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In his article published in JHET in 2022, Vincent Carret (2022a) criticizes our work. In footnote 19, pages 630–631, he claims that our result “is based on a mistaken interpretation of the paragraph at the bottom of p. 191 of Frisch (1933).” He then states that we “take to mean that the coefficient of each cycle in the general sum of solutions is arbitrary, while … these coefficients [depended] on initial conditions and the parameters of the system.” The present rejoinder aims at rebutting Carret’s allegation of mistaken interpretation in our work. We demonstrate that his statements are based on a misunderstanding of Frisch’s econometric model and approach. Then, we show that Carret’s results are not supported by the demonstration he claims to have made, and that he misrepresents our arguments.

We present a Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) approach in order to model the non-linear problem of minimizing the tire noise function. In a recent work, we proposed an exact solution for the Tire Noise Optimization Problem, dealing with an APproximation of the noise (TNOP-AP). Here we study the original non-linear problem modeling the EXact- or real-noise (TNOP-EX) and propose a new scheme to obtain a solution for the TNOP-EX. Relying on the solution for the TNOP-AP, we use a Branch&Cut framework and develop an exact algorithm to solve the TNOP-EX. We also take more industrial constraints into account. Finally, we compare our experimental results with those obtained by other methods.

The source of dust in the global atmosphere is an important factor to better understand the role of dust aerosols in the climate system. However, it is a difficult task to attribute the airborne dust over the remote land and ocean regions to their origins since dust from various sources are mixed during long‐range transport. Recently, a multi‐model experiment, namely the AeroCom‐III Dust Source Attribution (DUSA), has been conducted to estimate the relative contribution of dust in various locations from different sources with tagged simulations from seven participating global models. The BASE run and a series of runs with nine tagged regions were made to estimate the contribution of dust emitted in East‐ and West‐Africa, Middle East, Central‐ and East‐Asia, North America, the Southern Hemisphere, and the prominent dust hot spots of the Bodélé and Taklimakan Deserts. The models generally agree in large scale mean dust distributions, however models show large diversity in dust source attribution. The inter‐model differences are significant with the global model dust diversity in 30%–50%, but the differences in regional and seasonal scales are even larger. The multi‐model analysis estimates that North Africa contributes 60% of global atmospheric dust loading, followed by Middle East and Central Asia sources (24%). Southern hemispheric sources account for 10% of global dust loading, however it contributes more than 70% of dust over the Southern Hemisphere. The study provides quantitative estimates of the impact of dust emitted from different source regions on the globe and various receptor regions including remote land, ocean, and the polar regions synthesized from the seven models. As the most abundant aerosol type in the Earth's atmosphere, mineral dust plays an important role in global climate by interacting with incoming and outgoing radiation, providing liquid and ice cloud nuclei, and affecting atmospheric stability. The global dust sources are relatively well characterized by the remote sensing and modeling studies as the majority of dust is emitted from the so‐called dust belt which expands from North Africa to East Asia. However, it is challenging to attribute dust sources over the remote land and ocean regions, since dust is mixed during long‐range transport, where it experiences complex atmospheric processes, including horizontal and vertical‐advection, wet deposition, and dry deposition. Using the multi‐model simulations in the Aerocom/Dust Source Attribution experiment, the present study (a) examines the model diversity in dust source attribution and (b) estimates the contribution of dust sources to various receptor regions, including remote land/ocean and the polar regions in different altitudes, from the multi‐model statistics. Beyond dust sources, many remote land, ocean, and polar regions are affected by a mixture of dust from various sources around the globe. Contributions of various dust sources are quantitatively estimated in a multi‐model experimentContributions of various sources have different horizontal and vertical distributions and seasonalityDust near source regions are dominated by dust emitted in the upwind source regions; however many remote land, ocean, and polar regions are affected by a mixture of dust from various sources around the globe Contributions of various dust sources are quantitatively estimated in a multi‐model experiment Contributions of various sources have different horizontal and vertical distributions and seasonality Dust near source regions are dominated by dust emitted in the upwind source regions; however many remote land, ocean, and polar regions are affected by a mixture of dust from various sources around the globe

Large wildfires reduce vegetation cover and soil moisture, leaving the temporally degraded landscapes an emergent source of dust emission. However, the global extent of post-fire dust events and their influencing factors remain unexplored. Using satellite measurements of active fires, aerosol abundance, vegetation cover and soil moisture from 2003 to 2020, here we show that 54% of the examined ~150,000 global large wildfires are followed by enhanced dust emission, producing substantial dust loadings for days to weeks over normally dust-free regions. The occurrence and duration of post-fire dust emission is controlled primarily by the extent of precedent wildfires and resultant vegetation anomalies and modulated secondarily by pre-fire drought conditions. The intensifying wildfires and drying soils during the studying period have made post-fire dust events one day longer, especially over extratropical forests and grasslands. With the predicted intensification of regional wildfires and concurrent droughts in the upcoming decades, our results indicate a future enhancement of sequential fire and dust extremes and their societal and ecological impacts.

Avec l’augmentation de l’espérance de vie, les onco-pneumonologues et les chirurgiens thoraciques sont plus fréquemment confrontés à des patients octogénaires atteints d’un cancer pulmonaire. Dans ce groupe d’âge, les modalités de traitement sont reconsidérées du fait de plus nombreuses comorbidités. La chirurgie reste le traitement de référence pour les stades précoces mais la mortalité et les complications postopératoires sont plus élevées dans ce groupe de patients. Une des solutions pour réduire le risque postopératoire serait de développer une chirurgie pulmonaire vidéo-assistée. Le but de ce travail était donc d’évaluer les résultats de la résection pulmonaire pour cancer par vidéothoracoscopie chez les patients octogénaires.

