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The article considers the gendering and non-gendering of languages, focusing particularly on the proto Indo-European languages which developed from Sanskrit, such as Urdu, Hindi, Marathi, Assamese, and Punjabi. It focuses on the gender of words such as manliness, desire, and love.

The present work attempts to offer a study of Spanish nouns, lacking gender distinction or without motion (unchanged), within the arena of names of animals, and under the scope of inflectional morphology. The characterization of the nouns under study is argued to depend on the theory of correlation between natural gender (sex) and grammatical gender. In section 1, the theoretical framework that follows Bello's general theory of grammatical gender is presented. In section 2, we focus on a class of nouns traditionally classified by their gender as ambiguous, epicene, common, marked by female suffix, or within the class of heteronyms and heteroclites. The review of these concepts in relation to some data aims to offer new generic pairs of oppositions for corpus enrichment. Section 3 contains the conclusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The feminization of nouns denoting professions and positions held by women is a gradual process that is influenced by different areas: linguistic, social and institutional. The media reflect a daily variation that occurs between the resources used for the formation of the feminine gender of nouns of this type. In this paper we have analyzed the way this phenomenon is manifested in the field of journalism, which is the filter for general linguistic habits and one of the main references for shaping the current purism. To achieve this objective we have selected a representative group of professions, with particular emphasis on the analysis of those cases where linguistic variation was found and comparing the results obtained with their lexicographic treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reports of sex differences in language processing are inconsistent and are thought to vary by task type and difficulty. In two experiments, we investigated a sex difference in visual influence on heard speech (the McGurk effect). First, incongruent consonant–vowel stimuli were presented where the visual portion of the signal was brief (100 msec) or full (temporally equivalent to the auditory). Second, to determine whether men and women differed in their ability to extract visual speech information from these brief stimuli, the same stimuli were presented to new participants with an additional visual-only (lipread) condition. In both experiments, women showed a significantly greater visual influence on heard speech than did men for the brief visual stimuli. No sex differences for the full stimuli or in the ability to lipread were found. These findings indicate that the more challenging brief visual stimuli elicit sex differences in the processing of audiovisual speech. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A reprint of an article published in the previous issue is presented, related to equality and fairness for women in the legal professions and the equality of spoken language. Topics discussed include job segregation being a barrier to women's equality; avoiding usage of first names for referring to litigants and witnesses; and essay by author Wendy Martyna on discrimination of gender due to language.

Describes how males and females use language differently in classrooms. Language use in sex-separate peer groups; Boys' use of language to seize center stage; Factors that make classrooms more hospitable to most men than to most women; Speaking styles. INSETS: Editor's Note;Rapport-Talk vs. Report-Talk.

Focuses on the so-called genderization on the language used in advertising. Relationship between language and women's culture; Three characteristics; Advertising and women's language; Description of the feminist method of reading by reversal.

Opinion. Focuses on the liberation of the English language pertaining to women. Questions how language is measured and reflect women's lives today; Reference to the `American Heritage Dictionary' giving comment from executive editor Anne H. Soukhanov; Definition of Pseudogenerics; Examination of feminine word endings; How women deal with the term sexual harassment.

The article discusses research findings by political scientist David Lazer and colleagues as published in "Scientific Reports" on conversations among men and women and mentions how men talk as much as women and the importance of social context.

The article discusses how men and women communicate differently. The idea that men and women communicate differently was made popular in the 1990s by the book "Men are from Mars, Women are from Venus." The book essentially claimed that women are more verbal, whereas men prefer action to words. Fifteen years on, new books on the subject as well as research suggest that these beliefs are still widespread.

The article reports on the findings of two studies carried out to discover who talks the most, men or women. The first study conducted by Professor James Pennebaker of the University of Texas-Austin concluded that men and women use almost the same number of words per day. The second revealed that it is not the number of words, but the use of language that differs between the sexes. Women use pronouns such as I and he more, while men speak about objects more, such as tools and cars.

Reports on findings on the causes of women's linguistic proficiency over men. Gender difference in the brains' processing of language; Pattern of activation.

The article offers the author's insights on the proposed changes in the English dictionary associated to the repression of women in language. The author discusses the move of lexicographers Kate Swift and Casey Miller to promote Women's Liberation in language and suggest to remove sexist terms. The author cites several examples which represent the subjugation of women in language such as one on the use of man, father, and master as the common terms in political and theological leadership.

The article reports on the struggle faced by European nations such as Spain and Italy concerning language. It says that the countries have masculine and feminine forms in language, tradition and grammar influence leading to greater possibility of offending women in job positions. It adds that linguistic discrimination is apparent in conservative resistance to feminine noun formation and in masculine form rejection as men start doing feminine jobs such as househusband, hostess, and babyminder.

The article discusses brain differences in men and women and how to use knowledge of brain differences in a relationship. The author explains that women have more neurons in areas related to language and listening. The effect of testosterone on the communication centers of male fetuses is mentioned. Bonding and sex are discussed. Memory and emotion are also addressed.

