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• Evolution of nanoscale heterogeneity, shear band nucleation and deformation mode with cooling rate was studied. • Synchronous transition for nanoscale viscoelasticity, shear band nucleation and deformation with cooling rate was found. • Increasing cooling rate induces more liquid-like heterogeneities and enhances plasticity. • One scheme was proposed to illustrate the cooling rate effect on the deformation mode. The cooling rate during vitrification is critical for determining the mechanical properties of metallic glasses. However, the structural origin of the cooling rate effect on mechanical behaviors is unclear. In this work, a systematical investigation of the cooling rate effect on the deformation mode, shear band nucleation, and nanoscale heterogeneous structure was conducted in three Fe-based metallic glasses. The brittle to ductile deformation transition was observed when increasing the cooling rate. Meanwhile, the governing shear band nucleation site from high load site to low load site appears the synchronous transition. By studying the corresponding nanoscale heterogeneous structure, it was found that nanoscale viscoelastic transition from solid-like to liquid-like as increasing cooling rate enables ductile deformation. The current work not only reveals the nanoscale structural origin of the cooling rate effect on the deformation behaviors, but also provides a new route to design ductile metallic glasses by freezing more nanoscale liquid-like regions during cooling. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is currently a lack of high-quality research on the best dietary recommendations for patients with early glaucoma or at high risk for glaucoma. This meta-analysis aims to clarify the relationship between vitamin intake and glaucoma risk. Electronic databases, including PubMed, EMbase, ScienceDirect, Cochrane Database, Clinicaltrials.gov, and Google Scholar, were searched for publications indexed as of September 18, 2021. Data were expressed as odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The I2index was used to assess heterogeneity. We performed five meta-analyses of existing studies to summarize the evidence on the association between vitamin intake and glaucoma risk. The initial search identified 689 studies, eight of which (262,189 patients) met the eligibility criteria for the meta-analysis. The data showed that high-dose intake of vitamins A (OR=0.63, 95%CI [0.53, 0.76]) and B (OR=0.71, 95%CI [0.64, 0.80]) but not vitamins C (OR=0.69, 95%CI [0.48, 1.01]), D (OR=0.90, 95%CI [0.45, 1.83]), or E (OR=0.91, 95%CI [0.71, 1.16]) was associated with a low prevalence of glaucoma. The results of this study demonstrated that high-dose intake of vitamins A and B, but not vitamins C, D, or E, was associated with a low prevalence of glaucoma.

The maintenance requirements of net energy and net protein were assumed to represent the most accurate and important values totally for the animal's utilization. The objective of this experiment was to determine the net energy and net protein requirements for maintenance of growing arctic foxes. The experiments was evaluated using regression models estimated from data collected by means of indirect calorimetry, nitrogen balance trials, and digestion and metabolism experiments. Thirty-six growing arctic foxes (3 487 ± 261.7 g) at the age of 85 days were randomly assigned to four groups with 9 animals in each group. Arctic foxes were fed a complete formula diet at four intake levels (100%, or 80%, 60%, and 40% of feed requirements) from 24 July 2017 to 23 September 2017. Arctic foxes in each treatment were kept individually in respiration chambers after 1-d adaptation at day 2 for a 3-d balance trial and then at day 5 followed by a 3-d fasting period. The metabolizable energy intake (MEI), heat production in the fed state (HP), and retained energy (RE) of arctic foxes significantly decreased (P < 0.01) as the feed intake level decreased. Fasting heat production (FHP) of arctic foxes was not influenced by feed intake level (P > 0.05). The metabolizable energy maintenance requirement (MEm) and net energy maintenance requirement (NEm) estimated from the linear relationship between RE and MEI were 230 and 217 kJ/kg of body weight BW0.75/d, respectively. The MEm and NEm estimated by logarithmic regression of HP on MEI were 225 and 209 kJ/kg BW0.75/d, respectively. The net N maintenance requirement (NNm) and net protein maintenance requirement (NPm) estimated from the linear relationship between retained nitrogen (RN) and daily nitrogen intake (NI) were 179.6 mg/kg BW0.75/d and 1.123 g/kg BW0.75/d, respectively. It is concluded that NEm and NPm values obtained fill the net energy and protein requirements shortage, and provide the basic data for establishing the standard of nutrition demand of breeding arctic foxes in China.