Many studies have been conducted on the effects of dust on rainfall in the Sahel and generally show that African dust weakens the West African Monsoon, drying the region. This drying is often assumed to produce a positive dust‐precipitation feedback by reducing vegetation cover for the region. We directly test this relationship for the first time by using a model that explicitly simulates vegetation growth and its impact on dust emission. There are several competing effects of dust that affect plant growth: changes to rainfall, downwelling solar radiation, surface temperature, and resultant changes in surface fluxes. Our model finds that the combined effect of these processes decreases vegetation cover and productivity of the Sahel and West Africa. We determine this by comparing experiments with radiatively active dust to experiments with radiatively invisible dust. In modern conditions, the dust radiative effect decreases leaf area by 12%, productivity by 14%, and increases bare soil area by 3% across the Sahel, and by much higher amounts locally. Experiments where the vegetation experiences preindustrial rather than modern CO2levels show that without stomatal closure, the reductions would be approximately 20–40% stronger. In preindustrial conditions the vegetation response is weaker, despite the dust‐induced rainfall and temperature anomalies being similar. We interpret this as the vegetation being less susceptible to drought in a less evaporative climate. These vegetation responses to dust are evidence of a dust‐vegetation feedback loop whose strength varies with the mean state of the climate and which may grow stronger in the future. We present results for the Sahel from a fully coupled general circulation model including both dynamic vegetation and dynamic dust sourcesDust radiative effects reduce Sahelian rain, increase the frequency of dry conditions, and reduce vegetation productivity and coverageThe strength of the dust effect depends on the mean state of the climate, with vegetation experiencing greater impacts in drier climates

Most dust forecast models focus on short, subseasonal lead times, that is, 3 to 6 days, and the skill of seasonal prediction is not clear. In this study we examine the potential of seasonal dust prediction in the United States using an observation‐constrained regression model and key variables predicted by a seasonal prediction model developed at National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, the Forecast‐Oriented Low Ocean Resolution (FLOR) model. Our method shows skillful predictions of spring dustiness 3 to 6 months in advance. It is found that the regression model explains about 71% of the variances of dust event frequency over the Great Plains and 63% over the southwestern United States in March‐May from 2004 to 2016 using predictors from FLOR initialized on 1 December. Variations in springtime dustiness are dominated by springtime climatic factors rather than wintertime factors. Findings here will help development of a seasonal dust prediction system and hazard prevention. Severe dust storms reduce visibility and cause breathing problems and lung diseases, affecting public transportation and safety. Reliable forecasts for dust storms and overall dustiness are therefore important for hazard prevention and resource planning. Most dust forecast models focus on short‐time forecasts extending out only a few days. The capability of seasonal dust prediction in the United States is not clear. Here we use a statistical model and precipitation, surface wind, and ground surface bareness from a seasonal prediction model driven by observational information on 1 December to predict dustiness over major dusty regions in the United States in spring. It is found that our method can largely capture the year‐to‐year variations in dustiness over the Great Plains during March‐April‐May and partially over the southwestern United States. The finding here will help the development of a more reliable seasonal dust prediction system in the future. A regression model and ensembles from a seasonal prediction model initialized on 1 December are used to predict springtime dustinessAbout 71% of the variances of dustiness over the Great Plains and 63% over the southwestern United States from 2004 to 2016 are capturedSpringtime climatic factors play a more important role in variations in spring dustiness than wintertime factors

Changes in asthma care need to be documented at arrival of biotherapies.

Current research highlights the need to critically examine the factors that can reduce the relationship between work stress and burnout to improve employee health and well-being, as well as to create healthier workplaces. The objective of this study was to enhance insight into the association between stress and job burnout by testing the moderated moderating effect of off-job physical activity (PA) and intrinsic motivation for off-job PA on this association. A total of 369 university staff (70% females) completed a web survey comprising measures of perceived stress, job burnout, PA, and intrinsic motivation for PA. A three-way conditional process model revealed that the “Stress × PA” interaction was significant for cognitive weariness, and that the three-way interaction between “Stress × PA × Intrinsic Motivation for PA” was significantly related to job burnout, and to cognitive weariness. The results highlight (a) that stress was associated with higher levels of job burnout; (b) that under a high stress condition, PA was negatively linked to cognitive weariness; and (c) that intrinsic motivation for PA reinforced the positive moderating effect of PA on the stress–burnout relationship, especially when stress is high.

Deposition of mineral dust plays an important role in upper‐ocean biogeochemical processes, particularly by delivering iron to iron‐limited regions. Here we examine the impact of dynamically changing iron deposition on tropical Pacific Ocean biogeochemistry in fully coupled earth system model projections under several emissions scenarios. Projected end‐of‐21st‐century increases in central tropical Pacific dust and iron deposition strengthen with increasing emissions/radiative forcing, and are aligned with projected soil moisture decreases in adjacent land areas and precipitation increases over the equatorial Pacific. Increased delivery of soluble iron results in a reduction in, and eastward contraction of, equatorial Pacific phytoplankton iron limitation and shifts primary production and particulate organic carbon flux projections relative to a high emissions projection (SSP5‐8.5) wherein soluble iron deposition is prescribed as a static climatology. These results highlight modeling advances in representing coupled land‐air‐sea interactions to project basin‐scale patterns of ocean biogeochemical change. We use an Earth System Model (ESM) to explore climate‐driven changes in the deposition of dust and iron from the atmosphere to the ocean under a range of climate change scenarios. These simulations use a “dynamic” approach for iron deposition which means iron deposition is affected by changing atmospheric dust loads and factoring in wind and precipitation which affect dust and iron transfer from the atmosphere to the ocean. Under increasing climate change scenarios, GFDL's ESM4.1 projects drier soil conditions, as well as more dust in the atmosphere and precipitation over the Pacific Ocean toward the end of the 21st century. Elevated levels of future iron delivery to the ocean reduce iron limitation of phytoplankton growth in the central Pacific. As a result, we find higher levels of phytoplankton production in the central, equatorial Pacific but lower levels downstream in the western and off‐equatorial Pacific because other nutrients necessary for growth are depleted by reduced upwelling and enhanced production in the eastern Pacific. This geographic pattern also appears in the change in carbon sinking from the surface ocean to depth. Overall, these results highlight how ESM advances can improve our understanding of climate change impacts on marine ecosystems. Dynamically modeled atmosphere‐to‐ocean soluble iron deposition permits deposition driver variability to affect upper ocean biogeochemistryTropical Pacific iron deposition increases with radiative forcing, affecting phytoplankton nutrient limitation, production, and POC fluxDeposition increases align with soil moisture decreases in adjacent land areas, and precipitation increases over the equatorial Pacific Dynamically modeled atmosphere‐to‐ocean soluble iron deposition permits deposition driver variability to affect upper ocean biogeochemistry Tropical Pacific iron deposition increases with radiative forcing, affecting phytoplankton nutrient limitation, production, and POC flux Deposition increases align with soil moisture decreases in adjacent land areas, and precipitation increases over the equatorial Pacific

