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The prevalence of centenarians, people who lived 100 years and longer, is steadily growing in the last decades. This exceptional longevity is based on multifaceted processes influenced by a combination of intrinsic and extrinsic factors such as sex, (epi-)genetic factors, gut microbiota, cellular metabolism, exposure to oxidative stress, immune status, cardiovascular risk factors, environmental factors, and lifestyle behavior. Epidemiologically, the incidence rate of cardiovascular diseases is reduced in healthy centenarians along with late onset of age-related diseases compared with the general aged population. Understanding the mechanisms that affect vascular ageing in centenarians and the underlying factors could offer valuable insights for developing strategies to improve overall healthy life span in the elderly. This review discusses these key factors influencing vascular ageing and how their modulation could foster healthy longevity.

Objective.The aim of the present study was to assess insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and IGF-binding protein 3 (IGFBP3) as markers of insulin resistance in patients with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus (TDM2).

Individuals with alcohol use disorder frequently suffer from vitamin D deficiency, in addition to deficiencies in vitamins B12, folic acid and B1. This is due to inadequate dietary intake and behavioural changes. Each of these deficiencies results in different clinical symptoms. Subacute spinal cord degeneration, together with radicular and sensorimotor peripheral neuropathy, arises from B12 vitamin and folic acid deficiencies. B1 vitamin deficiency leads to Wernicke’s encephalopathy, which can include the classical triad of symptoms (i.e. cognitive changes, ataxia and ophthalmoplegia). Sarcopenia is a consequence of a long-term deficiency of vitamin D. This current case report describes a 43-year-old female patient with alcohol use disorder who complained of dizziness, postural disturbance and episodes of intermittent paraesthesia. She was subsequently shown to have concomitant Wernicke’s encephalopathy and sarcopenia due to vitamin D deficiency. This case report presents the diagnostic process undertaken to exclude conditions related to ataxia and paraparesis other than vitamins D and B1 deficiencies. It also emphasizes the importance of concomitant replacement of the depleted vitamins because the vitamin deficiency may occur simultaneously, which causes the accompanying manifestations of several clinical syndromes.