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What happens when modern sports systems in noncore sports nations have undergone extended globalization? In this article, I draw on glocalization theory, particularly Roland Robertson and Richard Giulianotti's "duality of glocality" to explore the historical developments of the K League, South Korea's men's professional football league, launched in 1983. There are many reasons the K League has not yet firmly established its status: (a) the league imposed continuous rule changes on foreign field players while banning foreign goalkeepers, (b) the league introduced a distinct competition structure partially adopted from its Western counterparts, (c) a supporter culture was established which has a similar outlook to that of other supporter cultures but it had a different internal structure, and (d) the league produced media content reflecting local viewer needs while maintaining a structure similar to Western media formats. The notion of a two-step glocalization, the process of heterogenization followed by homogenization with other cultures based on the things that were already heterogenized for a lengthy period, is used to advance the debate on glocalization and to better understand the reasons for the failure to attract K League spectators since its establishment in 1983. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the diffusion of military technology in Europe, North Africa, and Western Asia from the fourth to first centuries BCE. Arms and armor initially associated with Celtic peoples spread across the Mediterranean and beyond, a process hastened by the adoption of the panoply by the Romans in the century prior to their explosive conquests. This case study in the "globalization" of military technology in the pre-modern world highlights the agency and influence of groups commonly considered subaltern in the geopolitical history of the Mediterranean and its continental environs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How does state censorship shape global creative production? To explore the merger of art and the state in a global context, I adopt a micro-sociological approach to examine the culture of censorship and reconceptualize censorship as an ongoing, social process. Based on participant observation within a global film studio and interviews with industry insiders in Beijing and Los Angeles, I investigate how global cultural producers navigate China's rigid film censorship system. My analysis reveals how China's state censors use multistage gatekeeping and intermediated censorship to infiltrate the creative process and exert global influence. I then show how informality transforms these organizational procedures into a relational process that is hard to trace. In this, studio executives and filmmakers are induced to engage in complicit creativity, seeking creative negotiations through working with, rather than against, the state; specifically, they practice concession, reconfiguration, and collusion. These processes anchor a culture of censorship characterized by the symbiotic relationship between censors and creators, epitomizing a dynamic dance between everyday state power and everyday resistance. This relational model of censorship provides useful analytic scaffolding, extending our knowledge of the inner workings and consequences of state intervention in the new global cultural economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the Eastern enlargement in 2004, the EU has paid exceptional attention to strengthening civil society organizations (CSOs) in new member and candidate states, including Turkey. While the EU's contribution to Turkish CSO empowerment is ambivalent in general, women's organizations have benefitted from the opportunities connected to the accession process. However, since 2007, the AKP government has been hesitating to further the EU-membership project. Distancing at the state level has also resulted in the weakening impact of the EU on civil society. We argue that de-Europeanization can be observed in securing financial and technical assistance, weakening normative power of the EU, and changing perceptions towards internationalization and Europeanization. Moreover, distancing from international donors has resulted in changing nature of the relationship between CSOs and local donors, both state and private. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Higher Education Institutions are expected to stimulate the innovation system and to contribute to the development of societies in a global perspective. Within this context, there is an increasing focus on internationalization. HEIs are developing institutional mechanisms to support internationalization while academics are expected to carry specific practices that allow them to improve the internationalization of knowledge production. At the same time, they are encouraged to engage with non-academic partners to co-produce and transfer knowledge, contributing, in this way, to economic and social development. Although there is some research on the impact of internationalization on academic entrepreneurship, studies on the effects in other dimensions of academic engagement with society are almost absent. This paper aims to fill this gap by analyzing the relationship between academics' internationalization practices and perceptions and the development of different types of academic engagement. Our analysis draws on quantitative analysis with data provided by an international survey (APIKS) and explores the Portuguese context. Findings show that the different practices and perspectives on internationalization impact differently on the way scientists engage. While there are positive effects of internationalization of research on engagement, the time academics stay abroad and the high focus on publishing in internationally high-rated journals may negatively affect academics' orientation towards the local community. This paper contributes to the debate on the role of the internationalization in the context of a knowledge-based society, considering different dimensions and a broad spectrum of knowledge-based engagement activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing importance of China as a major actor in international order has generated tremendous interest among social scientists, but scholarly debates remain in their disciplinary confines. Our study connects existing international relations research on China and the Belt and Road Initiative with two concepts in higher education studies—knowledge power and knowledge diplomacy—to reveal the multi-faceted approach that China applies towards its "outward-oriented" internationalization activities in the knowledge domain. By studying two instances of university alliance-building through the Belt and Road Initiative, an empirically less examined area in both international relations and higher education studies, we demonstrate how China embraces a knowledge diplomacy approach in the case of the University Alliance of the Silk Road and knowledge power in the case of the Asian Universities Alliance. We argue that the co-existence of the two approaches points to the aim of China's multi-faceted approach to its