Climate in the tropical North Atlantic and West Africa is known to be sensitive to both the atmospheric burden and optical properties of aerosolized mineral dust. We investigate the global climatic response to an idealized perturbation in atmospheric burden of Saharan‐born mineral dust, comparable to the observed changes between the 1960s and 1980s, using simulations with the high‐resolution, fully coupled Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Climate Model 2.5, Forecast‐oriented Low Ocean Resolution version, across a range of realistic optical properties, with a specific focus on tropical cyclones. The direct radiative responses at the top of the atmosphere and at the surface along with regional hydrologic and thermodynamic responses are in agreement with previous studies, depending largely on the amount of aerosol absorption versus scattering. In all simulations, dust causes a decrease in tropical cyclone activity across the North Atlantic Ocean, as determined by a tropical cyclone tracking scheme, with the largest response occurring in the most absorbing and scattering optical regimes. These changes are partially corroborated by common local genesis potential indices. However, no clear‐cut explanation can be developed upon inspection of their constituent variables. There are also nonnegligible anomalies in the North Pacific and Indian Oceans in these simulations. A relationship between accumulated cyclone energy and top of the atmosphere radiative flux anomalies is used to explain the North Atlantic anomalies, while analogy to known climate variations can help us understand the far‐field response to the dust forcing. Modeled Saharan dust decreases tropical cyclone frequency across the North AtlanticThe simulated effect strongly depends on the amount of aerosol absorption versus scatteringSaharan dust can impact tropical cyclones beyond the Atlantic through atmospheric teleconnection patterns

•A new ANN training strategy is proposed for better generation capabilities.•The proposed ANN is used to predict continuous blood glucose levels.•The proposed method is only based CGM data as inputs.•The proposed method is automatic and no human intervention is needed.•Experimental results show that the proposed ANN is accurate, adaptive, and very encouraging for a clinical implementation.

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic disease requiring patients to know their blood glucose values in order to ensure blood glucose levels as close to normal as possible. Hence, the ability to predict blood glucose levels is of a great interest for clinical researchers. In this sense, the literature is rich with several solutions that can predict blood glucose levels. Unfortunately, these methods require the patient to specific their daily activities: meal intake, insulin injection and emotional factors, which can be error prone. To reduce this burden on the patent, this work proposes to use only continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) data to predict blood glucose levels independently of other factors. To support this, support vector regression (SVR) and differential evolution (DE) algorithms were investigated. The proposed method is validated using real CGM data of 12 patients. The obtained average of root mean square error (RMSE) was 9.44, 10.78, 11.82 and 12.95mg/dL for prediction horizon (PH) respectively equal to 15, 30, 45 and 60min. The results of the present study and comparison with some previous works show that the proposed method holds promise. The SVR based on DE algorithm achieved high prediction accuracy while being robustness, automatic, and requiring no human intervention.

Materials manufactured by additive manufacturing processes based on extrusion of polymer are recent and difficult to model due to their complex and irregular mesostructure. In the case of printed material with parallel extruded rasters, the existing models, based on 2D Representative Volume Elements (RVEs), neglect the influence of the variation of the cavity shape along the printing direction due to printing irregularities such as ghosting or rippling. In this paper, the mesostructure of the printed material is investigated based on X-ray tomography, and a new approach to extract a 3D RVE is proposed. The new method provides typical mesostructural features of interest, and, in particular, the defects induced by printing irregularities. This method is used to define RVEs for different mesostructures associated with different printing conditions. A numerical homogenization of the printed material based on these RVEs is performed using the Fast-Fourier Transform (FFT) method to determine its macroscopic properties. Both macroscopic elastic properties of the printed material and stress concentrations in the mesostructure are studied and compared to estimate the influence of the different typical mesostructures on the mechanical behavior of the printed material. The results establish a significant influence of the variation of the mesostructure induced by the printing conditions on the rigidity of the printed material, showing the efficiency of the method to better predict the structure–properties relationships of material extrusion additive manufacturing (MEAM) based material. Furthermore, the method links the mesostructural defects to the induced stress concentrations in the mesostructure, thus to their criticality to the resistance of the material.

The aim of this article is to propose on the one hand a brief history of modelling starting from the works of Fibonacci, Robert Malthus, Pierre Francis Verhulst and then Vito Volterra and, on the other hand, to present the main hypotheses of the very famous but very little known predator-prey model elaborated in the 1920s by Volterra in order to solve a problem posed by his son-in-law, Umberto D’Ancona. It is thus shown that, contrary to a widely-held notion, Volterra’s model is realistic and his seminal work laid the groundwork for modern population dynamics and mathematical ecology, including seasonality, migration, pollution and more.

Satellite‐derived enhancement ratios of NH3relative to CO column burden ( ERNH3/CO) in fires over Alaska, the Amazon, and South Equatorial Africa are 35, 45, and 70% lower than the corresponding ratio of their emissions factors ( EFNH3/CO) from biomass burning derived from in situ observations. Simulations performed using the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory AM3 global chemistry‐climate model show that these regional differences may not entirely stem from an overestimate of NH3emissions but rather from changes in the gas‐aerosol partitioning of NH3to NH4+. Differences between ERNH3/COand EFNH3/COare largest in regions where EFNOx/NH3is high, consistent with the production of NH4NO3. Biomass burning is estimated to contribute 11–23% of the global burden and direct radiative effect (DRE) of NH4NO3(−15 to −28 mW m−2), despite accounting for less than 6% of the global source of NH3. Production of NH4NO3is largely concentrated over the Amazon and South Equatorial Africa, where its DRE can reach −1.9 W m−2during the biomass burning season. NH3gas‐to‐aerosol partitioning induces regional differences between NH3emission factors derived from in situ and satellite observationsGreatest partitioning is over large savanna and tropical forest fires, where NO emissions exceed those of NH3, promoting NH4NO3productionFires can contribute over 20% of the NH4NO3burden and associated radiative effect despite accounting for less than 6% of NH3emissions

