Search

ABSTRACT:Over two decades since the Good Friday Agreement was signed, social spaces remain heavily contested in Northern Ireland. On the one hand, top-down approaches toward ushering in a new spatiality for a shared future have had limited success. On the other hand, there is increasing evidence that a 'shared future' disconnected from local historical and cultural contexts is unsustainable. By studying the debates surrounding three contemporary 'shared spaces' in East Belfast—the Titanic Quarter, the proposed Naíscoil na Seolta and East Belfast GAA Club—this paper studies why some spaces are more acceptable to the general public compared to others. At a time when recent elections suggest that the region is at the cusp of political change, this paper argues that a new spatiality with grassroots community initiatives at its core must be simultaneously imagined in Belfast.

We present a comprehensive study of the synthesis, structure, and magnetic properties of the honeycomb oxide Na3Mn2SbO6supported by neutron diffraction, heat capacity, and magnetization measurements. The refinements of the neutron diffraction patterns (150, 50, and 45 K) using the Rietveld method confirm the monoclinic (S. G. C2/m) structure. Temperature-dependent magnetic susceptibilities measured at varying fields along with the heat capacity measurements demonstrate the coexistence of long-range ordering (∼42 K) and short-range ordering (∼65 K). The field-dependent isothermal magnetization measurements at 5 K indicate a spin-flop transition around 5 T. Rietveld refinements of the low-temperature (below 45 K) neutron diffraction data further confirm the long-range magnetic ordering. In addition, the temperature variation of the lattice parameters obtained from the neutron powder diffraction analysis exhibited a distinct anomaly near the antiferromagnetic transition temperature. The appearance of the concomitant broadened backgrounds in the neutron powder diffraction data collected at 80, 50, and 45 K supports the short-range ordering. The resultant magnetic structure consists of spins that are aligned antiparallel with the nearest neighbors and also with the spins of the adjacent honeycomb layers. The occurrence of a fully ordered magnetic ground state (Neel antiferromagnetic (AFM)) in Na3Mn2SbO6consolidates the significance of fabricating new honeycomb oxides.

•Heavy metal contamination in the tropical Indian estuary sediments was investigated.•Pollution indices highlight that metals are derived from anthropogenic sources.•Metals are strongly influenced by sediment texture and organic content.•The rapid urbanization and industrial development elevate heavy metals concentrations.

Microplastics (MPs) are one of the major substantial pollutants in the environment and are stored in sediments worldwide, especially in marine environments. This study shed light on the abundance, distribution, sources and chemical composition of MPs present in the surface sediments collected from the shelf part of the southeast coast of India, Bay of Bengal. A total of twenty-seven surface sediment samples were collected to study MPs pollution. The abundance and morphological characteristics of MPs were determined by counting using an Olympus SXZ7 stereo microscope. Raman spectroscopy analysis was used to identify the polymer type of the MPs. The average abundance of MPs in the study area is 460±275 MPs/kg in dry sediment. Regarding colour, transparent particles were predominant (46.42%), followed by blue, green, brown, etc. With respect to particle shape and size, fibres and 500-µm sized MPs are abundant. Polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and polystyrene (PS) are the polymer types characterised in the study area. The higher abundance of MPs in the study area can be attenuated to human interruptions, viz., tourism, fishing and inappropriate sewage disposal in the marine environment. In addition to this, population density also plays an important role in providing MPs to the marine environment. This study provides the most valuable data to extrapolate the research for mitigating MP pollution in oceans. It also informs mankind about their disastrous activities on the marine environment, which is expected to recuperate quickly and negatively impact human health and the functionality of the marine system.

Patients who undergo heart valve replacements with mechanical valves need to take Vitamin K Antagonists (VKA) drugs (Warfarin, Nicoumalone) which has got a very narrow therapeutic range and needs very close monitoring using PT-INR. Accessibility to physicians to titrate drugs doses is a major problem in low-middle income countries (LMIC) like India. Our work was aimed at predicting the maintenance dosage of these drugs, using the de-identified medical data collected from patients attending an INR Clinic in South India. We used artificial intelligence (AI) - machine learning to develop the algorithm. A Support Vector Machine (SVM) regression model was built to predict the maintenance dosage of warfarin, who have stable INR values between 2.0 and 4.0. We developed a simple user friendly android mobile application for patients to use the algorithm to predict the doses. The algorithm generated drug doses in 1100 patients were compared to cardiologist prescribed doses and found to have an excellent correlation.

