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Background: Centaurea virgata Lam. is a species widely used in the traditional medicine in Turkey for the treatment of diabetes, allergy and gastric ulcers. The rationale of its use in the therapy has not been studied previously, therefore the present work aimed at the chemicalpharmacologicalevaluation of the plant. Objective: The xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitory activity of the MeOH extract and its subextracts (n-hexane, CHCl3 and remaining MeOH-H2O) prepared from C. virgata was investigated in vitro. Moderate activity was exerted in case of the CHCl3 extract (98.9 ± 15.8 μg/mL), therefore constituents of this extract were analysed. Method: Different purification steps, such as VLC, CPC, PLC and crystallization were used for the isolation, and ESIMS, NMR, LC-MS and authentic standards were applied for identification of the compounds. XO inhibitory and DPPH assays were used for evaluation of the bioactivities. Results: Sesquiterpenes [8α-hydroxysonchucarpolide, 8α-(3,4-dihydroxy-2-methylenebutanoyloxy)- dehydromelitensine, and cnicin], flavones (apigenin, hispidulin, salvigenin, eupatorin, 3’-methyleupatorin), and the flavonol isokaempferide were isolated from the active extract. The XO-inhibitory activity of these compounds was analyzed using allopurinol as a positive control (IC50 7.49 ± 0.29 μM). It was found that sesquiterpenes and flavonoids, containing 7- OMe group, are inactive. Conclusion: 7-Hydroxyflavones (apigenin and hispidulin) exerted significant XO inhibitory effect with IC50 values of 0.99 ± 0.33 μM and 4.88 ± 1.21 μM, respectively. Therefore, these compounds are responsible for the XO-inhibitory effect of the extract. The free radical scavenging activity of the isolated flavonoids was determined by DPPH assay, and it was stated that none of the compounds have substantial antioxidant activity, therefore the reduced generation of reactive oxygen species may be the consequence only of XO inhibition.

Human platelets contain conventional (α and β) and novel isoforms of PKC (δ and θ), and PKC activation can result in platelet aggregation and secretion reaction that are important for thrombus formation. Several tumor-promoting Euphorbiaceae diterpenes are known to act as direct activators of PKC, but many types of such diterpenes have not been studied as platelet stimulators. In the present study, two new and five known phorbol esters were isolated from Euphorbia grandicornis. Two of the isolated phorbol esters together with compounds representing ingenane, jatrophane, and myrsinane structural types were studied on PKC activation and platelet stimulation. The investigated phorbol esters and ingenane esters induced blood platelet aggregation and ATP secretion. PKC activation was demonstrated by inducing membrane translocation of PKCs, phosphorylation of PKC substrates, and activation of PKC signaling pathways. The PKC-activating effect of the compounds correlated well with their efficacy to cause platelet stimulation. Moreover, by using an isoform-specific PKC inhibitor, it was found that besides conventional PKCs novel PKCs also play a positive role in platelet activation caused by phorbol/ingenane esters, especially in regulating platelet aggregation. The present results suggest that platelets afford a useful model for studying PKC activators of natural origin or their chemical derivatives.

GIRK channels are activated by a large number of G protein-coupled receptors and regulate the electrical activity of neurons, cardiac atrial myocytes, and β-pancreatic cells. Abnormalities in GIRK channel function have been implicated in the pathophysiology of neuropathic pain, drug addiction, and cardiac arrhythmias. In the heart, GIRK channels are selectively expressed in the atrium, and their activation inhibits pacemaker activity, thereby slowing the heart rate. In the present study, 19 new diterpenes, falcatins A–S (1–19), and the known euphorprolitherin D (20) were isolated from Euphorbia falcata. The compounds were assayed on stable transfected HEK-hERG (Kv11.1) and HEK-GIRK1/4 (Kir3.1 and Kir3.4) cells. Blocking activity on GIRK channels was exerted by 13 compounds (61–83% at 10 μM), and, among them, five possessed low potency on the hERG channel (4–20% at 10 μM). These selective activities suggest that myrsinane-related diterpenes are potential lead compounds for the treatment of atrial fibrillation.