ABSTRACTBasic oxygen furnace (BOF) slag contains a significant amount of iron-containing species, which is considered to be iron resources and therefore need to be recovered. In this work, the oxidation behaviour of BOF slag under air (at selected oxidation temperatures and holding time) was investigated to explore the potential of transforming non-magnetic wustite in the BOF slag into magnetic spinel, which may subsequently be recovered by magnetic separation. The experimental results show that the iron-containing spices in the BOF slag can be oxidised into magnetic spinel phases in the investigated temperature range of 1000–1150°C and thereafter be recovered by magnetic separation. The formation of these phases is closely related to the oxidation temperatures and holding time: a higher oxidation temperature and longer holding time lead to a larger amount of formed magnetic species; however, the amount of formed magnetic species decreases at elevated temperature (>1050°C) and with extended holding time (>40 min).

Explorer les causes de l’implantation cochléaire et l’utilisation d’une ancienne électrode de stimulation électrique lors de la réimplantation cochléaire chez l’enfant.

This study hypothesized that the gut microbial populations, intestinal morphology, and cytokine production are differentially altered in 2 different pig breeds, namely, Chinese native Jinhua pigs and European Landrace pigs, after orally challenge with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli(ETEC) K88. A total of 12 Jinhua pigs and 12 Landrace pigs were allocated to either the nonchallenged or the challenged groups (6 pigs per group). The challenged pigs were orally administered ETEC K88, and their nonchallenged counterparts were given sterile Luria-Bertani broth. Selected gut microbial populations, intestinal morphology, mRNA expression of tight junction proteins, and the levels of ileal cytokines and secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) production were measured in Jinhua and Landrace pigs. The results showed that the challenged Jinhua pigs exhibited a significantly (P< 0.05) lower incidence of diarrhea compared with their Landrace counterparts. The Escherichia coli(E.coli) population and the percentage of E. coliin the total bacteria population were increased in response to ETEC K88 challenge in both Jinhua and Landrace pigs. The challenged Landrace pigs shed more E. coli(P< 0.05) and had higher percentage of E. coliin the total bacteria population in the colon (P< 0.05) compared with their Jinhua counterparts. Both pig breeds tended to exhibit greater villous atrophy and crypt depth reduction in all of the intestinal segments with challenge. The expression of tight junction proteins decreased in response to ETEC K88 challenge in both pig breeds. The levels of the proinflammatory cytokines interferon (IFN)-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α, and IL-6 and the secretion of sIgA were positively altered whereas the levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-4 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β were negatively altered by ETEC K88 challenge in both breeds. Jinhua pigs exhibited significantly higher levels of IFN-γ and TGF-β (P< 0.05) in the challenged group. Our findings provide valuable evidence to explain the differences in the intestinal physiology between Jinhua and Landrace pigs; that is, Jinhua pigs appeared to show better growth performance, a lower incidence of diarrhea, and a lower extent of immune activation in response to ETEC K88 challenge and a higher Lactobacilluspopulation, a higher percentage of Lactobacillusin the total bacteria population, a higher ratio of Lactobacillusto E. coli, and higher levels of tight junction proteins with and without challenge.

Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1), a nuclear effector of the Hippo pathway, plays an important role in tumorigenesis and progression of multiple cancers. The present study aimed to investigate the clinical significance of YAP1 and receptor tyrosine kinase Axl expression in human lung adenocarcinomas (LAC). We further explored possible molecular mechanisms mediated by YAP1 in LAC and gastric adenocarcinoma (GAC) cells. Forty-nine cases of human LAC and normal lung tissue (NLT) were collected. The expression of YAP1 and Axl was assessed by immunohistochemical assay through tissue microarray procedure and the clinicopathologic characteristics of all patients were analyzed. Using a loss of function approach, we investigated the effects of small hairpin RNA (shRNA)-mediated knockdown of YAP1 on the expression of Axl, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), and the proliferative activities and invasive potential in LAC A549 and GAC SGC-7901 cell lines. As a result, the expression of YAP1 and Axl was found in LAC tissues with higher strong reactivity rate compared to the NLT (87.8% vs.60.8%, p=0.000;77.6% vs0.0%, P=0.000), but they did not associate with the age, gender, tumor size, TNM staging or lymph node metastases of LAC patients (each p>0.05). Spearman rank correlation analysis showed a positive correlation between YAP1 and Axl expression. Furthermore, knockdown of YAP in vitromarkedly down-regulated the expression of Axl, PCNA and MMP-9, and inhibited the proliferation and invasion of LAC and GAC cells. Taken together, YAP1 and Axl are highly expressed in LAC compared to the NLT, and knockdown of YAP1 may inhibit the proliferation and invasion of adenocarcinoma cells through downregulation of the Axl pathway, representing a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of cancer.

This study investigated the effect of electroacupuncture pretreatment on the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory response and on acute kidney injury in adult male pathogen-free Wistar rats. Rats received electroacupuncture at the Zusanli (ST36) and Neiguan (PC6) acupoints, or electrical stimulation at sham points, for 30 min before stimulation with either 5 mg/kg LPS intravenously or normal saline. Plasma cytokines, plasma nitrite, renal inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) activity were assessed 240 min after LPS or normal saline injection. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine (Cr) and histopathological score for renal tubular damage were also measured. Electroacupuncture pretreatment significantly decreased LPS-induced plasma tumour necrosis factor-α and interleukin (IL)-1β, increased plasma IL-10, and decreased plasma nitrite, renal iNOS and NF-κB activity. It also significantly decreased LPS-induced BUN, Cr and the renal histopathological score. These findings suggest that electroacupuncture pretreatment at the ST36 and PC6 acupoints attenuated the LPS-induced inflammatory response and mitigated acute kidney injury.

A novel polishing method for a pierced die cavity, unitary magnetorheological finishing (UMRF), was proposed in this study. UMRF used a permanent magnet as the polishing tool, the shape of which was the same as that of the pierced die cavity's polished surface, and the permanent magnet's size was a little smaller than that of the pierced die cavity in order to form a certain gap between them. The magnetic polishing tool absorbed ferrite particles and abrasives, which were suspended in the magnetorheological (MR) fluid. This was done in order to polish the surface of the pierced die cavity by a high-frequency reciprocating movement occurring along the die cavity surface. Owing to its shape adaptability and high flexibility, this method accomplished a unitary polishing. The whole inner cavity surface was polished in one working cycle. The polishing technology used in this method was also studied, and the influence of the MR fluid concentration, the polishing gap, the reciprocating linear velocity, and the stroke of the polishing tool on the polishing performance was investigated. The experimental results clearly showed that UMRF was an effective polishing method that polished the whole inner cavity surface to a mirror-like finish. At present, this achieved a surface polish, Raof 42 nm.

The interfacial properties of a new family of lauryl trimethyl ammonium salts of the general formula CH3(CH2)11N+(CH3)3X-(X = CH3OCOO, HCOO, CH3COO, CH3CHOHCOO) were studied. The physicochemical parameters of these quaternary ammonium salts were discussed. The effect of the counteranion on the behavior of these surfactants was analyzed.

The treatment of refractory macular holes is controversial, with human amniotic membrane grafts emerging recently as an attractive option. We performed a meta-analysis and systematic review in this paper to assess the results of human amniotic membrane (hAM) in the treatment of refractory macular hole (MH).