Background:Vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) are class I oral anticoagulants that are widely prescribed following surgical heart valve implantation. The objective of this study was to quantify the relative effects of VKORC1, CYP2C9and CYP4F2genotypes in predicting VKA dosing. Materials & methods:A total of 506 South Indian patients with mechanical prosthetic heart valves who were prescribed oral VKAs, such as warfarin or acenocoumarol, were genotyped. The discriminatory ability of mutant genotypes to predict dose categories and bleeding events was assessed using regression analysis. Results:The VKORC1rs9923231, CYP2C9*3and CYP4F2*3mutant genotypes significantly influenced VKA-dose requirements and explained 27.47% of the observed dose variation. Conclusion:These results support pharmacogenetic screening for initial VKA dosing among South Indian patients with mechanical prosthetic heart valves.

This manuscript is devoted to the existence theory of a class of random fractional differential equations (RFDEs) involving boundary condition (BCs). Here we take the corresponding derivative of arbitrary order in ψ-Hilfer sense. By utilizing classical fixed point theory and nonlinear analysis we establish some basic results of the qualitative theory such as existence, uniqueness and stability of solutions to the considered boundary value problem of RFDEs. Further, for the justification of our analysis we provide two examples.

In this paper, the hyperkagome lattice of Gd spins in a garnet compound, Gd3CrGa4O12, is studied using bulk measurements and density functional computations, and the observation of large magnetocaloric effect corresponding to an entropy change, ΔSm= 45 J kg–1K–1(≈ 45 J mol–1K–1) at 2 K, 8 T is reported. Though the compound defies long-range magnetic order down to 0.4 K, a broad feature below 10 K is observed in the specific heat with two low temperature anomalies at T* ≈ 0.7 K and TS≈ 2.45 K. The anomaly at T* is reminiscent of one in Gd3Ga5O12, where it is related to the development of a complex magnetic phase, whereas the TS-peak is accounted for by a multilevel Schottky-like model. The spin–lattice relaxation times studied by nuclear magnetic resonance experiments show that the relaxation is dominated by the magnetic fluctuations in Cr which has a longer relaxation time compared to that of the garnet, Lu3CrGa4O12containing a nonmagnetic rare earth. Our first-principles density functional theory calculations agree well with the experimental results and support short-range magnetic order in the Gd-sublattice and antiferromagnetism in the Cr-sublattice. The importance of spin fluctuations and short-range order in the rare earth and transition metal lattices in garnets resulting in large magnetocaloric effect is brought out through this work.

AbstractIn this paper, we discuss the existence, uniqueness and stability of implicit differential equation with Ψ-fractional derivative. The arguments are based upon Schauder fixed point theorem, Banach contraction principle and Ulam stability.

Dissociative seizures are paroxysmal events resembling epilepsy or syncope with characteristic features that allow them to be distinguished from other medical conditions. We aimed to compare the effectiveness of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) plus standardised medical care with standardised medical care alone for the reduction of dissociative seizure frequency.

Aim:The role of mirSNPs in the 3′UTR of VKORC1, CYP2C9and CYP4F2genes that could influence warfarin dose variability via a discrete miRNA-mediated mechanism remains unexplained. Methods:Genotypic data in the 1000 Genomes dataset were analyzed for pair-wise linkage disequilibrium and allelic enrichment. Results:MirSNP rs7294 in the 3′UTR of VKORC1gene displayed varying strengths of linkage disequilibrium with rs9923231 and rs9934438 across populations, albeit consistently associated with higher warfarin dose requirements based on genome-wide association studies, meta-analysis and population-based association studies. In silicoanalysis predicted altered hybrid stability for the hsa-miR-133a-3p conserved binding site, providing evidence for miRNA-mediated gene regulation. Conclusion:The results support the inclusion of rs7294 as a functional variable for population-specific dosing algorithms to improve dosing accuracy.