Two new arylbenzofuran-type neolignans, 1″-dehydroegonol 3″-methyl ether (1) and egonol 3″-methyl ether (2), and four known lignan derivatives, namely, helioxanthin (3), (7E)-7,8-dehydroheliobuphthalmin (4), heliobuphthalmin (5), and 7-acetoxyhinokinin (6), were isolated from a chloroform-soluble partition of the methanol extract of the fresh roots of Heliopsis helianthoidesvar. scabra. These six compounds were evaluated in vitro in terms of their ability to inhibit the various steps involved in brain tumor metastasis formation. Compounds 3and 4inhibited the migration of both melanoma and brain endothelial cells, and 3also reduced the adhesion of melanoma cells to the brain endothelium. Furthermore, 3and 4additionally enhanced the barrier function of the blood-brain barrier and the expression of the tight junction protein ZO-1 at the junctions of the endothelial cells. These findings suggest that 3and 4may have the potential to interfere with different steps of brain metastasis formation and to enhance the barrier function of cerebral endothelial cells.

The extract of Artemisia asiatica herb with anti-proliferative activity against four human tumor cell lines (A2780, A431, HeLa, and MCF7) was analyzed by the MTT assay, and bioassay-directed fractionation was carried out in order to identify the compounds responsible for the cytotoxic activity. Guaianolide (1-4), seco-guianolide (5), germacranolide (6) and eudesmanolide sesquiterpenes (7), monoterpenes (8, 9), including the new compound artemisia alcohol glucoside (8), and flavonoids (10-16) were isolated as a result of a multistep chromatographic procedure (CC, CPC, PLC, and gel filtration). The compounds were identified by means of UV, MS, and NMR spectroscopy, including ¹H-and 13C-NMR, ¹H-¹H COSY, NOESY, HSQC, and HMBC experiments. The isolated compounds 1-16 were evaluated for their tumor cell growth-inhibitory activities on a panel of four adherent cancer cell lines, and different types of secondary metabolites were found to be responsible for the cytotoxic effects of the extract. Especially cirsilineol (13), 3β-chloro-4α,10α-dihydroxy-1α,2α-epoxy-5α,7αH-guai-11(13)-en- 12,6α-olide (3), and iso-seco-tanapartholide 3-O-methyl ester (5) exerted marked cytotoxic effects against the investigated cell lines, while jaceosidin (12), 6-methoxytricin (15), artecanin (2), and 5,7,4',5'-tetrahydroxy-6,3'-dimethoxyflavone (14) were moderately active. All the sesquiterpenes and monoterpenes are reported here for the first time from this species, and in the case of artecanin (2), 3α-chloro-4β,10α-dihydroxy-1β, 2β-epoxy-5α,7αH-guai-11(13)-en-12,6α-olide (4), ridentin (6), and ridentin B (7), previously unreported NMR spectroscopic data were determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The discovery of the interaction of plant-derived N-alkylamides (NAAs) and the mammalian endocannabinoid system (ECS) and the existence of a plant endogenous N-acylethanolamine signaling system have led to the re-evaluation of this group of compounds. Herein, the isolation of seven NAAs and the assessment of their effects on major protein targets in the ECS network are reported. Four NAAs, octadeca-2E,4E,8E,10Z,14Z-pentaene-12-ynoic acid isobutylamide (1), octadeca-2E,4E,8E,10Z,14Z-pentaene-12-ynoic acid 2′-methylbutylamide (2), hexadeca-2E,4E,9Z-triene-12,14-diynoic acid isobutylamide (3), and hexadeca-2E,4E,9,12-tetraenoic acid 2′-methylbutylamide (4), were identified from Heliopsis helianthoidesvar. scabra. Compounds 2–4are new natural products, while 1was isolated for the first time from this species. The previously described macamides, N-(3-methoxybenzyl)-(9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadecatrienamide (5), N-benzyl-(9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadecatrienamide (6), and N-benzyl-(9Z,12Z)-octadecadienamide (7), were isolated from Lepidium meyenii(Maca). N-Methylbutylamide 4and N-benzylamide 7showed submicromolar and selective binding affinities for the cannabinoid CB1receptor (Kivalues of 0.31 and 0.48 μM, respectively). Notably, compound 7also exhibited weak fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibition (IC50= 4 μM) and a potent inhibition of anandamide cellular uptake (IC50= 0.67 μM) that was stronger than the inhibition obtained with the controls OMDM-2 and UCM707. The pronounced ECS polypharmacology of compound 7highlights the potential involvement of the arachidonoyl-mimicking 9Z,12Zdouble-bond system in the linoleoyl group for the overall cannabimimetic action of NAAs. This study provides additional strong evidence of the endocannabinoid substrate mimicking of plant-derived NAAs and uncovers a direct and indirect cannabimimetic action of the Peruvian Maca root.