external relations in the knowledge domain. By combining alternative organizational structures and logics embodied in different university alliances, this approach presents a non-hegemonic attempt to normalize China's network centrality in an interdependent world. We conclude that China's Belt and Road Initiative university alliance-building efforts should open up a rich analytical space that encourages further exploration through a world-centered tianxia heuristic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ideological discourses of Central Asia have been subject to much research. However, the use and the role of ideological discourses in framing internationalization of education policy has been largely overlooked. While much has been studied on how and why internationalization of higher education (HE) became indispensable part of tertiary sector, the cases where internationalization of HE is confronted by a government ideology agenda has largely remained outside of scholarly attention. This pioneering research offers analysis on ideology-based resistance to internationalization of education in authoritarian regimes. The paper argues that it is the framing of internationalization as a threat to national ideologies and a national model of education that confronts HE internationalization in some authoritarian political orders. The paper uses the case of post-Soviet Uzbekistan that promoted national ideologies as the basis of its education model. To support its argument, the paper analyses the official discourses of former President Islam Karimov of Uzbekistan (1991–2016) and the statements of government officials on the country's national education model. It also analyses the interviews held with staff of HE institutions in Tashkent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the divergent trajectories of automotive investment and employment in Detroit, Michigan and Windsor, Ontario. Located on opposite shores of the Detroit River, in the United States and Canada respectively, Detroit and Windsor are the founding cities of the North American auto industry. Long dominated by the Big Three, their factories have produced vehicles for the same continental market since 1965. Each has weathered parallel challenges since then, including spikes in the price of oil, the Big Three's loss of market share, the transition to lean production, and the near-collapses of Chrysler and GM. Yet Detroit began deindustrializing decades earlier and lost much more employment than Windsor. To determine why, we compared their automotive sectors from 1900 to the 2010s. Since the Depression, each city has repeatedly confronted the prospect of deindustrialization, but three factors have made Windsor more resilient: (1) federal and provincial interventions on its behalf, (2) Windsor's greater competitiveness with respect to factor costs, quality, and innovation, and (3) Windsor's annexation of outlying territory to capture new factories. These differences show how national, subnational, and regional/local policies have mediated corporate decision-making to produce a variegated North American Rust Belt, with Canada outperforming the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The discipline of psychology is increasingly recognizing the pervasive impact of the ever-changing socio-cultural contexts in which people are embedded. This dynamic nature of the social world is immensely impacted by globalization. As a phenomenon of psychological interest, globalization wields numerous changes across different domains and appears to continuously shape the contours of people's experiences. Keeping this in mind, exploring people's perceptions and understanding of globalization can serve as a good starting point to discover its diverse implications. Thus, this research focused on the experiences of urban, educated, middle-class, young people from the metropolitan context of Delhi-NCR, India. To this end, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 32 participants (M = 14, F = 18) between the ages of 18 to 28 years. Data were subjected to reflexive thematic analysis, using inductive coding. Emergent themes and subthemes, related to participants' notions about globalization and its resultant socio-cultural changes along with their implications are thoroughly discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2018, the G20 endorsed the 'Roadmap to Infrastructure as an Asset Class'. This document crystallizes a roaring policy agenda focused on transforming 'infrastructure' into a homogeneous, tradeable investment opportunity, attractive to global financial markets. Although the Roadmap is formally a mere policy blueprint, this article studies it as a legal document—one whose purpose is to code infrastructures into capital. Specifically, the article makes three claims, two analytical and one normative. First, that the Roadmap's way of attracting investors ultimately consists in shielding the decision-making processes related to the design and maintenance of infrastructures from democratic interference. Second, that these restrictions are enforced through global governance mechanisms that push the relevant decision-making authority from the national to the global. And third, that the Roadmap's agenda is problematic from a democratic standpoint, because it disempowers those who should have a say over the development and maintenance of these infrastructures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Support for EU membership has long been an important topic of study. Individual-level research shows that winners of globalisation, including the higher educated, express greater EU support as they profit from economic and cultural conditions resulting from European integration. Recent context-focused work suggests that individuals in 'left-behind' places are less supportive of EU integration because of their home regions' weaker long-term economic conditions. This paper brings these two research strands into conversation with each other by examining how the relationship between EU support and individual-level education is contingent on subnational economic conditions. Using harmonised Eurobarometer data from almost 750,000 respondents spanning 2004–2019, combined with subnational economic data from 201 European regions, we find no evidence that subnational economic conditions influence the relationship between EU support and respondents' education level. At the same time, when cross-sectionally comparing long-term differences between regions, we find that EU support is positively related to regional GDP per capita (though unrelated to regional unemployment), among both the higher and lower educated, and especially in the post-Great Recession period. Longitudinally, EU support is positively related to declining regional unemployment, both among the higher and lower educated, but not to increasing regional GDP per capita. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the contribution that digital transformation and globalization have made to inclusive, green economic growth. We construct an inclusive green growth index leveraging 28 variables accounting for economic, environmental and social performances. By exploiting a dataset of 95 countries and spanning from 2010 and 2020, we regress the inclusive green growth index on variables capturing investments in digital technologies and the degree of trade and capital openness. Findings show that while globalization does not have strong and significant relevance for inclusive green economic growth, investments in digital technologies are beneficial. However, this evidence does not hold for high income countries. • IGGI stands for Inclusive Green Growth Index made of 28 variables. • Globalization does not support the performance of inclusive green growth. • Investments in digital technologies support the IGGI performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current triad competition between the US, the EU, and China, globalization-relevant infrastructures serve both as the means and ends of conflicts. This paper asks how this historical constellation of geoeconomic competition has changed the infrastructure policy of its centers. Its political-economic perspective discusses infrastructures not just in terms of their strategic instrumentalization, but also of their role in global production and geoeconomic competition. It underlines how infrastructures serve as fixes that counteract internal crisis dynamics and allow for an expansion of productive activity. The paper undertakes an empirical comparison of the triad centers' central infrastructural measures and flagship projects. The results highlight a shared reorientation towards infrastructure policy that is driven by internal crisis dynamics and external competition over contested markets. Yet, it also reveals the varieties of infrastructural approaches as regards political objectives, modes of policy-making, and the role of national businesses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years a variegated form of globalization has been crystallising in Eurasia, dragging countries of the region into the path of Chinese and Russian models of capitalist development. Conventional accounts of globalization hinder the conceptualization of these variegated forms by associating the phenomenon with a homogenization process. This study, through the concepts of generative mechanisms and unevenness, develops a theoretical framework for alternative forms of globalization. In this contextualization, globalization is constantly being shaped by social agents and operates in an uneven world structure, generating geographical variations. With its new political-economic strategy, Turkey is a remarkable testing ground for analysing the impact of a variegated form of globalization in the Eurasia region. By scrutinizing the noteworthy case of Turkey's Chinese model, this article reveals the peculiarities of the Eurasian form of internationalization that is becoming more influential on the domestic social structures of the countries in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The world of work is changing rapidly in myriad ways. The processes of digitization are enabling workers from different parts of the world to compete in a global market over the Internet without moving to different locations. Many employers are opting for hybrid working solutions in light of the COVID-19 pandemic. As a result, some commentators have suggested the end of globalization, while others are hoping that a fairer society will emerge. This paper departs from such rigid assessments of the future of work and instead attempts to understand the multi-dimensional transformations in the world of work through the lens of the global gig economy. It argues that the gig economy is the latest manifestation of capitalism's drive to accumulate which in turn produces uneven geographical developments. It concludes by outlining some strategies to build better work futures in a globalized world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Situating affect in the soundscapes of suona as a Chinese musical instrument in various media, this study investigates how these mediated soundscapes shape social ideologies, hierarchies of cultures, and social resistance in ancient and contemporary China. Several mediated soundscapes are tapped into, including (1) the poem titled "To the Tune of Seeing the Emperor-Ode to the Trumpet"; (2) a TV program demonstrating how suona can be "languaging" in localized contexts; (3) a famous movie titled "Song of the Phoenix" capturing the contestation of affective regimes represented by the Chinese conventional versus the Western modern; (4) works of a well-known rock band, the Second-Hand Rose, showing how two differing affective regimes were conflated. In examining these mediated soundscapes, this study showcases how stratifications of cultures as the high versus the low, the conventional versus the modern, vernacularism versus globalism are constructed, resisted, and transmuted via competition and conflation of affective regimes in Chinese media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fungal diseases have emerged as a significant global health threat, with the potential to cause widespread outbreaks and significant morbidity and mortality. Anticipating future pandemic fungal diseases is essential for effective preparedness and response strategies. This comprehensive literature review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the existing research on this topic. Through an extensive examination of scholarly articles, this review identifies potential fungal pathogens that have the potential to become pandemics in the future. It explores the factors contributing to the emergence and spread of these fungal diseases, including climate change, globalization, and antimicrobial resistance. The review also discusses the challenges in diagnosing and treating these diseases, including limited access to diagnostic tools and antifungal therapies. Furthermore, it examines the strategies and interventions that can be employed to mitigate the impact of future pandemic fungal diseases, such as improved surveillance systems, public health education, and research advancements. The findings of this literature review contribute to our understanding of the potential risks posed by fungal diseases and provide valuable insights for public health professionals and policymakers in effectively preparing for and responding to future pandemic outbreaks. Overall, this review emphasizes the importance of proactive measures and collaborative efforts to anticipate and mitigate the impact of future pandemic fungal diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Related Articles Beyond its discontented thesis, globalization has had a difficult time in the last few years, owing to the global financial crises of 2008–2009 when its vacuous premises and promises were widely contested for being an unfair deal. The recent rise of nationalist and populist movements across the West and the East, boosted by the COVID‐19 pandemic, now threatens its survival. However, globalization experts are largely divided in charting its future; while some predict the demise of the existing world order, others believe globalization will continue with some restructuring. By analyzing the global political dynamics and reviewing political and scholarly news and views, we argue that globalization is currently undergoing a transitional era with a new paradox—one characterized by the emergence of a multipolar world but with local identity and tradition‐based politics. The upshot is that the state with the border is re‐emerging alongside authoritarian and hybrid regimes.Kane, John, and Haig Patapan. 