In this paper, we discuss the existence, uniqueness and stability of boundary value problem for differential equation with Hilfer-Katugampola fractional derivative. The arguments are based upon Schaefer’s fixed point theorem, Banach contraction principle and Ulam type stability.

Warfarin is the most commonly prescribed oral anticoagulant, although having a narrow therapeutic index and wide interindividual variability. The aim of this study was to replicate the utility of VKORC1(−1639G>A) rs9923231 genotyping in predicting the mean daily dose and to evaluate its ability to categorize warfarin-treated patients to high-, intermediate-, or low-dose categories in the South Indian population.

•Benthic foraminiferal assemblages from the south western part of Bay of Bengal.•The relationship among foraminiferal assemblages, bathymetry, sediment and bottom water characteristics.•The shallow part of the study area is controlled by sandy substratum.•The deeper part of the study area is dominated by muddy sediments.

Large single crystals of Yb2Ge2O7in the cubic Fd3̅mspace group, are synthesized and characterized from a high-temperature hydrothermal method (650°C/200 MPa in 1 M KF). The cubic phase displays spin frustration and possibly nonclassical quantum-spin behavior at low temperature. This is the first report of single crystals of this important phase of size and quality suitable for single-crystal neutron diffraction.

Background: Wavy channels are considered to be an effective passive method for heat transfer enhancement and are widely used in different heat exchanger devices. Various relevant papers and patents report significant increase in convective mixing of the fluid in the wavy channel when it is operated in unsteady flow regime. Consequently, a significant amount of research has been devoted to unsteady flow regimes of wavy channels to better understand the physical mechanism behind the enhancement in heat transfer. Objective: To find the role of monitoring point in predicting flow regimes for periodically fully developed flow conditions in a biconvex module of sinusoidal wavy channel. Methods: In the present study, two-dimensional numerical investigations are carried out to identify the flow regimes for periodically fully developed flow in sinusoidal wavy channels. Computations are carried out using commercial software ANSYS Fluent 17.2. Time signal analysis is carried out for four different points in the flow domain to understand the flow regimes indicated by the points. Results: Detailed temporal variation of x-velocity, its power spectral density and phase space trajectories are presented to understand the flow regimes indicated by the four different points. Even though power spectral density shows difference in nature of velocity signals at the four locations considered, for the three different Re values, phase trajectories illustrate near similar flow regimes. Conclusion: Phase space trajectories of four different points indicate that monitoring velocity at any point in the domain is enough to predict the flow regimes in periodically fully developed flow.

Heart failure is a common clinical syndrome and a global health priority. The burden of heart failure is increasing at an alarming rate worldwide as well as in India. Heart failure not only increases the risk of mortality, morbidity and worsens the patient’s quality of life, but also puts a huge burden on the overall healthcare system. The management of heart failure has evolved over the years with the advent of new drugs and devices. This document has been developed with an objective to provide standard management guidance and simple heart failure algorithms to aid Indian clinicians in their daily practice. It would also inform the clinicians on the latest evidence in heart failure and provide guidance to recognize and diagnose chronic heart failure early and optimize management.

•Preparation of conventional and hybrid nanofluids was discussed elaborately.•Thermophysical properties of the conventional and hybrid nanofluids were presented.•Experimental and numerical studies of MAMC based on heat transfer were portrayed.•Interest of hybrid nanofluids over the conventional nanofluids was elucidated.•Economical aspects of nanofluids were reported.

We undertook this study to validate the impact of FFR-guided coronary interventions among Indian patients, which is not readily available as of date. Our patients differ from their western counterparts, both in terms of risk profile (younger, more metabolic syndrome, lipid rich diet) as well as their coronary size.

•EG/water mixture was taken as the base fluid.•Nanocomposite comprising Al2O3, ZnO & TiO2was used as supporting materials.•EG/water mixture-based nanofluids could achieve the highest thermal conductivity.•Regression analyses of the nanofluids were carried out.•Experimental results were validated with mathematical models.