The internal friction behaviors of B2 FeAl alloys were examined to understand the correlation between the ordering and the movement of the atomic defects. A new internal friction peak was found at around 540 °C and 570 °C in the oil-quenched Fe57Al43 and Fe47Al53 alloys, respectively, while in the furnace-cooled specimens, the peak disappeared. The peak has the typical phase transition characters, and it is suggested that the peak probably originates from the elevation of the degree of order, which is caused by the jump of antisite atoms to their own sublattice sites by means of the nearest neighboring vacancies. (© 2006 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

Internal friction behaviors of B2 Fe–Al alloys were examined to understand the correlation between the anelasticity and thermal vacancies. Three internal friction peaks were found in the rapidly cooled specimens at around 210 °C (P1), 410 °C (P2) and 520 °C (P3), respectively, while in the slowly cooled specimens, the P1 peak was significantly decreased and the P2 peak was decomposed into two peaks (P2L and P2H). All the internal friction peaks showed relaxational nature and they shifted toward high temperature with increasing frequency. It is suggested that the P1 peak originates from the reorientation of the divacancies composed of Fe vacancies and the nearest-neighboring Al vacancies, the P2L peak from the dissociation and diffusion of the interstitial carbon atoms from the carbon-vacancy complexes and the P2H peak from the reorientation of the triple defects. (© 2006 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

The synthesis and characterization of seven platina-annulenes and their dehydrobenzoannulene (DBA) analogues are reported. Assembly of these macrocycles is accomplished via Sn transmetalation or amine-mediated oxidative addition with stoichiometric PtCl2(PR3)2, containing different phosphine ligands, and CuI. In contrast to previously reported DBA cyclization methodology, incorporation of a doubly σ-bonded Pt complex into the annulene backbone resulted in selective metallacyclization dependent on competing factors of ligand identity, PtCl2(PR3)2 isomer, and reaction conditions. Sn transmetalation conditions provided the most selective metallacyclization control and prevented PtCl2(PR3)2 isomerization during cyclization.

Abstract: In this paper, an exact solution is presented for the multilayered rectangular plate made of functionally graded, anisotropic, and linear magneto-electro-elastic materials. While the edges of the plate are under simply supported conditions, general mechanical, electric and magnetic boundary conditions can be applied on both the top and bottom surfaces of the plate. The functionally graded material is assumed to be exponential in the thickness direction and the homogeneous solution in each layer is obtained based on the pseudo-Stroh formalism. For multilayered plate structure, the propagator matrix method is employed so that only a 5×5 system of linear algebraic equations needs to be solved. The exact solution is then applied to two functionally graded (exponential) sandwich plates made of piezoelectric BaTiO3 and magnetostrictive CoFe2O4, under mechanical and electric loads on the top surface. While the numerical results clearly show the influence of the exponential factor, magneto-electro-elastic properties, and loading types on induced magneto-electric-elastic fields, they can also serve as benchmarks to numerical methods such as the finite and boundary element methods. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract In this paper, a pig’s rectum was studied as a model biomaterial and its mechanical behaviors under tensile, compressive, and shear stresses were measured accurately using a multipurpose microtesting system. Based on the stress-strain relations of samples of different orientations, the tangential moduli were calculated through a reverse method combined with self-correlation analysis. The experimental data exhibited pronounced nonlinear and anisotropic characteristics. It was found that the effective compliance in tension along the longitudinal direction was larger than that along the circumferential direction, but smaller than that along the out-of-plane direction.

High-pressure phase equilibrium data p, T, x, ρ, and Vm for the binary carbon dioxide + acetone system were measured at several temperatures (333.15, 353.15, 373.15, and 393.15) K and pressures from (2.36 to 11.77) MPa. The experimental data at 333.15 K are in good agreement with literature data, and the experimental results are correlated by the Peng−Robinson equation.

In the present study, the damping behavior of bulk Cu–11.9Al–2.5Mn (wt%) was investigated using a multifunction internal friction apparatus through the method of forced vibration over the temperature range from room temperature to 400 °C. Two internal friction peaks are found at around 150 °C and 325 °C during heating. It is suggested that the high-temperature peak originates from the phase transition from martensite to austenite while the low-temperature peak from the pseudo-first-order phase transition associated with the thinning process of the twins. The related mechanisms are also discussed in terms of the interaction between the microstructure defects. (© 2004 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