Five new sesquiterpenes, neurolobatin A (1), neurolobatin B (2), 5β-hydroxy-8β-isovaleroyloxy-9α-hydroxycalyculatolide (3), 3-epi-desacetylisovaleroylheliangine (4), and 3β-acetoxy-8β-isovaleroyloxyreynosin (5), were isolated from the aerial parts of Neurolaena lobata. The structures were established by means of a combined spectroscopic data analysis, including ESIMS, APCI-MS, and 1D- and 2D-NMR techniques. Neurolobatin A (1) and B (2) are unusual isomeric seco-germacranolide sesquiterpenes with a bicyclic acetal moiety, compounds 3and 4are unsaturated epoxy-germacranolide esters, and compound 5is the first eudesmanolide isolated from the genus Neurolaena. The isolated compounds (1–5) were shown to have noteworthy antiproliferative activities against human tumor cell lines (A2780, A431, HeLa, and MCF7). The anti-inflammatory effects of 1–5, evaluated in vitro using LPS- and TNF-α-induced IL-8 expression inhibitory assays, revealed that all these compounds strongly down-regulated the LPS-induced production of IL-8 protein, with neurolobatin B (2) and 3-epi-desacetylisovaleroylheliangine (4) being the most effective.

A new aconitane alkaloid, 1-O-demethylswatinine (1), was isolated from the root of Aconitum moldavicum together with the known compounds cammaconine (2), columbianine (3), swatinine (4), gigactonine (5), delcosine (6), lycoctonine (7), and ajacine (8). The structures were established by means of HRESIMS, 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy, including 1H-1H COSY, NOESY, HSQC, and HMBC experiments, resulting in complete 1H-NMR chemical shift assignments for 1-4. The effects of the isolated compounds 4-8, together with eighteen other Aconitum diterpene and norditerpene alkaloids with different skeletal types and substitution patterns, were studied on Nav 1.2 channels by the whole-cell patch clamp technique, using the QPatch-16 automated patch clamp system. Pyroaconitine, ajacine, septentriodine, and delectinine demonstrated significant Nav 1.2 channel inhibition (57-42%) at 10 μM concentration; several other compounds (acovulparine, acotoxicine, hetisinone, 14-benzoylaconine- 8-O-palmitate, aconitine, and lycoctonine) exerted moderate inhibitory activity (30-22%), while the rest of the tested alkaloids were considered to be inactive. On the basis of these results and by exhaustive comparison of data of previously published computerized QSAR studies on diterpene alkaloids, certain conclusions on the structure-activity relationships of Aconitum alkaloids concerning Nav 1.2 channel inhibitory activity are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The G protein-activated inwardly rectifying K+ channel-modulatory activities of Polygonum persicaria extracts were investigated by using an automated patch-clamp method, with the aim of identifying natural sources of promising ion channel-blocking compounds. The chloroform extract of the whole plant at 0.1 mg/mL exhibited high G protein-activated inwardly rectifying K+ channel-inhibitory activity. Fractionation of this extract by vacuum liquid chromatography on RPsilica gel resulted in 6 fractions, which were evaluated for G protein-activated inwardly rectifying K+ channel-modulatory activity. RP-HPLC of the most active fractions afforded the main compounds 1-4 in pure form and a mixture containing the minor constituents. The structures were identified by means of UV, HRMS, and advanced NMR methods as 3-O-senecioyl-isorhamnetin (1), 3-O-angeloyl-isorhamnetin (2), 5,3',4',5'-tetramethoxy- 6,7-methylenedioxyflavone (3), and 3,5,3',4',5'-pentamethoxy-6,7-methylenedioxyflavone (4). Compounds 1-4 are new natural products, though 4 was reported earlier as a synthetic compound. Neither the individual, nor the combined application of compounds 1-4 modified the G protein-activated inwardly rectifying K+ channel activity. However, a marked G protein- activated inwardly rectifying K+ current-inhibitory effect was detected on use of the HPLC eluates containing the minor compounds. These results indicate the presence of electrophysiologically active agents among the minor compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phytochemical study of whole, undried plants of Euphorbia esulaled to the isolation of six new (1–6) jatrophane diterpene polyesters, named esulatins H–M, together with the known compounds 2α,3β,5α,7β,15β-pentaacetoxy-9α-nicotinoyloxyjatropha-6(17),11-dien-14-one (7), salicinolide (8), and euphosalicin (9). The structures and relative configuration of 1–6were established on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis, including HRESIMS and one- and two-dimensional NMR techniques. All these compounds, together with diterpenes (10–14) isolated previously from this plant, were evaluated for their antiproliferative activity against HeLa, Ishikawa, and MCF7 cells. The multidrug-resistance-reversing activities were also investigated on L5178 mouse lymphoma cells transfected with the pHa MDR1/A retrovirus DNA. Preliminary structure–activity relationship data are discussed.