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a disease associated with a high morbidity and mortality. There is paucity of data regarding PH from the developing countries including India.

Cardiac catheterization is important in the diagnosis and risk stratification of pulmonary hypertensive vascular disease (PHVD) in children. Acute vasoreactivity testing provides key information about management, prognosis, therapeutic strategies, and efficacy. Data obtained at cardiac catheterization continue to play an important role in determining the surgical options for children with congenital heart disease and clinical evidence of increased pulmonary vascular resistance. The Pediatric and Congenital Heart Disease Task Forces of the Pulmonary Vascular Research Institute met to develop a consensus statement regarding indications for, conduct of, acute vasoreactivity testing with, and pitfalls and risks of cardiac catheterization in children with PHVD. This document contains the essentials of those discussions to provide a rationale for the hemodynamic assessment by cardiac catheterization of children with PHVD.

Heart failure (HF) is recognized as a major public health problem in both the low and high- income countries. However, data are scarce on the burden, prevailing practice patterns and long-term health outcomes of HF patients in India. The Kerala heart failure registry (KHFR) is a multi-centric, prospective, and hospital based registry in Kerala, India. Consecutive patients admitted with the diagnosis of acute heart failure satisfying the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) criteria will be enrolled in the registry. Data on demographic, clinical, laboratory, imaging, other diagnostics and therapeutic approaches employed and the usage of guideline based medical therapy will be collected as part of the registry. Additionally, all registered patients will be followed-up regularly at 1-month, and thereafter at every 3-months. Both mortality and hospital admission data will be collected during the follow-up visits. We will be recruiting 7500 HF patients in the KHFR. Once completed, KFHR is going to be the largest HF registry in India. We will validate a HF mortality risk score developed based on a previously conducted Trivandrum Heart Failure Registry in the KHFR patients.

This article deals with existence, uniqueness and Ulam–Hyers–Rassias stability solutions for complex order Hilfer-Katugampola type pantograph equations involving initial and nonlocal condition.

•An investigation was carried out on the mini hexagonal tube heat sink using nanofluids (NF).•The different nanofluids were prepared by dispersing Al2O3, MgO, and CuO nanoparticles into deionized water (DIW).•The heat transfer enhancements of MgO-DIW, Al2O3-DIW, and CuO-DIW NFs were determined as 40%, 28%, and 22%, respectively.

A 2 year old male child, born of second degree consanguineous marriage, presented with multiple, nodular, raised, firm, yellowish cutaneous swellings, each 1-2 cm in size, over the knees, elbows, [...]

Abstract Standardization of the diagnostic routine for children with congenital heart disease associated with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH-CHD) is crucial, in particular since inappropriate assignment to repair of the cardiac lesions (e.g., surgical repair in patients with elevated pulmonary vascular resistance) may be detrimental and associated with poor outcomes. Thus, members of the Congenital Heart Disease and Pediatric Task Forces of the Pulmonary Vascular Research Institute decided to conduct a survey aimed at collecting expert opinion from different institutions in several countries, covering many aspects of the management of PAH-CHD, from clinical recognition to noninvasive and invasive diagnostic procedures and immediate postoperative support. In privileged communities, the vast majority of children with congenital cardiac shunts are now treated early in life, on the basis of noninvasive diagnostic evaluation, and have an uneventful postoperative course, with no residual PAH. However, a small percentage of patients (older at presentation, with extracardiac syndromes or absence of clinical features of increased pulmonary blood flow, thus suggesting elevated pulmonary vascular resistance) remain at a higher risk of complications and unfavorable outcomes. These patients need a more sophisticated diagnostic approach, including invasive procedures. The authors emphasize that decision making regarding operability is based not only on cardiac catheterization data but also on the complete diagnostic picture, which includes the clinical history, physical examination, and all aspects of noninvasive evaluation.