The estrogen receptor (ER) plays important roles in the development and progression of breast cancer, and is a major target for tumor therapy. In this study, we investigated ER function in two derivatives of MCF-7 cells that were selected for their ability to proliferate in the absence of estrogen or in the presence of the antiestrogen, tamoxifen. Reporter gene assays indicated decreased ER activity in both cells lines, although the activity remaining retained responsiveness to both estrogen and tamoxifen. The decreased ER activity correlated with expression of a 61 kDa variant ER protein, and sequencing of RT-PCR products indicated that this variant was the product of an exon 3 deletion (ERDeltaE3). To study its effects on cell proliferation, ERDeltaE3 cDNA was stably transfected into both the MCF-7 cell line and its estrogen-independent/tamoxifen-sensitive derivative MCF-7/LCC1 (LCC1), and the phenotypes of transfectants were examined. Expression of ERDeltaE3 was not sustainable in MCF-7 cells, but was maintained for at least 17 passages in LCC1 cells. These results are in agreement with previous reports that ERDeltaE3 inhibits wild-type ER activity and negatively regulates proliferation of MCF-7 cells. They further suggest that the alteration that leads to estrogen independence in LCC1 cells allows for sustained expression of ERDeltaE3, and that additional changes are required to confer tamoxifen resistance to these cells.

In the present paper, temperature spectra of internal friction (IF) are studied in a macroscopic graphite (Gr) particulate reinforced Zn–Al metal matrix composite (MMC). The ZnAl/Gr MMC specimens with up to 51 vol% macroscopic Gr particulates (0.8 mm in diameter) were prepared by air pressure infiltration process. IF and relative dynamic modulus measurements in the ZnAl/Gr MMCs at maximum surface shear strain of 20 × 10⁻⁶ have been performed using a multifunctional internal friction apparatus (MFIFA) at frequencies of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 Hz over a wide temperature range from room temperature to equilibrium eutectoid isotherm of 277 °C, during continuously-changing-temperature measurement. At low frequency and low temperature, a distinct IF peak is found in the IF-temperature curve. Corresponding to the IF peak, the relative dynamic modulus decreases rapidly. The IF peak is a grain boundary peak, which is associated with the diffusive grain boundary of Al/Al. Its activation energy has been calculated to be (1.13 ± 0.03) eV and the pre-exponential factor τ0 = 10⁻¹⁴ s in IF measurements. (© 2004 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

Poultry litter provides a rich source of nutrients for perennial forages, but the usual practice of surface‐applying litter to pastures can degrade water quality by allowing nutrients to be transported from fields in surface runoff, while much of the NH4–N volatilizes. Incorporating litter into the soil can minimize such problems in tilled systems, but has not been used for perennial forage systems. In this study, we minimized disturbance of the crop, thatch, and soil structure by using a knifing technique to move litter into the root zone. Our objective was to determine effects of poultry litter incorporation on quantity and quality of runoff water. Field plots were constructed on a silt loam soil with well‐established bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon(L.) Pers.] and mixed grass forage. Each plot had 8 to 10% slopes, borders to isolate runoff, and a downslope trough with sampling pit. Poultry litter was applied (5.6 Mg ha−1) by one of three methods: surface‐applied, incorporated, or surface‐applied on soil‐aeration cuts. There were six treatment replications and three controls (no litter). Nutrient concentrations and mass losses in runoff from incorporated litter were significantly lower (generally 80–95% less) than in runoff from surface‐applied litter. By the second year of treatment, litter‐incorporated soils had greater rain infiltration rates, water‐holding capacities, and sediment retention than soils receiving surface‐applied litter. Litter incorporation also showed a strong tendency to increase forage yield.

In 1998 and 1999, two soil series representative of a large percentage of rice (Oryza sativaL.) growing hectarage in the Mississippi Delta were sampled in increments to a depth of 120 cm. Measurements were made to determine how extractable levels of Ca, K, Mg, Na, P, and Zn as well as the total N content and soil pH varied with respect to soil profile depth. Total N, extractable P, Zn, Ca, and pH all tended to decrease with depth while Na tended to increase. Only small differences were seen in Mg and K concentrations. An on‐farm study was conducted in 2000 and 2001 to further investigate the effects of precision land leveling on pH and concentrations of organic matter and extractable nutrients. This study was conducted on seven farms, all of which possessed yield monitor–equipped combines. Field elevation sheets and GPS/GIS technologies were utilized to investigate soil nutrient and yield data for areas of cutand fillat each location. Yields were lower in the cut areas than the fill areas on five of the seven fields. Results from the soil nutrient data were similar to those findings in 1998 and 1999. A nutrient deficiency was apparent in only one of the five fields where yields were reduced. However, the percentage yield loss in the cut areas compared with the fill areas was directly proportional to the volume of soil moved per hectare during the precision land‐leveling process (r2= 0.78). This research indicates that yields can be reduced after precision land leveling in many soil types, but the reduction may or may not be nutrient related.