2010. “Recovering Justice: Political Legitimacy Reconsidered.” Politics & Policy 38(3): 589–610. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2010.00250.x.Quinn, Adam. 2007. “The Great Illusion: Chimeras of Isolationism and Realism in Post‐Iraq U.S. Foreign Policy.” Politics & Policy 35(3): 522–47. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2007.00071.x.Zaidi, Syed Muhammad Saad. 2021. “American Global Supremacy Under Threat? The Chinese Factor.” Politics & Policy 49(2): 502–28. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12402. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While internationalising scholarly careers is an imperative in current academia, literature has focused on the impact of such a process at the institutional, national, and international levels. Yet, internationalisation is connected to the personal dimension of careers and, consequently, it might defy academics' understanding of their working life. The intertwined between well-being and internationalisation in academia is understudied. Using data from qualitative interviews with social science scholars in Mexico, we argue that, seen from the periphery, internationalisation affects personal well-being and job satisfaction both positively and negatively. The challenges of internationalisation for work-life balance depend on the ability of academics to capitalise on their international experiences and their costs. Results indicate that there is no homogeneous positive position with respect to this imperative of academic life today. Hence, if higher education institutions are committed to pursue strategies for internationalisation, they must recognise the personal costs and benefits of this process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we examined articles related to academic quality assurance research in the sub-Saharan African (SSA) higher education context to identify internal and external mechanisms put in place to improve the quality of education. To achieve the objective, the study reviewed published studies to bring to light the standard quality benchmark indicators describing how quality assurance has been promoted in SSA starting from 2012 to 2022. Based on this premise, 143 articles were included in the review in accordance with the set criteria for inclusion. The study found that most of the SSA higher educational institutions give extra attention to the building of human resource capacity and neglected other important practices such as internationalization and the "building of industrial collaborations," though these were major ingredients for promoting quality assurance. It also came to fore that, amidst the efforts to achieve quality standards in teaching and learning, insufficient funding, lack of efficient academic staff, poor implementation of educational policies, and unstructured program for training and re-training of staff were the major hinderances to the promotion of quality assurance in higher institutions in the sub-Saharan African region. Based on the findings, recommendations were made for policy, practice, and future research in higher education delivery in the sub-region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the large evidence of the recent globalization phenomenon at national level, very little is known about the involvement of regional economies in Global Value Chains (GVCs). Instead, the regional dimension of GVCs is of primary importance since regions require an absolute advantage to be part of an international production chain. It can in fact be easily the case that within the same country both the participation and the gains from GVCs strongly differ among regions. In going to the territorial roots of GVCs, the paper aims to conceptualize a taxonomy of different modes in which regions can be involved in GVCs, based on different intensity of participation and rewarding conditions. Based on regional trade in value added matrices, the taxonomy is applied to the manufacturing sector at NUTS2 regions in Europe, combining two indicators of regional participation and 'terms of trade' imposed in the chain. Although national patterns are visible, and a clear divide between Eastern and Western Europe emerges, the modes of involvement are highly diversified within countries. Moreover, through a multinomial logit model, the local characteristics associated with the different roles that regions can have within GVCs are looked for. Their identification has far-reaching normative consequences that intervene in the capacity of regions to gain from participation in GVCs, and to mitigate the interregional income distribution effects that this involvement may cause. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses (the restoration of a sense of) continuity as a necessary part of transformative learning. Using the lenses of rhythm theory, biographical learning, and memory studies, it highlights both the individual and social dimensions for making sense of the past after a period of change. Discussing the example of an individual transformation and the social transition of Eastern Europe in the 1980s–1990s, it explores two aspects of the transformation process: the need for stability and the selective and altering nature of our process of remembrance. It advocates for developing the capacity to reflect on how we relate to our past and how we narrate the course of our lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Universities engage in international collaboration for a number of reasons. In the global North, which is characterised by wealth and power, universities increasingly use international collaboration for competitiveness and marketisation. In contrast, the global South engages in collaboration to strengthen research and build knowledge capacity. Prior studies argue that trust, mutual benefits, and achieving shared understandings and ways of working are important for sustainable collaboration. However, the studies generally examine what makes a "good" collaboration well after collaboration has been initiated. The contribution of this study is therefore to exemplify the relationship-building process between academics from an Ethiopian and Swedish university. The study is based in "co-operative inquiry" and uses data collected in April 2019 from questions composed by each set of academics, which were deliberated during their initial meeting. Their experiences of enablement and constraint in research collaboration and their motivations for pursuing a new collaboration are in focus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article traces the state takeover and neoliberal reconstruction of a mid-size urban school district in the California Bay Area. Aligning with research on social networks in school reform, it identifies three organizational nodes of power operating within the takeover and post-takeover landscape: venture-philanthropic capital, the Teach for America organization, and a local intermediary organization that acted as a hub for the capital and labor flowing from these organizations. Their story demonstrates the concrete ways in which an increasingly globalized funding and policy network converged at the district level in order to implement a unified policy agenda. The network's role in school politics, real estate, and gentrification provides a template for the transnational work of school reformers and their role in creating the neoliberal 'global city.' [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined fame-seeking mass shooters worldwide who attacked from 1999 to 2022 to identify their profiles, behaviours, influences, and trends. Quantitative analyses revealed many similarities between fame-seeking shooters in the United States and in other countries: compared to other mass shooters, they were more frequently young and more likely to target schools, commit suicide, and kill and injure many victims. Fame-seeking mass shooters who attacked outside the United States appeared more likely to have been influenced by American mass shooters than by perpetrators from all other countries, combined. Findings also showed a substantial rise in the number of fame-seeking shooters over time, along with increases in the proportion of mass shooters who sought fame and the average number of victims they killed. We discuss the implications of these disturbing trends and offer an assessment for the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to explore the relation between international competitiveness and currency internationalization by employing an analytical framework and applying it to RMB internationalization. Our results reaffirm that economic size, financial market development and network externalities are keys in currency internationalization. We also find that international competitiveness is a potential determinant of currency internationalization. However, a more comprehensively and fully measured index of international competitiveness than the GCI is needed to investigate the potential relation between international competitiveness and currency internationalization. The RMB could become an international reserve currency that is larger than the Japanese yen and the British pound sterling, but still lags far behind the US dollar and the euro by 2035. Given the network externalities and historical experience of currency internationalization, however, it will be a long and bumpy process for the RMB to become an international currency, particularly an international reserve currency. Exploring the relation between international competitiveness and currency internationalization; Reaffirming economic size, financial market development and network externalities as keys in currency internationalization; International competitiveness is a potential determinant of currency internationalization; The RMB could become an international reserve currency by 2035; RMB internationalization will be a long and bumpy process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an era of globalization, states employ private military and security companies (PMSCs) to carry out various military functions. This signals an international shift in military strategy away from traditional state actors and towards the use of nonstate actors motivated by profit. The result has been an unequal application of international humanitarian law (IHL) towards PMSC personnel in international armed conflict. This Comment offers three suggestions on how to standardize the treatment of PMSC personnel in international armed conflict and ensure accountability and compliance with IHLs: (1) treat PMSCs engaged in international armed conflict as personnel of the state employing them, (2) outlaw PMSCs operating in international armed conflict, or (3) require PMSCs to apply for international licenses. Each option is examined through the lens of Blackwater operations in Iraq and Wagner operations in Ukraine, two of the most notorious PMSCs widely criticized in the media for their blatant disregard for IHL. These suggestions aim to strike a balance between an evolving military landscape, the profit-driven motivations of nonstate actors, and IHL considerations. Ultimately, this will create a more equitable and legally sound framework for addressing the role of PMSCs in contemporary armed conflicts, ensuring that they are held accountable for their actions and that IHL is upheld. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There has been extensive literature on proportionality that praises its global spread and delves into its embedment in domestic contexts. Through a series of case studies from around the world, however, this Article shows judicial practices countering, explicitly or implicitly, the popular notion of globalization of proportionality. In Canada and the United Kingdom, the Supreme Courts have directed the courts to depart from proportionality and rely on unreasonableness as a default standard of judicial review of administrative decisions. Courts in Hong Kong and Taiwan have developed various levels of intensity of review associated with proportionality; the lowest of which transforms proportionality, a rights protective doctrine, into a form of weak reasonableness review or deferential rational-basis review. The Chinese courts have fashioned proportionality into a tool to justify illegal government actions and advance authoritarian projects. This Article describes these judicial practices as counter currents of proportionality and argues that they are not merely variations of proportionality used in local contexts; instead, they have either deserted the doctrine entirely or contradicted its core features: (1) structured analytical procedure and (2) high-level human rights protection. In response to these counter currents, this Article proposes that once a court adopts proportionality in its adjudication, it must adhere to the structured analytical framework and insist on a minimum rigor of this doctrine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The banking industry is one of the most important pillars of the economy of any country, which plays a decisive role in the economic development and growth of countries due to the provision of various financial and credit services. With the globalization of the banking industry, it is very important to use income diversification strategies to improve value and efficiency. Using the data and information obtained from the financial statements of banks, this research has investigated the effect of income diversification strategies on efficiency in banks admitted to the Tehran Stock Exchange. The statistical population of this research includes all the banks admitted to the Tehran Stock Exchange during 2011-2021, and 10 banks were selected as a statistical sample using the targeted elimination method. In this research, the data envelopment analysis (DEA) approach was used to measure efficiency, and the autoregressive model approach with distributed intervals (ARDL) was used to estimate the research model. The present research findings showed that the strategy of income diversification (interest and non-interest) both in the short term and in the long term has a positive and significant effect on the efficiency of banks admitted to the Tehran Stock Exchange. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to globalization, English as a medium of instruction (EMI) has gained popularity in higher education. While EMI is mostly adopted in content courses, content instructors may explicitly or implicitly attend to language to help students comprehend course content. However, little research has explored how content instructors provide language support and its impact on students' learning. Adopting the concept of language-related episodes, this study first identified the foci and strategies of the episodes initiated by an EMI instructor and then investigated the effects of EMI and the episodes on students' academic and vocabulary development. The results indicated that the instructor often focused on disciplinary vocabulary and used code-switching as a strategy. In addition, students showed improvement in academic and disciplinary vocabulary, though EMI seemed only to have a slight and indirect effect on students' academic vocabulary gains. Overall, the findings confirm the importance of language support in EMI courses and call for collaboration between content and language experts in developing effective language support strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing popularity of radical right, anti-immigrant, neo-nationalist movements can be seen as a response to super-diverse and complex migration and globalization processes challenging the ideology of the 'nation-state' and the traditional education system. Based on the question of how English is increasingly viewed as a threat to Swiss national languages and identities, this study presents data from Switzerland, often portrayed as the ideal multilingual country. Such a challenge was nevertheless confirmed through the qualitative analysis of 38 in-depth interviews conducted with students and teachers at three secondary schools in three language regions, policy makers, and open-ended questions from 94 student questionnaires. Language education policies have divided the educational landscape into certain regions prioritizing English over a national language and others adhering to the traditional curriculum. The data reveal strong ideological beliefs, lacking intranational communication, and personal as well as societal struggles of positioning based on linguistic competences, expectations, and policies. This article advocates for interdisciplinary approaches to (language) education as societies' and students' needs constantly evolve and calls on all learners' and educators' responsibility to counteract such movements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing impact of internationalisation in higher education worldwide has led to the growing use of English as a medium of instruction (EMI). Much research on this phenomenon has focused on stakeholders' viewpoints, but there is increasing interest in investigating interaction in EMI classrooms. One interactional practice which is relatively unexplored is that of EMI lecturers' use of examples when co-constructing knowledge with students. This study explores how EMI lecturers provide examples to introduce and develop disciplinary content in their field. Using an interdisciplinary approach which combines Multimodal Conversation Analysis (CA) and the Autonomy dimension of Legitimation Code Theory (LCT), we analyse three exemplification sequences taken from a corpus of 46 hours of video-recordings of online teaching in three different disciplines (chemistry, business administration, food engineering) at a state EMI university in Turkey. The CA findings of the study show how the lecturers use a range of interactional and multilingual resources in the exemplification sequences to position students as more or less knowledgeable in relation to globally and locally relevant examples. The LCT Autonomy analyses trace the trajectories through which target and non-target knowledge moves as part of lecturers' knowledge-building practices. The interdisciplinary findings of the study have implications for lecturer training and professional development in English medium universities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Border Crossings of the World (BCW) dataset explores state authority spatially by collecting information about infrastructure built where highways cross internationally recognized borders. This geolocated information is recorded using high-altitude imagery from 1993 to 2020. We describe how the data were collected, demonstrate the dataset's utility, and offer advice and best practices regarding use of the data. These data present clear evidence of visible and long-term state investments in authoritative displays of states' intention to 'filter' entry into and exit out of their national jurisdiction. Researchers can use these data to test theories on the causes and consequences of border hardening for security outcomes, border management cooperation, political violence, terrorism, trade and migration flows, transnational crime patterns, and human rights conditions. Because the data are precisely geolocated, they are easy to combine with existing spatial datasets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The neoliberal approach to globalization is in crisis. This supposes a conjunctural moment in terms of questioning the current framework or world order. Under this context, the role of the state in its relationship with the market is theoretically examined, explicating, in general form, the neoliberal globalization's main implications towards peripheral regions in terms of its origin, evolution, and underlying premises. After, given the connotation and limits of these implications, the main governance mechanisms that could shape this process towards the construction of a more inclusive and equitable world order are explained, as an alternative proposal to guide the advance of globalization in the neoliberal capitalism context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The past 15 y has seen much development in documentation of domestication of plants and animals as gradual traditions spanning millennia. There has also been considerable momentum in understanding the dispersals of major domesticated taxa across continents spanning thousands of miles. The two processes are often considered within different theoretical strains. What is missing from our repertoire of explanations is a conceptual bridge between the protracted process over millennia and the multiregional, globally dispersed nature of domestication. The evidence reviewed in this paper bears upon how we conceptualize domestication as an episode or a process. By bringing together the topics of crop domestication and crop movement, those complex, protracted, and continuous outcomes come more clearly into view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Institutional quality (IQ) would contribute to environmental sustainability and could be helping to verify the Environmental Kuznets curve in any economy. To test whether IQ is sufficient enough to control pollution in the most polluted