Phytochemical study of the aerial parts of Euphorbia grandicornisled to the isolation of two new tigliane diterpenes, 16-angeloyloxy-13α-isobutanoyloxy-4β,9α,20-trihydroxytiglia-1,5-diene-3,7-dione (1) and 16-angeloyloxy-13α-isobutanoyloxy-4β,9α,7β-trihydroxytiglia-1,5-dien-3-one (2). The structures and relative configuration of the new compounds were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis, including 1D and 2D NMR experiments (1H NMR, JMOD, 1H−1H COSY, NOESY, HSQC, and HMBC), mass spectrometry, and comparison with literature data. The biogenesis of 1and 2with respect to the unusual 5-en-7-one and 5-en-7-ol moieties is also discussed.

From the roots of Aconitum toxicum, acotoxicine ( 1), a new bisnorditerpene alkaloid, was isolated together with the structurally related delavaconitine, delavaconine, dolaconine, aconosine, and the norditerpene alkaloid neolinine. The structure of compound 1was elucidated by spectroscopic data interpretation. Further, eight lipo-alkaloids ( 2− 9) were detected in the plant material by LC-APCI-MS nanalysis. This is the first report of a C 18bisnorditerpene alkaloid and lipo-alkaloids from A. toxicum.

Extensive chromatographic purification of the alkaloid fraction of Aconitum vulparia Rchb. led to the isolation of a new norditerpene alkaloid, vulparine (1), besides the known compounds septentriodine (2), finetiadine (3), anthranoyllycoctonine (4), N-methyl-N-deethyllycoctonine (5) and delectinine (6). The structure of the new compound was determined by means of HRMS, 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy. Detailed NMR studies, including 1H-1H COSY, NOESY, HSQC and HMBC experiments, resulted in complete and unambiguous 1H chemical shift assignments for 2 and 6, and revision of some 13C NMR data. Compounds 1 - 4 were evaluated for their cytotoxic activities, and 1, 3 and 4 were found to exhibit marginal cell growth inhibitory activity against breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7) and cervix adenocarcinoma (HeLa) cells.

Acotoxinine (1), a new norditerpene alkaloid, was isolated from the roots of Aconitum toxicumRchb., together with the structurally related C19 diterpene alkaloids neoline (2) and aconitine (3) and C20 diterpene alkaloids songorine (4) and songoramine (5). The structures were elucidated by HR-MS and advanced NMR methods, including 1H-NMR, JMOD, 1H,1H-COSY, HSQC, and HMBC experiments. This is the first report of C20 diterpenoid alkaloids in Aconitum toxicum.

Acovulparine (=1α,6β,7R,8β,14α,16β)-4-(hydroxymethyl)-1,6,14,16-tetramethoxyaconit-19-ene-7,8-diol; 1), a new norditerpene alkaloid, was isolated from the MeOH extract of the whole plants of Aconitum vulparia Reichenb., together with the known compounds lycoctonine (2) and delcosine (3). The structures were established by HR-EI-MS and advanced 2D-NMR, including 1H-NMR, JMOD, 1H,1H-COSY, HSQC, and HMBC experiments. Acovulparine was found to contain the rare C(19)&dbond;N azomethine group.