Protease, a common extracellular enzyme in soils, was adsorbed onto smectite and bentonite clays exchanged with both Na and Ca cations. Initial concentrations and residual activity of the enzyme were studied together with a new approach to adsorption modeling and an introduction to the technique of phase plane analysis. Protease adsorption reached a maximum level of 0.34 mg mg^-1 on the Na-exchanged smectite and a minimum of 0.20 mg mg^-1 on the Ca-exchanged bentonite. The inhibition study of protease activity within the clay matrix showed that the enzyme retained a maximum of 9.9% (Na-exchanged smectite) and a minimum of 0% (Ca-exchanged bentonite) of its original activity. As opposed to the classic Langmuir and Freundlich model description, a general form, the Langmuir−Freundlich isotherm in combination with phase plane analysis, was used. The model appeared to agree well with the adsorption data of all four of the enzyme/clay complexes. The use of phase plane analysis was shown to be a powerful tool in equilibrium and kinetic sorption relationships. Kinetic modeling was able to identify problems with our isotherms for higher initial concentrations of protease. For all initial concentrations, film diffusion effects contribute to limiting the overall rate of adsorption.

β‐Amylase (BA) is one of the starch‐degrading enzymes active in germinating barley (Hordeum vulgareL.). Unlike α‐amylase (AA), it is not synthesized de novo at the onset of germination, but accumulates during seed development. BA activity is an important malting quality parameter and is a major contributor, along with AA, to diastatic power (DP). The objectives of this study were to (i) measure and map BA activity in three crosses of North American barleys, (ii) compare quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for BA among various crosses, and (iii) determine the relationship between BA and previously mapped DP QTLs. Comparative mapping was done by means of a consensus map with common markers from F1doubled haploid mapping populations from the crosses of ‘Steptoe’ × ‘Morex’ (S/M), ‘Harrington’ × TR306 (H/T), and Harrington × Morex (H/M). BA activity analyses were performed with field‐grown seed from the three mapping populations and parents. Relatively normal frequency distributions for enzyme activity were obtained from each of the mapping populations. QTLs for BA were identified in all three crosses and on all seven chromosomes. Seven QTLs were located in S/M, the most genetically diverse cross, while only three each were found in H/T and H/M. As expected, BA QTLs were almost always found in conjunction with previously identified DP QTLs. A survey of QTL literature of populations of diverse germplasm showed many QTLs for BA and DP in common with those identified herein and some unique QTLs as well. The results of this study suggest the benefits of identifying markers closely associated with major BA QTLs are to allow for further molecular studies and for marker assisted selection of this trait.

Abstract: Experiments have been carried out to study the effects of macroscopic pores on the damping behavior of foamed commercially pure aluminum (FA). The damping characterization was conducted on a multifunction internal friction apparatus (MFIFA). The FA specimens were prepared by an air pressure infiltration process. The size of the macroscopic pores was on the order of a millimeter and in large proportions, typically, up to 56 vol pct. The internal friction (IF) of the FA specimen was measured at low frequencies at room temperature. The measured IF shows that FA has a damping capacity, which is enhanced in comparison with bulk commercially pure aluminum, increases with increasing porosity, increases with decreasing macropore size, increases with increasing frequency, and increases with increasing strain amplitude. The microstructural analysis was performed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The TEM observations show that a moderate density of dislocation substructures exists near the grain boundaries in the FA. In order to explain these phenomena, the possible operative damping mechanisms in the FA are discussed in light of IF measurements and microstructural observations, and an approximate expression for IF is derived, which is based on the equation of plane waves in elastic material with voids.