economies, the present research investigates the effects of IQ on CO2 emissions controlling economic growth, globalization, and energy proxies in the models of the 33 most polluted countries from 1990 to 2021 by using cross‐sectional dependence techniques. The long‐run results corroborate the Environmental Kuznets curve in the sample countries. Moreover, clean energy reduces and fossil fuels increase CO2 emissions. Furthermore, globalization and regulatory quality reduce CO2 emissions. The short‐run findings also validate the long‐run results. In addition, we also find the bidirectional causality of CO2 emissions with economic growth, clean energy, fossil fuels, and globalization. Moreover, one‐way causality is found from CO2 emissions to regulatory quality and political stability. We recommend promoting trade globalization, clean energy usage, and regulatory quality to support environmental sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores Asalatu , a form of Islamic music among Yoruba Muslims in Nigeria, against the backdrop of globalization and the impact of Western music. The article points to observed changes in the music and musical possibilities within increasing secularization. Drawing on ethnographic data, the article illuminates tangential issues such as the use of the mother tongue for Islamic music as opposed to Arabic, and the introduction of dance to Islamic music to account for the changes. The article is a major contribution to knowledge in the fields of religion in Africa, Islamic studies, and popular/material culture. Globalization has closely knit nations together such that there is an acceleration of the integration of nations into the global system. Accounting for changes in Islamic music as a result of globalization helps provide insights into the nature of society, whether increasingly religious or secular. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Online dating is an inevitable phenomenon in this digital age. The close interaction of digital natives with the internet makes them seem to entrust all activities in their lives to the internet, including dating and finding a mate. This makes them more likely to use online dating applications. This thesis investigates the drivers of the use of online dating applications by the digital natives, their opinions about online dating application and how the use of such application is different or the same between Indonesians and Americans. Data collection techniques are using questionnaire and interview. The secondary data in this study were obtained from other sources such as research results presented on the official website. This research found that there are many factors that influence digital natives in using online dating applications. This study reveals an array of eastern philosophical ideas, such as the predominance of female gendered application users in Indonesia, which implies that the gender line has become more ambiguous. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Micro and social entrepreneurs face multiple challenges, including limited access to funding, knowledge systems, networks, and markets, which limit the growth and development of their ventures. This study seeks to understand how the participation in crowdfunding and its utilization to internationalize can help micro and social enterprises address challenges through social capital. Through a narrative review of literature anchored on the resource-based and knowledge-based theories of the firm and the theory of social capital, this study finds that crowdfunding provides access to funding, knowledge systems, and networks. Moreover, the participation in crowdfunding provides access to large, international markets. However, despite these benefits, there remains challenges to micro and social enterprise participation in crowdfunding as there is low awareness and adoption in developing countries. Furthermore, there is still question on crowdfunding's viability as an internationalization strategy. The study ends by identifying directions for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 'See the World – Winchester' programme was funded by the UK Turing scheme in 2021–2022 and aimed to broaden the horizons of historically marginalised students who may not otherwise have had access to extracurricular opportunities such as international travel. The purpose of this article is twofold. Firstly, the authors reflect on the successes, failures and challenges involved with running internationalisation activities during a time of travel disruption. Secondly, this article presents findings from a small-scale evaluation that sought to measure the impact of short-term mobility with historically marginalised or under-represented students. The paper is useful for institutions looking to run international mobilities with students during a period of travel disruption using the COVID-19 pandemic as a case study. In addition, the findings highlight the experiences and benefits to students participating in short mobilities, which include, a cultural experience, opportunity for personal growth and development, enhanced employability, and ultimately, broader horizons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This editors' introduction into the themed issue of IJCS dedicated to the analysis of comparative survey work on national identity and globalization presents a very brief overview of core hypotheses from the five articles collected in the issue. The articles offer a variety of new, rather differentiated insights into how individual-level national identity attitudes and sibling concepts like national pride, patriotism, and nationalist chauvinism are related to societal-level variables that tend to vary with exposure to aspects of globalization, such as migrant influx and economic competition. Aside from the focus on those new contributions, the introduction also offers a few observations on the challenges that the wider national identity research field still faces. Given that the field is dealing with several overlapping attitude concepts, this centrally concerns a partial lack of conceptual clarity, which sometimes translates into ambiguous operationalizations and incomplete or imprecise explication of theoretical mechanisms. We conclude that the contributions of the themed issue, with their careful attention to particular aspects of measures and multi-level processes, may serve as another stepping stone for overcoming at least some of those challenges in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to critics of globalization, it has ushered in a new era of economic inequality, with some of the biggest "losers" being the majority working classes in advanced capitalist democracies. Economically aggrieved, culturally threatened, and politically excluded, they have become the bedrock of right-wing political parties in much of Europe and the United States. Integral to this phenomenon is the heightened anti-immigrant prejudice espoused by both supporters and leaders of populist movements. The present study investigates a critical issue in this context, one that has been implicitly assumed but relatively understudied: the impact of globalization on xenophobic attitudes