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Recent research shows that Dicranumspecies can be used to ameliorate the negative effects of honeybee bacterial diseases and that novel compounds isolated from these species may have the potential to treat bacterial diseases. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of Dicranum polysetumSw. against American Foulbrood using toxicity and larval model. The effectiveness of D. polysetumSw. ethanol extract in combating AFB was investigated in vitro and in vivo. This study is important in finding an alternative treatment or prophylactic method to prevent American Foulbrood disease in honey bee colonies. Spore and vegetative forms of Paenibacillus larvaePB31B with ethanol extract of D. polysetumwere tested on 2040 honey bee larvae under controlled conditions. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents of D. polysetumethanol extracts were determined as 80.72 mg/GAE(Gallic acid equivalent) and 303.20 µg/mL, respectively. DPPH(2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging percent inhibition value was calculated as 4.32%. In Spodoptera frugiperda(Sf9) and Lymantria dispar(LD652) cell lines, the cytotoxic activities of D. polysetumextract were below 20% at 50 µg/mL. The extract was shown to considerably decrease infection in the larvae, and the infection was clinically halted when the extract was administered during the first 24 h after spore contamination. The fact that the extract contains potent antimicrobial/antioxidant activity does not reduce larval viability and live weight, and does not interact with royal jelly is a promising development, particularly regarding its use to treat early-stage AFB infection.

A detailed morphological and genetic characterization of honey bees from the Thrace and west Anatolian regions of Turkey was surveyed. A total of 1650 worker bee samples (110 colonies) were evaluated with the forty-one morphological characters and 217 honey bee samples were analyzed via DNA sequencing of the tRNAleu-cox2 region. In this study, three different populations, Thrace (Tekirdağ, Kırklareli and Edirne provinces), Island Gökçeada, and western Anatolia were formed based on morphometrics, since the Marmara Sea has taken a very strong barrier role in this formation. The morphological similarity of the Thrace population was supported by the genetic analysis. The sequencing of the tRNAleu-cox2 region revealed twenty-two different haplotypes, sixteen of which are novel. The C2d, macedonica-like haplotype, was the most widely found haplotype (48%) all around the Thrace region. Along with the C2d haplotype, previously published C2s, C2v, C2i, C2j, and C2h haplotypes, and the newly found haplotypes were also observed but less frequently. In this study, Thrace honey bees were found to more similar to A. m. macedonicathrough the mtDNA sequence analysis, whereas carnica-like honey bees were only found near the Istranca mountain ridges, Kırklareli province and macedonica-like honey bees all around the Thrace region. According to our results, some of the Thrace honey bee populations may be both A. m. carnicaand A. m. macedonicabut the assignment to the latter subspecies seems more likely due to its geographic range.

AbstractInterpretation of electrocardiographic changes after cardiac arrest is critical. If the electrocardiogram is consistent with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, primary coronary angiography is indicated. However, the presence of ST-segment depression in eight or more surface leads, together with ST-segment elevation in the aVR and/or V1, could be a sign of multivessel ischaemia or left main coronary artery disease if haemodynamic instability is present. However, acute neurological disorders may mimic electrocardiographic changes of acute coronary syndromes. Here we report a young man with cardiac arrest, extensive ST-segment changes in the electrocardiogram and normal coronary arteries.

Turkey is a country with great beekeeping potential, economically valuable honey bee races, varied geography and rich floral resources. There is also good potential for migratory beekeeping. The data used in this article was obtained from 80 provinces in Turkey via a questionnaire.