Additive manufacturing processes are recent and lack standardized methods to characterize the mechanical properties of the printed material. Sample preparations in the literature consist in the direct printing of specimens, which induces uncontrolled interactions between printing conditions of the specimens and material properties. This study aims to develop a method for the specimen preparation to characterize the behavior of materials manufactured by material extrusion additive manufacturing. The proposed method consists in preparing printed plates from polyethylene terephthalate glycol-modified filament into a unique design before machining out specimens at different orientation angles. A comparison to directly printed specimens at the same orientation angles is performed to confront the proposed method to a commonly used one in the literature, and to understand the cause of discrepancies and the lack of predictiveness in additive manufacturing. The prepared specimens are characterized by X-ray tomography and tensile tests to assess process-structure-property relationships. The analysis highlights the structure heterogeneity of the as-printed specimen compared to the machined one, which influences the mechanical properties of the specimen. The new hybrid additive-subtractive preparation method for the specimen limits the superimposed thermo-kinetic effects caused by changes in deposition strategy, including coalescence and flow instability, and allows to measure effective mechanical properties based on a homogenized multiscale structure that is more representative of large parts. In addition, machining smooths the surface without thermal alterations, which leads to more accurate mechanical testing regarding cross-sectional area measurement, crack initiation and fracture mode. The proposed method is thought to standardize the preparation of additively manufactured materials based on extrusion to ease comparison between studies, to help the qualification of technical and industrial parts, and to measure intrinsic material’s properties based on a controlled microstructure for understanding of the process-related behavior and properties of material.

L’idée d’utiliser diverses formes d’exercice physique pour améliorer la santé est largement répandue. Bien que cette idée remonte à l’antiquité, il était peu conventionnel jusqu’à ces dernières années d’envisager l’utilisation de l’exercice physique en tant que thérapie (principale ou adjuvante) dans la prise en charge des psychopathologies. Ces deux dernières décennies, cependant, nous assistons à une explosion de l’intérêt scientifique pour cette forme d’intervention non médicamenteuse. L’objectif de cette revue de littérature narrative est de fournir un aperçu complet et mis à jour des connaissances scientifiques dans ce domaine. Dans un premier temps, nous présentons un résumé des recherches contemporaines évaluant les effets à court et à long terme de l’exercice physique sur la santé mentale. Puis nous évoquons dans la partie principale de cet article une liste de mécanismes explicatifs et de leurs soubassements neurobiologiques actuellement proposés pour rendre compte des effets favorables de l’exercice physique. Enfin nous proposons des orientations pour les recherches futures ainsi qu’une série de recommandations concrètes pour les cliniciens qui souhaitent intégrer la prescription d’activité physique dans leur pratique clinique.

In asthma, choice of controller therapy and adherence to treatment can affect the risk of future severe exacerbations leading to hospitalization.

The preferential dust source (PDS) scheme enables large‐scale mapping of geomorphology in terms of importance for dust emissions but has not been independently tested other than at local scales. We examine the PDS qualitative conceptual model of surface emissivity alongside a quantitative measurement of dust loading from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Deep Blue Collection 6 for the Chihuahuan Desert. The predicted ranked importance of each geomorphic type for dust emissions is compared with the actual ranked importance as determined from the satellite‐derived dust loading. For this region, the predicted variability and magnitude of dust emissions from most surface types present coincides with the observed characteristics demonstrating the significance of geomorphological controls on emission. The exception is for areas of low magnitude but persistent emissions such as alluvial surfaces where PDS overpredicts dustiness. As PDS is a good predictor of emissions and incorporates surface dynamics it could improve models of future dust emissions. Geomorphological prediction of dust sources compared with long‐term dust loading from MODISPredicted rank importance of geomorphology for dust emissions confirmed by satellite recordGeomorphological dynamics can predict dust emissions and should be included in global dust models

CLUBB (Cloud Layers Unified by Binormals) is a higher‐order closure (HOC) method with an assumed joint probability density function (PDF) for the subgrid variations in vertical velocity, temperature, and moisture. CLUBB has been implemented in the atmospheric component (AM3) of the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory general circulation model AM3‐CLUBB and successfully unifies the treatment of shallow convection, resolved clouds, and planetary boundary layer (PBL). In this study, we further explore the possibility for CLUBB to unify the deep convection in a new configuration referred as AM3‐CLUBB+. AM3‐CLUBB+ simulations with prescribed sea surface temperature are discussed. Cloud, radiation, and precipitation fields compare favorably with observations and reanalyses. AM3‐CLUBB+ successfully captures the transition from stratocumulus to deep convection and the modulated response of liquid water path to aerosols. Simulations of tropical variability and the Madden‐Julian oscillation (MJO) are also improved. Deficiencies include excessive tropical water vapor and insufficient ice clouds in the midlatitudes. CLUBB is used as a unified parameterizationThe mean model climate state is modeled realisticallySimulations of tropical variability and MJO are improved