Inherited myoclonus-dystonia (IMD) is a new term for an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by myoclonus and dystonia. Recently, IMD was linked to a region on chromosome 11q23 with two different mutations identified in the D2 dopamine receptor gene and linked to chromosome 7q with five different loss-of-function mutations identified in the -sarcoglycan gene.

ObjectiveA subgroup of patients with pseudoachondroplasia (PSACH) and multiple epiphyseal dysplasia (MED) have been found to harbor mutations within the cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) gene. These two diseases are autosomal dominant disorders that are characterized by an early onset of osteoarthritis (OA). The COMP gene is expressed primarily in chondrocytes in articular cartilage as well as in tendon and ligament. Therefore, control over tissue specific COMP expression may be an important aspect in cartilage biology. To begin an analysis of the regulation of COMP expression, we have cloned, sequenced and characterized the entire genomic clone for mouse COMP that includes the COMP promoter.

A model was developed and applied for predicting the vibration response of structures excited by complex vortical turbulent flows. Computational fluid dynamic (CFD) methods were utilized to model the flow over the structure. The computations allowed the general flow patterns to be identified and the mean properties of the flow field to be calculated. The spectral characteristics of the dynamic wall pressure fluctuations were obtained from an empirical database developed from genetically similar flows. The Corcos model was used to characterize the dynamic surface pressure cross-spectra. The power input into the structure was estimated accounting for the non-uniform dynamic pressure loading on the structure. The energy flow analysis (EFA) method was then used to predict the high-frequency structural vibration response and the radiated sound power. The frequency limit of the accuracy of the model was established. The model was applied to the case of a clamped rectangular homogeneous panel excited by vortical flows. The model predictions were verified experimentally for the case of an aluminium panel installed in a low-speed wind tunnel downstream of three-dimensional vortex generators. The wall pressure fluctuations, the plate transverse vibration velocity, and the acoustic pressure radiated from the plate were measured over a range of mean flow velocities. The measured surface pressure spectra beneath the coherent flow structures formed behind the vortex generators were found to be similar to those behind uniform fences at high frequencies. This confirmed that high-frequency wall pressure fluctuations depend on fine grain turbulence rather than on the large-scale flow structures. The measured panel vibration responses, and the radiated acoustic pressure levels were found to agree well with model predictions at frequencies above the model predictability threshold. The proposed modelling approach offers the opportunity to develop tools that could assist the vibro-acoustic design of complex flow-excited systems such as vehicles, or fluid machinery.

The purpose is to report the results of an effort to diagnose children with narcolepsy in a pediatric referral clinic.

Bioavailability, toxicity, and mobility of heavy metals in soils are determined by their partitioning between solution and solid-phase and their further redistribution among solid-phase components. The wetting-drying moisture regime is one of the most important factors in controlling the physical, chemical, and biological properties of irrigated soils. Solid-phase redistribution of Cu, Cr, Ni, and Zn, added as soluble salts to two arid-zone soils incubated under a wetting-drying cycle moisture regime, was studied for 1 year. The heavy metals were fractionated into six operationally defined fractions. During the long-term process in the two soils, Cr was transferred from the carbonate fraction (CARB) into the organic matter fraction (OM), and Cu, Ni, and Zn moved from the exchangeable (EXC) and CARB fractions into the reducible oxide (RO), OM, easily reducible oxide (ERO), and residual fractions (RES) with time. The soil moisture regime strongly affects metal redistribution. Compared with a field capacity regime, soils at the wetting-drying cycle and saturated paste regimes had higher metal reactivity, resulting in the more complete movement of metals toward stable fractions, especially in the loessial soil and for Ni, Zn, and Cu.