among natives. It also examines whether and to what extent globalization moderates the effect of ethnic nationalism on their preferences for restrictive immigration and immigrant assimilation. Findings from multilevel analysis indicate that globalization, as well as the nativist backlash, plays a significant role in directly and indirectly shaping how immigration and immigrants are perceived in host societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines cross-country differences in the strength of individuals' belief that their country is better than most others and the dependence of this belief on their country's performance in various spheres. The research design consists of a series of multilevel ordinal logistic regression models estimated using the data of the most recent thematic wave of the International Social Survey Programme (ISSP)—National Identity module. Our research finds that these effects are mostly nonlinear U-shaped: people from both high- and low-performing countries express a strong belief in their country's superiority, while people from average-performing countries do not. These findings suggest a bifurcated nature of belief in national superiority—an interplay between a grounded estimation of a country's actual achievements and the social norms and individual motivations that prescribe holding one's own country in high esteem regardless of its actual performance. These norms are found to be the strongest in underperforming countries, while in average- and high-performing countries, people making these evaluations are under weaker normative pressure and therefore more attuned to country achievements. As a result, the weakest belief in national superiority is found not in underperforming, but in average-performing countries. The latter also have the highest diversity on this belief, probably because different segments of the population compare their country's performance against different benchmarks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This editorial introduces the Special Issue on Global Islamophobia. Discussing the seven articles in the Special Issue, we critically assess current theorizations that contend that US imperialism and racialization are fundamental to Islamophobia. The scholarship collected in this Special Issue demonstrates that these are only two of many important dimensions of global Islamophobia. This editorial introduces a matrix of global flows and modalities of Islamophobia as a framework to support global, comparative research on Islamophobia that goes beyond the "Western horizon" that characterizes current research in the field. Then, it describes these flows and modalities and how they provide a coherent basis for research on Islamophobia at a planetary scale. The articles, which focus on transnational articulations of Islamophobia and the role of Islamophobia in group-making across the world, demonstrate the plasticity and compatibility of Islamophobia with a wide range of political agendas, cultural contexts and identities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the wake of anti-Muslim violence in Buddhist majority states in Asia, increased scholarly attention is paid to anti-Muslim Buddhist nationalism. These studies have paid particular attention to historical legacies within the confines of state borders, be they colonial or post-colonial. However, as this paper shows, the concerns raised in Buddhist anti-Muslim nationalism are not only shaped by local contexts. On the contrary, they are very much informed by global discourses and concerns. Drawing on media and globalization theory, this paper explores the transnational and global aspects of anti-Muslim Buddhist nationalism, arguing that it needs to be understood as a constituent element of global Islamophobia(s). Moreover, the paper shows that Buddhist Islamophobia cannot be reduced to being the result of Western export of Islamophobia globally. Rather, Buddhist Islamophobia has to be understood as a global as well as a globalizing phenomenon, contributing in its own right to global Islamophobia(s). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on the concept of "borders" from the perspective of an overseas Korean in Japan, reflecting on personal experiences and global trends. Topics include the increasing number of walls and barriers around the world, contrasting with optimistic predictions of border decrease in the era of globalization.

Phenomenon: In recent decades, medical education practices developed in Western countries have been widely adopted in non-Western countries. Problem-based Learning (PBL) was first developed in North America and it relies on Western educational and cultural values, thereby raising concerns about its 'lift and shift' to non-Western settings. Approach: This review systematically identified and interpretively synthesized studies on students' and teachers' experiences of PBL in non-Western medical schools. Three databases (ERIC, PsycINFO, and MEDLINE) were searched. Forty-one articles were assessed for quality using the Critical Appraisal Skills Program (CASP) checklist and synthesized using meta-ethnography. The final synthesis represented over 5,400 participants from 18 countries. Findings: Findings were categorized into three different constructs: Student Engagement, Tutor Skills, and Organization and Planning. Our synthesis demonstrates that medical students and teachers in non-Western countries have varied experiences of PBL. Students engage variably with PBL, consider knowledge to be better acquired from authoritative figures, and deem PBL to be ineffective for assessment preparation. Student participation is limited by linguistic challenges when they are not native English speakers. Teachers are often unfamiliar with the underlying philosophical assumptions of PBL and struggle with the facilitation style needed. Both students and teachers have developed modifications to ensure that PBL better fits in their local settings. Insights: Given the significant adjustments and resource requirements needed to adopt PBL, medical school leaders and policy makers in non-Western countries should carefully consider possible consequences of its implementation for their students and teachers, and proactively consider ways to 'hybridize' it for local contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contemporary nationalism in the West tends to be understood in ethnic terms and associated with a bottom-up reaction to disliked effects of globalization, in particular migration. But there is also a top-down nationalism that is inherent in states' boundary-policing and – constituting membership policies. This paper draws the contours of a state-level neoliberal nationalism. Its imprint can be found in social policy, citizenship policy, and – the focus of this paper – immigration policy, in particular for the highly-skilled. Neoliberal nationalism combines diversity and meritocracy, and thus a modicum of cultural and economic liberalism. The prefix 'neo' flags the refashioning of political community from solidarity-based to contract-based, conditional on individual contribution and strict reciprocity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]