and right wall where higher temperature was found near the left wall. Temperature imbalance is influenced by the loading condition, the higher the loading the higher the imbalance.

This paper presents CFD analysis of the effect of syngas combustion in a full scale gas turbine combustor with specific emphasis given to the flame and flue gas temperature distribution. A base case solution was first established using conventional natural gas combustion. Actual operating boundary conditions such as swirl, diffusion and fuel mass flow were imposed on the model. The simulation result is validated with the flame temperature of typical natural gas combustion. Result from flow and combustion calculation shows reasonable trend of the swirl mixing effect. The maximum flame temperature was found to be the highest for syngas with the highest H2/CO ratio. However, the flue gas temperature was found to be approximately identical for all cases. The prediction of temperature distribution in the combustor would enable further estimation of pollutant species such as CO2 and NOx in complex regions within the combustor.