There is paucity of reliable contemporary data on prevalence of coronary artery disease (CAD) and risk factors in Indians. Only a few studies on prevalence of CAD have been conducted in Kerala, a Southern Indian state. The main objective of the Cardiological Society of India Kerala Chapter Coronary Artery Disease and Its Risk Factors Prevalence Study (CSI Kerala CRP Study) was to determine the prevalence of CAD and risk factors of CAD in men and women aged 20–79 years in urban and rural settings of three geographical areas of Kerala.

Las clasificaciones actuales de la hipertensión pulmonar han contribuido significativamente al conocimiento de la enfermedad vascular pulmonar, han facilitado ensayos farmacológicos y han mejorado nuestro conocimiento de las cardiopatías congénitas del adulto; sin embargo estas clasificaciones no son aplicables completamente a la enfermedad en el niño. La clasificación que aquí se propone se basa principalmente en la práctica clínica. Los objetivos específicos de esta nueva clasificación son mejorar las estrategias diagnósticas, promover la investigación clínica, mejorar nuestro conocimiento de la patogénesis, de la fisiología y de la epidemiología de la enfermedad y orientar el desarrollo de modelos de la enfermedad humana en el laboratorio y estudios en animales; también puede servir como un recurso docente. Se hace énfasis en los conceptos de maladaptación perinatal, alteraciones del desarrollo e hipoplasia pulmonar como factores causantes de la hipertensión pulmonar pediátrica; así mismo, en la importancia de los múltiples síndromes malformativos congénitos, genéticos y cromosómicos en la presentación de la hipertensión pulmonar pediátrica. La enfermedad vascular pulmonar hipertensiva en niños se divide en diez grandes categorías.

Los miembros del Task Forcepediátrico del Pulmonary Vascular Research Institute(PVRI, su sigla en Inglés) fueron conscientes de la necesidad de desarrollar una clasificación funcional de la hipertensión pulmonar en niños. La clasificación que se propone sigue el mismo patrón y utiliza los mismos criterios de la clasificación de la hipertensión pulmonar específica para adultos de Dana Point. Fue necesario incluir modificaciones para los niños, teniendo en cuenta que la edad, el crecimiento físico y la madurez influyen en la expresión funcional de la enfermedad. Es necesario definir el estado clínico del niño, pues ello facilita revisar la evolución del mismo en una forma consistente y objetiva a medida que él/ella crecen. Particularmente en los niños más jóvenes, se trató de incluir indicadores objetivos como el crecimiento, la necesidad de alimentos suplementarios y los registros de asistencia al colegio y a la guardería. Esto ayuda a monitorear la evolución clínica y la respuesta al tratamiento a través de los años y facilita el desarrollo de algoritmos de tratamiento en estos pacientes. Se presenta un artículo de consenso sobre una clasificación aplicable a los niños con hipertensión pulmonar que se discutió en la reunión anual del PVRI que se llevó a cabo en Panamá en febrero de 2011.

Multi-method dispatch in object oriented programs provides additional expressibility, readability and elegance over single dispatch languages. Optimizing multi-method dispatch is a central issue in compilers that support multi-methods. Existing constant time dispatch techniques for multi-methods keep either a lookup table or a lookup tree after compressing the same, the size of which can still be large if compression is not effective. In this paper, we propose a space efficient non-constant time technique (each method address should be computed - rather than being looked up) for multi-method dispatch with single inheritance type hierarchies. The method table containing all the multi-method signatures is the only data structure kept at run time. The table is arranged by sorting on argument position to expedite method search during dispatch. Heuristics is used during method search such that those methods which are not potential candidates are not included in the search. The proposed technique saves space significantly while the dispatch time grew higher compared to existing techniques. When multi-method counts were within practical bounds, the proposed technique was found to offer dispatch time similar to existing techniques.

Rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease (RHD) are still important problems in developing countries. Secondary prophylaxis which is the most cost-effective method in preventing recurrences of rheumatic fever is fraught with problems of drug compliance. The utility of 500 mg once weekly azithromycin (AZT), an orally effective long-acting antibiotic was evaluated against oral penicillin (phenoxy methyl penicillin 250 mg twice daily) in this study. Forty-eight consecutive patients (44% males, mean age 29.4 years) with established RHD were randomised into two groups-26 patients received AZT and 22 received oral penicillin. Patients were evaluated at randomisation, at 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months, clinically, serologically and by throat swab culture. End points were absence of streptococcal colonisation, infection or fever at the end of 6 months. During the study, 4 patients (15.4%) in the AZT group developed sore throat and fever, had positive throat culture and positive serology indicating streptococcal infection. None satisfied the criteria for rheumatic fever reactivation. None in the oral penicillin group developed streptococcal infection. In conclusion, weekly 500 mg of AZT is not effective in the prevention of streptococcal throat infection compared to oral penicillin therapy in adult patients with established RHD.

The members of the Pediatric Task Force of the Pulmonary Vascular Research Institute (PVRI) were aware of the need to develop a functional classification of pulmonary hypertension in children. The proposed classification follows the same pattern and uses the same criteria as the Dana Point pulmonary hypertension specific classification for adults. Modifications were necessary for children, since age, physical growth and maturation influences the way in which the functional effects of a disease are expressed. It is essential to encapsulate a child's clinical status, to make it possible to review progress with time as he/she grows up, as consistently and as objectively as possible. Particularly in younger children we sought to include objective indicators such as thriving, need for supplemental feeds and the record of school or nursery attendance. This helps monitor the clinical course of events and response to treatment over the years. It also facilitates the development of treatment algorithms for children. We present a consensus paper on a functional classification system for children with pulmonary hypertension, discussed at the Annual Meeting of the PVRI in Panama City, February 2011.

Current classifications of pulmonary hypertension have contributed a great deal to our understanding of pulmonary vascular disease, facilitated drug trials, and improved our understanding of congenital heart disease in adult survivors. However, these classifications are not applicable readily to pediatric disease. The classification system that we propose is based firmly in clinical practice. The specific aims of this new system are to improve diagnostic strategies, to promote appropriate clinical investigation, to improve our understanding of disease pathogenesis, physiology and epidemiology, and to guide the development of human disease models in laboratory and animal studies. It should be also an educational resource. We emphasize the concepts of perinatal maladaptation, maldevelopment and pulmonary hypoplasia as causative factors in pediatric pulmonary hypertension. We highlight the importance of genetic, chromosomal and multiple congenital malformation syndromes in the presentation of pediatric pulmonary hypertension. We divide pediatric pulmonary hypertensive vascular disease into 10 broad categories.

Abstract Current classifications of pulmonary hypertension have contributed a great deal to our understanding of pulmonary vascular disease, facilitated drug trials, and improved our understanding of congenital heart disease in adult survivors. However, these classifications are not applicable readily to pediatric disease. The classification system that we propose is based firmly in clinical practice. The specific aims of this new system are to improve diagnostic strategies, to promote appropriate clinical investigation, to improve our understanding of disease pathogenesis, physiology and epidemiology, and to guide the development of human disease models in laboratory and animal studies. It should be also an educational resource. We emphasize the concepts of perinatal maladaptation, maldevelopment and pulmonary hypoplasia as causative factors in pediatric pulmonary hypertension. We highlight the importance of genetic, chromosomal and multiple congenital malformation syndromes in the presentation of pediatric pulmonary hypertension. We divide pediatric pulmonary hypertensive vascular disease into 10 broad categories.

Over two decades since the Good Friday Agreement was signed, social spaces remain heavily contested in Northern Ireland. On the one hand, top-down approaches toward ushering in a new spatiality for a shared future have had limited success. On the other hand, there is increasing evidence that a ‘shared future’ disconnected from local historical and cultural contexts is unsustainable. By studying the debates surrounding three contemporary ‘shared spaces’ in East Belfast—the Titanic Quarter, the proposed Naíscoil na Seolta and East Belfast GAA Club— this paper studies why some spaces are more acceptable to the general public compared to others. At a time when recent elections suggest that the region is at the cusp of political change, this paper argues that a new spatiality with grassroots community initiatives at its core must be simultaneously imagined in Belfast.