We describe and evaluate atmospheric chemistry in the newly developed Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory chemistry‐climate model (GFDL AM3) and apply it to investigate the net impact of preindustrial (PI) to present (PD) changes in short‐lived pollutant emissions (ozone precursors, sulfur dioxide, and carbonaceous aerosols) and methane concentration on atmospheric composition and climate forcing. The inclusion of online troposphere‐stratosphere interactions, gas‐aerosol chemistry, and aerosol‐cloud interactions (including direct and indirect aerosol radiative effects) in AM3 enables a more complete representation of interactions among short‐lived species, and thus their net climate impact, than was considered in previous climate assessments. The base AM3 simulation, driven with observed sea surface temperature (SST) and sea ice cover (SIC) over the period 1981–2007, generally reproduces the observed mean magnitude, spatial distribution, and seasonal cycle of tropospheric ozone and carbon monoxide. The global mean aerosol optical depth in our base simulation is within 5% of satellite measurements over the 1982–2006 time period. We conduct a pair of simulations in which only the short‐lived pollutant emissions and methane concentrations are changed from PI (1860) to PD (2000) levels (i.e., SST, SIC, greenhouse gases, and ozone‐depleting substances are held at PD levels). From the PI to PD, we find that changes in short‐lived pollutant emissions and methane have caused the tropospheric ozone burden to increase by 39% and the global burdens of sulfate, black carbon, and organic carbon to increase by factors of 3, 2.4, and 1.4, respectively. Tropospheric hydroxyl concentration decreases by 7%, showing that increases in OH sinks (methane, carbon monoxide, nonmethane volatile organic compounds, and sulfur dioxide) dominate over sources (ozone and nitrogen oxides) in the model. Combined changes in tropospheric ozone and aerosols cause a net negative top‐of‐the‐atmosphere radiative forcing perturbation (−1.05 W m−2) indicating that the negative forcing (direct plus indirect) from aerosol changes dominates over the positive forcing due to ozone increases, thus masking nearly half of the PI to PD positive forcing from long‐lived greenhouse gases globally, consistent with other current generation chemistry‐climate models. Document and evaluate atmospheric chemistry in GFDL‐AM3Net forcing from PI to PD short‐lived pollutant emission changes is ‐1.05 Wm‐2

The El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) strongly influences phytoplankton in the tropical Pacific, with El Niño conditions suppressing productivity in the equatorial Pacific (EP) and placing nutritional stresses on marine ecosystems. The Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory's (GFDL) Earth System Model version 4.1 (ESM4.1) captures observed ENSO‐chlorophyll patterns (r= 0.57) much better than GFDL's previous ESM2M (r= 0.23). Most notably, the observed post‐El Niño “chlorophyll rebound” is substantially improved in ESM4.1 (r= 0.52). We find that an anomalous increase in iron propagation from western Pacific (WP) subsurface to the cold tongue via the equatorial undercurrent (EUC) and subsequent post‐El Niño surfacing, unresolved in ESM2M, is the primary driver of chlorophyll rebound. We also find that this chlorophyll rebound is augmented by high post‐El Niño dust‐iron deposition anomalies in the eastern EP. This post‐El Niño chlorophyll rebound provides a previously unrecognized source of marine ecosystem resilience independent from the La Niña that sometimes follows. In the tropical Pacific, year‐to‐year changes in chlorophyll, a proxy for the phytoplankton base of ocean food webs, is dominated by the El Niño–Southern Oscillation. El Niño, triggered by westerly wind anomalies and subsequent redistributions of upper ocean heat content, can sharply reduce the regional supply of nutrients limiting phytoplankton growth. A new Earth System Model captures not only the onset and extent of chlorophyll anomalies during El Niño events, but also a pronounced post‐El Niño “chlorophyll rebound” that produces positive equatorial Pacific chlorophyll anomalies in the summer following El Niño events. This post‐El Niño chlorophyll rebound is primarily driven by positive iron anomalies propagated from the subsurface western Pacific to the surface eastern Pacific cold tongue via the Equatorial Undercurrent. High post‐El Niño dust deposition anomalies arising from dry land conditions in Central and South America augment the post‐El Niño chlorophyll rebound. This post‐El Niño chlorophyll rebound provides a key source of resilience to marine ecosystems in the equatorial Pacific. The observed post‐El Niño chlorophyll anomaly, “chlorophyll rebound,” in the equatorial Pacific is successfully simulated in GFDL‐ESM4.1This rebound is primarily driven by surfacing high iron anomalies propagated from western Pacific via Equatorial UndercurrentHigh dust‐iron deposition anomalies arising from dry land conditions augment the post‐El Niño chlorophyll rebound The observed post‐El Niño chlorophyll anomaly, “chlorophyll rebound,” in the equatorial Pacific is successfully simulated in GFDL‐ESM4.1 This rebound is primarily driven by surfacing high iron anomalies propagated from western Pacific via Equatorial Undercurrent High dust‐iron deposition anomalies arising from dry land conditions augment the post‐El Niño chlorophyll rebound

The opioid overdose crisis in North America worsened during the COVID-19 pandemic, with multiple jurisdictions reporting more deaths per day due to the fentanyl-contaminated drug supply than COVID-19. The rapid quantitative detection of fentanyl in the illicit opioid drug supply or in bodily fluids at biologically relevant concentrations (i.e., <80 nM) remains a significant challenge. Electroanalytical techniques are inexpensive and can be used to rapidly detect fentanyl, but detection limits need to be improved. Herein, we detail the development of an electrochemical-based fentanyl analytical detection strategy that used a glassy carbon electrode modified with electrochemically reduced graphene oxide (ERGO) via electrophoretic deposition. The resulting surface was further electrochemically reduced in the presence of fentanyl to enhance the sensitivity. Multiple ERGO thicknesses were prepared in order to prove the versatility and ability to fine-tune the layer to the desired response. Fentanyl was detected at <10 ppb (<30 nM) with a limit of detection of 2 ppb and a calibration curve that covered 4 orders of concentration (from 1 ppb to 10 ppm). This method was sensitive to fentanyl analogues such as carfentanil. Interference from the presence of 100-fold excess of other opioids (heroin, cocaine) or substances typically found in illicit drug samples (e.g. caffeine and sucrose) was not significant.

We give a new extrinsic upper bound for the smallest eigenvalues of the Dirac operator of a hypersurface. If the ambient manifold is the hyperbolic space, we show that its limiting case is achieved only for geodesic spheres.

SiC whiskers can be produced from 1350–1500 °C by carbothermal reduction of the silica in a fixed bed percolated by a hydrogen flow. At 1450 °C and above, the addition of iron to the silica-carbon mixture leads to the formation of submicrometre whiskers in the bed, ending with a silicon-rich droplet. The iron has evaporated and condensed at a lower temperature, a few centimetres downstream from the bed, allowing the formation of silicon carbide whiskers ending with an iron droplet according to the vapour-liquid-solid (VLS) mechanism. Submicrometre whiskers are also obtained without iron over a broader range of temperatures. Silicon carbide whisker production in a fixed bed is then possible using a (VLS) mechanism in a silicon-rich droplet and may be controlled without the addition of transition metals, thus improving the purity.