Three new, highly functionalized jatrophane diterpenes (1–3) have been isolated from the whole, dried plants of Euphorbia platyphyllos L., together with one known jatrophane polyester (4). The structures were established by UV/VIS spectroscopy, HR-ESI-MS, and advanced two-dimensional NMR, including ¹H-NMR, JMOD, ¹H,¹H-COSY, HMQC, and HMBC experiments. Stereochemical studies and conformational analyses were performed by means of NOESY experiments. Interestingly, compounds 1–4 do not represent a stereochemically uniform series because they differ in the orientations of the Me groups at C(2), C(6), and C(13). A similar observation was reported earlier for Euphorbia serrulata, whose diterpenes are related to the compounds obtained from E. platyphyllos. This chemical relationship is of taxonomic importance and supports the botanical similarity of the two species.

Five new diterpene polyesters, 1–5, with jatrophane skeletons were isolated from the fresh whole plants of Euphorbia serrulata. The structure elucidation was performed by means of UV/VIS spectroscopy, HR-ESI-MS, and advanced two-dimensional NMR methods, including ¹H-NMR, JMOD, ¹H,¹H-COSY, NOESY, HMQC, and HMBC experiments. The relative configurations of 1–5 and their conformations in solution were analyzed on the basis of NOESY measurements. As a result of detailed NMR studies, complete ¹H and ¹³C chemical-shift assignments of the compounds were possible. The isolated compounds differ stereochemically and do not comprise a uniform series regarding the configurations at C(2), C(6), and C(13). Compound 5 possesses the new structural feature of a double bond with (Z)-configuration in the macrocyclic ring of the jatrophane skeleton, while compound 2 has a C&dbond;C bond in the five-membered ring, this being the first observation of this structural feature in the type of macrocyclic Euphorbiaceae diterpenes.

Summary.:  The solution structure of two natural diterpene derivatives, the secondary metabolites esulatin-A and esulatin-B of Euphorbia esula, was investigated by homonuclear NMR experiments. Since the spectral dispersion of the 1H NMR spectra at 500 MHz was sufficient to separate several skeletal protons of the title compounds, they were selectively excited with a double pulsed field gradient spin-echo (DPFGSE) sequence using 180°Gaussian pulses sandwiched between sine shaped gradients. With the use of selective excitation, scalar as well as dipolar interactions of the selected spins were monitored through one-dimensional (1D) COSY, TOCSY, and NOESY experiments. The chemical shifts of the coupling partners could be accurately extracted from the 1D COSY and TOCSY spectra recorded with high digital resolution. The selective TOCSY experiment provided an excellent opportunity to identify spins belonging to the same scalarly coupled spin system. The solution state conformation was investigated by selective gradient enhanced NOESY experiments. Proton–proton distances were evaluated from the cross-relaxation rates obtained from a quantitative analysis of the NOESY spectra recorded with different mixing times. The NMR derived distances were compared to the results of solid state X-ray diffraction measurements.

Summary.:  Inclusion complexes of β-cyclodextrin with two steroid derivatives, progesterone (pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione) and hydrocortisone (11,17,21-trihydroxy-pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione), were studied in the liquid state by NMR spectroscopy. The complex formation process was monitored by intermolecular dipolar interactions between 1H signals in the hydrophobic β-cyclodextrin cavity (H-3 and H-5 of the α-glucose units) and the steroid moiety in ROESY spectra. The data revealed that progesterone is fully immersed in the β-cyclodextrin cavity; however, complete inclusion of the hydrocortisone molecule was prevented by the polar hydroxyl groups on its surface.

One of the problems in cyclodextrin chemistry is the unequivocal determination of structures of systems under investigation. A simple procedure that can be used for the determination of the position of the substitution in these systems is presented here. The main requirement of this procedure is that the proton attached to the substituted carbon has a magnetic environment that is different from other likely sites of attachment.

A selective one-dimensional HSQC experiment was used to obtain heteronuclear long-range coupling constants for native and chemically modified cyclodextrins (3,6-anhydro-β-cyclodextrin) and a non-covalent complex of α-cyclodextrin with p-nitrophenol. Selective excitation was performed on C-4 in the α-glucose units using DANTE hard pulse trains. The measured heteronuclear long-range coupling constants have similar values for all natural cyclodextrins. The high value of these coupling constants indicates that the low dihedral angle between H-1 and C-4 found in the solid state is retained in solution. Chemical modification or complex formation, however, decreases the coupling constant by increasing the dihedral angle between these nuclei. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Heptakis(6- O- tert-butyldimethylsilyl) β-cyclodextrin reacts with N-methyl-4-chloromethyl-2-nitroaniline to produce the 3-modified cyclodextrin after the necessary deprotection step. Complete NMR assignment and its comparison with cyclodextrin derivatives modified by the same group at the 2- and 6-position is reported.