El lenguaje es un reflejo del pensamiento colectivo. Si la sociedad es clasista, sexista o racista, el lenguaje de esa sociedad también lo será. Por ese motivo resulta de gran relevancia la naturaleza de los mensajes mediáticos, especialmente en lo que respecta a su forma y contenido. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information on channeling boys' interests in order to encourage them to expand on explanations. The author, a literacy coordinator at a British school, offers seven tips for helping boys to become more expansive, including finding topics of interest, providing context to reading, speaking, or writing tasks, allowing use of word processing programs, and building supportive relationships with students.

The article presents commentary regarding gender differences seen in online social media, focusing on masculinity on Twitter. Topics addressed include the findings by linguistics scholar Allison Shapp regarding differences in men's and women's use of the hashtag feature, commentary on sex differences in communication generally, and explanation of why women statistically use the online service less.

Discusses the conflicts over the gender-neutral translations of the Bible. Books that offer advice on the issue; Problems in the translation of gender language; Comments on the reaction of some critics on the issue.

Discusses attempts to imbue the English language with gender equality. Example of the 1996 Clinton State of the Union address; Cases where advocates of linguistic sex neutrality have indisputable logic on there side; Resistance against certain unsexed words; Drawbacks of unsexing; `The Nonsexist Word Finder,' by Rosalie Maggio; Difficulties in finding the appropriate feminine alternative to masculine words; How to handle pronouns; The word `Webmaster.'

This article presents the text of a resolution and guidelines in evaluating sex-biased curriculum materials, approved by the Legislative Council of the Speech Communication Association (SCA) of the U.S. during the association's annual meeting in Chicago, Illinois in December 1974. Resolved: That the SCA, in recognition of the destructive communicative and cultural effects of an orientation to cognitive processes (and their representation in language) which, in its references to persons who happen, by chance, to be members of the female sex or of the male sex, employs linguistic devices which wittingly or unwittingly, focus attention upon an exclusively male/masculine set of images, adopt a mode of language usage which is not oriented exclusively to the masculine gender and/or male sex, and whose reorientation will indicate specifically that the language used by SCA recognizes the co-equal existence of and participation by females in all activities and proceedings of the association. The SCA recognizes that instructional materials are very important elements in the total educational environment. They affect profoundly the learner and learning, perceptions of self and role performance in a pluralistic society. It is therefore recommended that members of the profession examine, analyze and evaluate all curriculum materials to insure that they do meet the vital learning needs of children and youth in a pluralistic society.

Focuses on the differences of language use between men and women. Speech and context patterns; Imbalances caused by the differences; Tips to avoid miscommunication.

Cites a research by British psychologists which suggests that females may read and perceive words differently than males. Comparative analysis on visual and verbal ability of males and females; Use of homonyms to test individual ability.

The article decries the efforts of the National Council of Teachers of English (NCTE) to eliminate the concept of sexism in the English language. It explains why an effort to replace "man" in the language becomes impossible. It asserts that NCTE wants to invalidate improper usage. It further points out that these efforts at equality only persuade the public of women's inferiority.

The article focuses on sociology professor Thomas Linneman and his work research upspeak, also known as uptalk, which refers to the presentation of facts phrased as a question. Topics include why successful women use upspeak, how the male use of upspeak portrays them as less dominant than other men, and how upspeak became a language pattern in the U.S.

The article offers the author's insight on women's equity and introduces the see, thought, emotion, prefer, and up the ante (STEP UP) model of communication. The author states that if one can recognize the importance of language in shaping reality, then one can accept the first step to achieve equality in conversations. She adds that the use of STEP UP model will have an impact towards achieving women equity.

Discusses the differences between the male and female brains in processing complex language tasks. Capacity of the male brain for rapid action and powers of big-picture thinking; Reason for the female brain's capacity to use both sides of the brain to tussle with complicated language tasks; Language activities for boys to help develop interest in reading and writing.

Lists several sublanguage used by women regarding sex.

Reports on the reaction of members of the Academie Francaise to a directive from the French education ministry for instructing officials to feminize staff titles. The goal of sexual equality in giving traditionally masculine words a feminine option; Reference to Mme. Royal adopting the designation Madame la Ministre.

Describes a study by Bennett A. Shaywitz and his colleagues about the way in which men and women process language. Area of the brain that shows sex-specific responses to tasks that call for the comprehension of sounds corresponding to written letters; Report in the February 16, 1995 issue of `Nature'; Lack of sex-specific differences in other tests; Equal performance of both men and women on all the tasks.

States that men and women communicate differently. Comparison of the reality of a situation with the words women use in their language; Comment on the hypothesis concerning the influence of language on thoughts and behaviors.

Challenges the conventional assumption that language evolved with men to enable them to hunt. Why primates have larger brains than other species; Author's views on whether language is a kind of vocal grooming; Differences in conversational behavior between men and women.

Presents different ways men and women use language. Georgetown University professor Deborah Tannen's `You Just Don't Understand' book; Effects on relationships; Outline of Tannen's findings on the differences in men and women's language styles.

The article reports on the results of a study conducted by the University of California in Santa Barbara, California which shows that television programs and television commercials geared to young children can foster sex-role stereotypes because of its gender-indicative of gender differentiated language in normal conversations.

Reports on a discrepancy between findings in 1930s and recent findings in 1970s by psycholinguists over the question of whether girls acquire language before boys do. Examination of previous studies; Investigators of the research; Techniques employed in the research; Focus of the recent research.