The evolution of thermally stimulated depolarization current (TSDC) measured on a mordenite Na zeolite is examined as a function of the Na⁺ exchange degree. According to this investigation, the dipolar reorientation is due to Na⁺, and the TSDC signal analysis leads to an assessment of the interaction energies between the hopping Na⁺ ions and the zeolitic lattice. The values of these energies are found to be between 0.7 and 0.9 eV. According to the Na⁺ exchange degree and the nature of the occupied Na⁺ sites, a quantitative and qualitative characterization of each site is given.

Les manques ? la lev?e observ?s sur haricot en semis pr?coce au printemps sont principalement dus aux attaques de Pythium. D'importantes diff?rences de sensibilit? peuvent ?tre mises en ?vidence entre vari?t?s par des m?thodes de contamination les mettant en pr?sence de souches de Pythium dou?es de divers niveaux d'agressivit?. Les vari?t?s ? grain color? sont, de fa?on g?n?rale, moins sensibles que celles ? t?gument incolore, et parmi celles-ci les flageolets verts sont les plus sensibles. L'?tude de la descendance d'un croisement (noir r?sistant x flageolet vert) met en ?vidence l'effet sensibilisant de 2 g?nes r?cessifs, l'un conditionnant l'absence de coloration, l'autre le caract?re ?flageolet?. Cependant, il y a aussi des diff?rences de sensibilit? entre vari?t?s ? grains noirs. Les vari?t?s plus sensibles exsudent plus de sucres et de compos?s azot?s en cours de germination, leurs t?guments sont moins riches en leuco-anthocyanes. L'aptitude physiologique ? germer et ? cro?tre ? basse temp?rature intervient ?galement dans la r?ussite des semis pr?coces. Elle a fait, elle aussi, l'objet d'une ?tude vari?tale qui met en ?vidence les qualit?s de la vari?t? Vernandon. Pythium susceptibility and germination failure in common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) sown in cold soils. Bean growers and the canning industry would appreciate the improved success of early sowings of common beans, which are frequently damaged by Pythium spp. Twenty strains were collected and classified for agressivity and taxonomy: P ultimum (most of them very agressive), P sylvaticum (most of them fairly agressive), and palmatecoralloid strains, which are weakly agressive. Laboratory methods are described for inoculation of bean seeds with Pythium, analysis of bean seed exudates and estimation of leucoanthocyanin content of the seed coat. Significant differences in Pythium susceptibility could be demonstrated between bean cultivars. Black beans, and also some red, buff-colored and mottled beans were more resistant than white ones, amongst which differences in susceptibility could be demonstrated by the use of weakly aggressive Pythium strains. The highest susceptibility occured for the French flageolet vert cultivars. A study of the progeny of a cross between PI226895 (the most resistant black bean) and Elsa (a 'flageolet vert) demonstrate the increases in susceptibility caused by the 2 recessive genes inducing the absence of coloration and flageolet quality. High levels of resistance could be found in buff-colored as well as in black-seeded lines in the progeny of this cross. At the biochemical level susceptibility is associated wtih high level of soluble substances (sugars, nitrogen compounds) in seed exudates during imbibition, low content in leucoanthocyanins, and seed coat thinness. The pleiotropic influence of the gene (p) on all these characters could be demonstrated by the study of white mutants of the black-seeded cultivars PI226895 and Aiguillon. Some discrepancies could appear between ranking for Pythium susceptibilities in experiments with 10 d incubation at 11 ?C and ranking for these biochemical characters. They could be linked to differences in physiological ability to germinate and grow at low temperatures. These differences were also studied: the best cultivar found for this character was Vernandon. Integration of control measures has been discussed. Even the low levels of resistance which can be bred for white-seeded lines can be improved by seed treatment with low amounts of fungicides. White-seeded cultivars are preferred by the snap bean canning industry. The water in the snap bean cans is blue-gray with black-seed cultivars. Light-buff colored resistant lines can be bred, resulting in a less unpleasant water coloration in the cans.

Various contents of Li+, Ni2+ or Cu2+ were introduced in zeolite NaA by conventional cation exchange. Crystal damages are observed on samples having suffered the lowerpH.

Calorimetric measurements of the heat of adsorption of CO2 on zeolites with variable content of mono- and divalent cations lead to common conclusions. High initial heats (up to 120 kJ·mol−1 for NaA), generally associated with a slow and activated rate of adsorption, are found for high contents of Na+, Li+ or Ca2+. They are attributed to a limited number of chemisorption sites (0.3 per α cage in NaA).

The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic led to a widespread reduction in aerosol emissions. Using satellite observations and climate model simulations, we study the underlying mechanisms of the large decreases in solar clear‐sky reflection (3.8 W m−2or 7%) and aerosol optical depth (0.16 W m−2or 32%) observed over the East Asian Marginal Seas in March 2020. By separating the impacts from meteorology and emissions in the model simulations, we find that about one‐third of the clear‐sky anomalies can be attributed to pandemic‐related emission reductions, and the rest to weather variability and long‐term emission trends. The model is skillful at reproducing the observed interannual variations in solar all‐sky reflection, but no COVID‐19 signal is discerned. The current observational and modeling capabilities will be critical for monitoring, understanding, and predicting the radiative forcing and climate impacts of the ongoing crisis. Satellite data showed large reductions in reflected sunlight and aerosol optical depth over clear (cloudless) sky off the East Asian coast in March 2020. Although these changes are consistent with a sharp cut in aerosol emissions due to the lockdown put in place to curb the spread of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID‐19), one cannot rule out possible roles played by weather conditions such as winds and humidity. We use a climate model forced with past known weather to isolate the latter factor, and to describe the difference from the observation to the former. The main finding is that the pandemic‐related emission reductions are responsible for about one‐third of the observed signal. The model can largely reproduce the year‐to‐year variations in all‐sky reflection, but no influence of COVID‐19 is detected. Solar clear‐sky reflection was observed to drop substantially over the East Asian Marginal Seas in March 2020Climate model simulations nudged with reanalysis data are used to separate the impacts of meteorology and emissionsIt is found that about one‐third of the clear‐sky anomalies can be attributed to pandemic‐related emission reductions Solar clear‐sky reflection was observed to drop substantially over the East Asian Marginal Seas in March 2020 Climate model simulations nudged with reanalysis data are used to separate the impacts of meteorology and emissions It is found that about one‐third of the clear‐sky anomalies can be attributed to pandemic‐related emission reductions