AbstractHans Holleman was the son of Frederik David Holleman (1887–1958), the renowned adatlaw scholar. Inspired by his father’s concern with the colonial administration of justice in the Netherlands East Indies and in his country of origin, South Africa, Hans Holleman studied Roman-Dutch law and ethnology in South Africa, and 1945 became a research fellow at the Rhodes-Livingstone Institute, Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe). Between 1952 and 1962 he held further academic posts and posts in African administration in Southern Rhodesia and South Africa. In this part of his career he wrote Shona Customary Law(1952), the papers which were later collected in Issues in African Law(1974), and many other papers. In 1963 he moved to the University of Leiden, succeeding in 1969 to the chair in adatlaw. He retired early for health reasons in 1979, disappointed that he and his field of study had become marginal to the main interests of the university.

The barley stem rust resistance generpg4was physically and genetically localized on two overlapping BAC clones covering an estimated 300-kb region of the long arm of barley chromosome 7(5H). Initially, our target was mapped within a 6.0-cM region between the previously described flanking markers MWG740 and ABG391. This region was then saturated by integrating new markers from several existing barley and rice maps and by using BAC libraries of barley cv. Morex and rice cv. Nipponbare. Physical/genetic distances in the vicinity ofrpg4were found to be 1.0 Mb/cM, which is lower than the average for barley (4 Mb/cM) and lower than that determined by translocation breakpoint mapping (1.8 Mb/cM). Synteny at high resolution levels has been established between the region of barley chromosome 7(5H) containing therpg4locus and the subtelomeric region of rice chromosome 3 between markers S16474 and E10757. This 1.7-cM segment of the rice genome was covered by two overlapping BAC clones, about 250 kb of total length. In barley the markers S16474 and E10757 genetically delimitrpg4, lying 0.6 cM distal and 0.4 cM proximal to the locus, respectively.

ObjectiveTo develop transgenic mice harboring mutations in the COMP gene as animal models for pseudoachondroplasia (PSACH) and multiple epiphyseal dysplasia (MED), autosomal dominant disorders characterized by early onset osteoarthritis and epiphyseal abnormalities. As a first step in generating a mouse model for COMP mutations, we have cloned the cDNA of mouse COMP and examined its tissue expression pattern.

Various metals are added to poultry diets to facilitate weight increase and disease prevention. The large amounts of poultry waste produced annually are dispersed intensively over relatively small areas of land, resulting in accumulations that pose potential environmental risks to the surface and groundwater. The focus of this study was to assess the distribution of heavy metals among various solid-phase fractions in soil profiles from a 25-year poultry waste-amended soil. Copper and Zn accumulated close to the soil surface where the total amounts of Cu and Zn in waste-amended soils were significantly higher than in nonamended soils. The total metal concentrations in amended soils were not critically high. Copper in the amended soil was present mostly in the organic matter (OM) fraction (46.9%), whereas Zn was found in the easily reducible oxide (ERO) fraction (47.3%). This suggests that the Cu and Zn in this long-term amended soil are potentially bioavailable and mobile. We observed the mobility of Zn through much of the soil profile of the long-term waste-amended soil. Zinc in this soil profile was found primarily in forms of the residual (RES) and crystalline iron oxide bound (CryFe) fractions, followed by the organic matter-bound and exchangeable (EXC) fractions.

The energy flow analysis method used to predict the structural vibration response and the radiated sound power of a plate excited by wall pressure fluctuations under turbulent boundary layers, and separated-reattached flows. This method allows the spatially averages energy density and response to be calculated for non-uniform, distributed excitations while taking hydrodynamic flow/structural coupling effects into consideration. The power input was calculated using well known analytical models for the plate mechanical impedance and empirical models for the surface pressure cross-power spectral density and/or wave number-frequency spectral density. The Smol'yakov-Tkachenko model was used to estimate the fluctuation pressure field underneath turbulent boundary layer flows. The Corcos model was used to estimate the wall pressure field under non-uniform, separated-reattached flows. Experiments were performed in order to evaluate the energy flow model. A clamped plate installed in a quiet, low-speed wind tunnel was used. The wall pressure fluctuations, the plate vibration response, and the acoustic pressure radiated from the plate were measured. The energy flow analysis method was found to provide reasonably accurate predictions of the frequency-averaged transverse velocity response of the plate at high frequencies. The acoustic pressure radiated on the quiescent side of the plate was also predicted with comparable accuracy.