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Almost all farmers are unaware that rice straw and paunch manure are potential feedstocks for bioethanol besides organic fertilizer, biochar, and biogas. Farmers' perceptions regarding the multiattributes of bioethanol development are still underestimated, indicating that farmers are still indecisive about the potential use of rice straw and paunch manure as feedstock for bioethanol. They still need extension and training to improve their knowledge. The Location Quotient (LQ) value of rice straw and cattle paunch manure is > 1, indicating that Karanganyar Regency could become a base for bioethanol development from rice straw and cattle paunch manure.

This study aims to examines composition and essential nutrients of cyanobacterium flour produced from Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) fermented by yeast on a small scale. During the study, amino acids, volatile organic compounds, SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy), and proximate composition of fermented and unfermented spirulina were compared. The results showed that fermentation enhanced the levels of total and essential amino acids. This showed that fermentation altered the amino acids and fatty acid profiles, thereby improving the nutritional value of spirulina.

This study investigates the medicinal properties of Rhodomyrtus tomentosaby extracting its bioactive compounds with n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol. Ethyl acetate extract had the highest total phenolic content, while hexane extract had the lowest. The ethanol extract had the highest total flavonoid content, with hexane extract having the lowest. Ethanol extract showed the highest antioxidant activity with an IC50value of 28.61±0.56 μg/mL. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry profiling identified major compounds like menthol and salicylic acid. Fraction 6, with rhodomyrtone content of 728 μg/mL, had the most dominant rhodomyrtone compound. Higher solvent polarity correlated with higher total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity, but lower saponin content. Based on its contents, further studies are needed to investigate its ability to reduce enteric methane, enhance immunity, and adapt to climate change, both in vitroand in vivoin ruminant livestock.

The objective of the research is to determine acoustic properties of durian (Durio zibethinusMurr.) cv Sunan by ultrasonic method. Twelve mature durians of (95±3) days after fullbloom and 12 immature durians of (70±3) days after fullbloom were used to determine the velocity and the attenuation. For this proposes, a measurement system based on ultrasonic method was developed and controlled by a PC computer. The experimental apparatus for measuring the transmission of the ultrasonic wave was developed consist of 1) an ultrasonic tester, 2) a transmitter and receiver transducer (50 kHz), 3) an analog oscilloscope, 4) a digital oscilloscope, 5) an A/D converter and 6) a personal computer. A low frequency (50 kHz) ultrasonic was used and placed underwater to transmit and receive ultrasound signal. The ultrasonic signal transmitted through the durian fruit sampled and displayed on the digital oscilloscope. An interface PC Lab Card was used to transfer the signal stored in the digital oscilloscope to the PC computer. The power spectra were obtained by means of Fast Fourier Transfonn (FFT) techniques. The attenuation calculated with formula Ax= A0e-αxand the velocity calculated by formula V=(Δt - L/Vwater)/L. The result shows that mature durian had attenuation of 0.521 dB/cm and the immature one was 0.311 dB/cm. The velocity of mature durian was 423.49 m/sec and the immature one was 538.64 m/sec. The relationship between velocity and quality indices were linear (r2= 0.82 for firmness and r2= 0.73 for sugar content). The relationship between attenuation, and quality indices seems to be exponential with r2= 0.83 for firmness and r2= 0.73 for sugar content.