Mineral dust is emitted primarily from arid regions, which may shrink or expand in one or both hemispheres, producing a complex and asymmetric pattern of radiative forcing that varies on interannual to millennial timescales. We assess the impact of hemispheric dust asymmetry on tropical precipitation. Using the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) coupled climate model CM3 to simulate dust emission, we vary source strength in each hemisphere individually. Hemispherically asymmetric dust emission produces asymmetric dust load and radiative forcing. We find that the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) shifts away from the hemisphere with enhanced dust load in response to the forcing asymmetry. We find significant linear relationships between the hemispheric imbalance and the latitude of tropical precipitation globally, in the Pacific, and especially in the Atlantic basin. This relationship offers a first‐order estimation of dust effects on the hydrological cycle when investigating records of paleodust and for accurately predicting dust effects and feedbacks on future climate. Dust aerosols in the climate system come from desert regions that are unevenly distributed across the globe. Currently, this unevenness produces much more dust in the Northern Hemisphere than in the Southern, but in previous climates, the degree of unevenness has varied. The presence of dust affects atmospheric energy balance by reflecting sunlight and absorbing infrared radiation. One consequence of an atmospheric energy imbalance is that the band of intense tropical rainfall near the equator shifts northward or southward. Using a global climate model, we increased and decreased the amount of dust in each hemisphere independently, creating a range of uneven dustiness and energy imbalance, and studied the tropical rainfall response. We found that tropical rainfall shifts away from the dustier hemisphere in a predictable way over both the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. The shift is especially strong over the Atlantic because it is downwind of the Sahara desert, the largest source of dust. Comparing our findings to records from the last ice age shows that dust accounts for roughly 15% of the shift of rainfall over the Atlantic since then. This dust‐rainfall relationship may also help predict changes to the location of tropical rainfall in the future. Hemispherically asymmetric dust emission produces asymmetric radiative forcing that shifts tropical precipitationIncreasing dust forcing in the Northern Hemisphere shifts the ITCZ linearly southward in the Atlantic, Pacific, and globallyMillenial‐scale dust variability from ocean sediment cores imply dust responsible for ~15% of shift in Atlantic ITCZ since the LGM

Motivated by the ongoing debates about the relative contribution of specific North African dust sources to the transatlantic dust transport to the Amazon Basin, the current study integrates a suite of satellite observations into a novel trajectory analysis framework to investigate dust transport from the leading two North African dust sources, namely, the Bodélé depression and El Djouf. In particular, this approach provides observation‐constrained quantification of the dust's dry and wet deposition along its transport pathways and is validated against multiple satellite observations. The current large ensemble trajectory simulations identify favorable transport pathways from the El Djouf across the Atlantic Ocean with respect to seasonal rain belts. The limited potential for long‐range transport of dust from the Bodélé depression is attributed to the currently identified extensive near‐source dust removal primarily by dry and wet deposition during boreal winter and summer, respectively. North African deserts have been reported to export ~200 million tons of dust per year to the tropical Atlantic Ocean, degrading air quality over the Caribbean Islands in boreal summer and supplying nutrients to fertilize the Amazon Rainforest in boreal winter and spring through transatlantic dust transport. It has been assumed that the Bodélé depression is the main contributor to this transatlantic dust transport and Amazonian dust fertilization in boreal winter. However, these claims have not been supported by geochemical analysis. Here, we integrate a suite of satellite observations into a novel trajectory analysis framework to investigate dust transport from the leading two North African dust sources, namely, the Bodélé depression and El Djouf, and provide the first ever observation‐constrained quantification of the dust's dry and wet deposition along its transport pathways. The approach yields the novel observational finding that the El Djouf is the preferred source of intercontinental transport across the Atlantic Ocean rather than the Bodélé depression, bridging the geochemical impact of North African minerals on the Amazon Basin to the specific dust origin. The current trajectory simulations quantify observation‐derived dust deposition and capture the observed three‐dimensional dust distributionEl Djouf is the preferred source of the transatlantic dust transport, due to favorable transport pathways with respect to seasonal rain beltsExtensive near‐source dust deposition supports the observed limited potential for long‐range transport of dust from the Bodélé depression

Recent laboratory and field studies point to an increase of sea salt aerosol (SSA) emissions with temperature, suggesting that SSA may lower climate sensitivity. We assess the impact of a strong (4.2% K −1) and weak (0.7% K −1) temperature response of SSA emissions on the climate sensitivity of the coupled climate model CM4. We find that the stronger temperature dependence improves the simulation of marine aerosol optical depth sensitivity to temperature and lowers CM4 Transient Climate Response (‐0.12 K) and Equilibrium Climate Sensitivity (‐0.5 K). At CO2doubling, the higher SSA emission sensitivity causes a negative radiative feedback (‐0.125  Wm−2K−1), which can only be partly explained by changes in the radiative effect of SSA (‐0.08  Wm−2K−1). Stronger radiative feedbacks are dominated by more negative low‐level cloud feedbacks in the Northern Hemisphere, which are partly offset by more positive feedbacks in the Southern Hemisphere associated with a weaker Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation. Satellite observations support an increase of sea salt emissions with temperatureIncreasing sea salt emissions with temperature induces a negative radiative feedback of ‐0.1 W m −2K −1in CM4Changes in sea surface temperature and AMOC modulate the sea salt feedback

Les métastases cérébrales (MC) dans les cancers bronchiques non à petites cellules (CBNPC) sont associées à un mauvais pronostic et à une résistance au traitement systémique. La caractérisation du micro-environnement immunitaire des MC permettrait de fournir un rationnel à l’utilisation de l’immunothérapie et d’aider à l’identification de nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques.

L’adhésion est un élément clé dans l’asthme. Les différences entre les prescriptions et les délivrances de traitements ont été peu étudiées. L’objectif de cette étude était d’identifier un écart potentiel entre les prescriptions des médecins généralistes (MG) et les délivrances enregistrées dans les données de remboursement de l’Assurance maladie, chez les patients atteints de rhinite allergique (AA) et d’asthme.