In this paper, interval oscillation criteria for the nonlinear damped dynamic equations with forcing terms on time scales within conformable fractional derivatives are established. Our approach is determined from the implementation of generalized Riccati transformation, some properties of conformable time-scale fractional calculus, and certain mathematical inequalities. Also, we extend the study of oscillation to conformable fractional Euler-type dynamic equation. Examples are presented to emphasize the validity of the main theorems\enleadertwodots.

Short term outcomes of patients with pulmonary hypertension are not available from low and middle-income countries including India.

Long term outcome data after BMS implant is not available from the Indian subcontinent. This is a prospective observational study which aims to study long term outcomes after BMS implant at a tertiary care centre. 100 consecutive patients underwent BMS implant and were followed up for 20 years. LAD was the most common vessel involved and different types of BMS were implanted. All-cause mortality was noted in 21% (n = 21) whereas cardiac mortality was seen in 16% (n = 16). Cumulative revascularisation free survival at 20 years was 71%. The study showed that long term outcomes after BMS implant were fare and acceptable.

The Northern Bay of Bengal (NBOB) exhibits extreme salinity stratification caused by intense summer monsoon rainfall and associated river discharge. This accumulated fresh water plume in NBOB is believed to be transported along the East coast of India (ECI) by East India Coastal Current (EICC), known as River in the Sea (RIS). Though in situ sea Surface Salinity (SSS) measurements are sparse, the advancement of satellite monitoring system has provided a unique opportunity to unravel salient features of RIS. In the present study, in situ SSS at five selected regions around the Indian coast and open ocean are utilized to validate the Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) (L3, v4.3) products. Further, this new SMAP data is used to examine year‐to‐year variability of RIS during 2015–2019 and the driving forces responsible for its existence. This SMAP SSS exhibited 1.52, 0.46, 0.38, 1.45 RMSD and 0.97, 0.82, 0.85, 0.86 correlation in NBOB1, NBOB2, Central BOB (CBOB) and Western BOB (WBOB), respectively with in situ measurements. This data also depicted the presence of “RIS” all along the ECI only during November in consistent with the magnitude of Kelvin wave induced EICC. The southward extension of RIS along the ECI is primarily based on the magnitude of remote equatorial wind induced forces. The mesoscale eddies in south‐western BOB (SWBOB) alters the shape of RIS and even inhibit its southward propagation completely. Satellite monitoring of sea surface salinity (SSS) in the recent decade has provided a unique opportunity to study its variability associated with ocean atmosphere interactions. However, its accuracy especially near coastal regions is a challenging task. The advanced version of a satellite Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) SSS products (v4.3) were validated with Bay of Bengal in situ salinity data in particular near coastal and fresh water dominant regions. This new SSS products perform very well even near shore regions and was able to capture southward propagation of freshening signal also known as “River in the Sea (RIS)” along the East coast of India. Utilizing this advanced SSS products, the interannual variability of RIS and the driving forces responsible for its variability are studied. Our analysis indicated that the southward propagation of RIS is primarily based on the magnitude of remote equatorial wind induced forcing in addition to the Indian Ocean Dipole associated forcing. Additionally, presence of mesoscale eddies in the south‐western Bay of Bengal can interrupt and even restrict its southward propagation of “RIS.” The new Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) v4.3 sea surface salinity (SSS) products were validated over Bay of Bengal (BOB) emphasizing near coastal and fresh water dominant regionsThe southward propagation of River in the Sea (RIS), and its interannual variability is altered by remote equatorial wind induced forcesEddies in southwestern BOB modulate RIS and also restrict its southward propagation completely The new Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) v4.3 sea surface salinity (SSS) products were validated over Bay of Bengal (BOB) emphasizing near coastal and fresh water dominant regions The southward propagation of River in the Sea (RIS), and its interannual variability is altered by remote equatorial wind induced forces Eddies in southwestern BOB modulate RIS and also restrict its southward propagation completely

The data of 51 patients (33 females) who underwent excision of left atrial (LA) myxoma were retrospectively reviewed for correlation of tumour size and electrocardiographic (ECG) findings.