L’âge lors du diagnostic d’hypertension artérielle pulmonaire (HTAP) est en augmentation. Les patients âgés sont rarement inclus dans les essais thérapeutiques. Les objectifs de cette étude étaient de décrire la prise en charge de l’HTAP des patients âgés (65–74ans) et très âgés (≥75ans), et d’évaluer leur réponse et leur tolérance thérapeutique.

Notre étude avait pour objectif de décrire la consommation de soins et les coûts associés à la prise en charge de la rhinite allergique perannuelle (RAP) en France, qu’elle soit ou non associée à un asthme allergique concomitant.

Background:Oral anticoagulants (OACs) reduce the risk of thromboembolic events in NVAF patients. Discontinuation of treatment may expose NVAF patients to an increased risk of stroke. The respective discontinuation rates of OACs remain to be assessed in daily practice in France.Purposes:The French population-based NAXOS study assessed and compared treatment discontinuation patterns of OACs [apixaban (AP), dabigatran (DB), rivaroxaban (RV), and VKAs] in patients with NVAF initiating an OAC.Methods:Retrospective cohort study of NVAF patients aged ?18 years, newly treated with OACs (i.e. absence of OAC use in the previous 24 months) from 2014 to 2016, were identified using the nationwide French national health insurance database (SNIIRAM), including data from drug dispensing and hospitalizations in France. We defined treatment discontinuation as a lack of subsequent dispensing of the index drug within 30 days after the last supply day of the last dispensing, and calculated the cumulative incidence (and 95% CIs) of discontinuation (accounting for the competing risks) at 6 and 12 months after treatment initiation. Time to discontinuation was compared between OAC treatment groups using time-to-event models accounting for differences in patient characteristics.Results:Overall, among eligible patients 87,565 initiated AP, 100,063 RV, 21,245 DB, and 112,628 VKA during the study period. Before adjustment, time-to-event analyses demonstrated that the rate of discontinuation at 6 months was lower in patients initiated with AP than in those initiated with VKAs, RV, DB (respectively 22.7% (22.4-23.0), 29.4% (29.2-29.7), 32.2% (31.8-32.5), and 36.2% (35.5-36.9). Similarly, the rate of discontinuation at 12 months was lower in patients initiated with AP than in those initiated with VKAs, RV, DB (respectively 31.0% (30.7-31.4%), 44.3% (44.0-44.6), 41.3% (40.9-41.6), and 46.8% (46.1-47.5). Adjusted comparative results will be presented at the conference.Conclusion:These preliminary analyses of OACs treatment patterns in NVAF show that lower discontinuation rates were observed in patients treated with AP, compared to other OACs, at 6 and 12 months after treatment initiation.

Un mécanisme immun est supposé être à l’origine de la sarcoïdose. Les greffes de cellules souches hématopoïétiques sont connues pour leur efficacité dans les maladies immunes. Nous rapportons ici le cas d’une sarcoïdose cortico-résistante s’étant compliquée d’une leucémie aiguë myéloïde ayant nécessité une allogreffe de cellules souches hématopoïétiques. Il s’en est suivi une rémission de la sarcoïdose sans rechute après une période de 4ans.

Objectif À partir de la base de données « échantillon généraliste de bénéficiaires » (EGB), une étude cas–témoins nichée dans une cohorte a été réalisée entre 2007 et 2013 afin d’évaluer l’impact de l’adhésion aux médicaments anti-ostéoporotiques sur la survenue de fractures.

L’adhésion aux corticoïdes inhalés (CIs) est un problème majeur dans l’asthme persistant. L’adhésion au long cours reste peu documentée en France, notamment chez les patients régulièrement traités lors des premiers mois suivant l’instauration du traitement par CI. Dans cette sous-population de patients, nous avons mesuré la proportion de jours couverts par le traitement en CIs sur le long terme (taux de couverture ou TdC), et identifié les facteurs liés à une couverture correcte par le traitement (TdC≥80 %).

Right heart catheterization (RHC) is the reference test in diagnosing pulmonary hypertension (PH). The increasing age of patients at the time of diagnosis raises the issue of the morbidity of this invasive test in elderly individuals. We hypothesized that the morbidity associated with RHC would be increased in elderly patients and highlight differences in hemodynamic characteristics compared to younger patients. A retrospective study was conducted in a regional referral center for PH. Data for all consecutive RHCs performed during the study period were analyzed. Over a five-year period, 1060 RHCs were performed. Of the patients, 228 (21.5%) were aged ≥75 years and 832 (78.5%) were aged <75 years. Duration of the procedure and site of puncture did not differ according to age group (all P> 0.05). Nine procedures (0.9%) led to complications: three (1.3%) in patients aged >75 years and six (0.7%) in younger patients aged (P= 0.5). Eight were local vascular injuries, directly related to a femoral vein puncture (P< 0.001). Pulmonary arterial pressure and cardiac output were lower in patients aged >75 years than in younger patients (P= 0.001). RHC may be performed regardless of patient age. The rate of RHC complications is not increased in individuals aged >75 years. As most complications were related to femoral vein puncture, this route should be avoided whenever possible.

L’intérêt de disposer de données d’évolution de la consommation des médicaments n’est plus à démontrer. Peu d’études de ce type ont été réalisées dans l’asthme.

Dans l’asthme, le ratio thérapeutique, défini comme le rapport entre le nombre de délivrances de traitement de fond et le nombre total de délivrances de traitements de l’asthme sur une période de 12 mois, a été validé comme marqueur de qualité des soins dans les bases de remboursement américaines. Il a ainsi été démontré que les patients dont le ratio était≥0,5 (« ratios élevés ») avaient une évolution de leur asthme plus favorable que les patients dont le ratio était<0,5 (« ratios bas »).

Nous avons démontré en condition de simulation que l’utilisation première du long mandrin béquillé (Bougie-1re) permettait de raccourcir la durée d’intubation (IT) sur des mannequins difficiles à intuber et dans des conditions expérimentales complexes de réalisation du geste. Nous avons émis l’hypothèse que Bougie-1redevrait avoir une traduction clinique en MUPH.