Onopordum acanthiumhas been considered in traditional medicine to be effective against different cancers. The chloroform extracts of the root, which displayed antiproliferative effect against human tumor cell lines, was subjected to bioactivity-guided multistep chromatographic separation. This experiment resulted in the isolation of the sesquiterpene lactones 4β,14-dihydro-3-dehydrozaluzanin C (1), zaluzanin C (2) and 4β,15,11β,13-tetrahydrozaluzanin C (3), the neolignan nitidanin-diisovalerianate (4), besides 13-oxo-9Z,11E-octadecadienoic acid (5), 24-methylenecholesterol (6), α-linolenic acid, linoleic acid, stigmasterol and β-sitosterol. The structures of the isolated compounds were established through analytical data (NMR, MS), and by comparison of these with those reported in the literature. All the aforementioned compounds were detected for the first time from this plant. The antiproliferative activities of compounds 1–6were assessed on cervix adenocarcinoma HeLa, breast adenocarcinoma MCF7 and skin epidermoid carcinoma A431 cells by using the MTT assay. It was found that, 4β,14-dihydro-3-dehydrozaluzanin C (1), the most active antiproliferative compound of the extract, exerted remarkable tumor cell growth inhibitory activity (IC502.7–15.1 μM).

Review: 32 refs.

The cytotoxic activities of the n-hexane, chloroform and aqueous methanolic fractions prepared from the methanolic extract of the leaves of 23 Salviataxa were studied for their cell growth-inhibitory activity against human cervix adenocarcinoma (HeLa), skin carcinoma (A431) and breast adenocarcinoma (MCF7) cells using the MTT assay. The n-hexane fractions of six Salviataxa (S. hispanica, S. nemorosa, S. nemorosal. albiflora, S. pratensis, S. recognitaand S. ringens) and the chloroform fraction of S. officinalisl. albifloraproduced over 50% growth inhibition of the skin carcinoma cell line. None of the tested extracts showed substantial (above 50%) antiproliferative effects against HeLa and MCF7 cells. S. ringenswas the most powerful among the studied Salviaspecies with a 61.8% cell growth inhibitory activity on A431 cells. In the case of S. ringens, other plant parts were also tested for antiproliferative effect, and the highest activities were recorded for the root extract. This was subjected to bioactivity-guided fractionation, which yielded four abietane diterpenes (royleanone, horminone, 7-O-methyl-horminone and 7-acetyl-horminone), one triterpene (erythrodiol-3-acetate) and β-sitosterol. Horminone, 7-acetyl-horminone and erythrodiol-3-acetate displayed marked concentration-dependent antiproliferative effects, while royleanone and 7-O-methyl-horminone produced weaker activities.

The term lipo-alkaloid is used for C19aconitane alkaloids containing one or two long-chain fatty acid residues. Lipo-alkaloids are transesterified derivatives of the most toxic and highly effective diester-type diterpene alkaloids, such as aconitine, hypaconitine, mesaconitine. Lipo-alkaloids are native minor compounds of aconite drugs, but their amount significantly increases after traditional processing, which is a general method in the Far Eastern traditional medicinal systems. Analytical works demonstrated that cautious processing (usually boiling) of crude aconite roots decreases the amount of normal diterpene alkaloids and increases the concentration of lipo-alkaloids resulting in the reduction of toxicity of the drugs. Many papers reported that lipo-alkaloids occur as a complex mixture in the drugs, and the isolation of the individual components is extremely difficult. These compounds have been identified using highly sensitive analytical methods (HPLC-MS, NMR), and semisynthetic approaches have been developed to ensure lipo-alkaloids in pure form for pharmacological studies.This review summarizes the structure, chemistry, semisynthesis, analytics and bioactivities of lipo-alkaloids. On the basis of 32 references this is the first comprehensive study on this topic, covering the data of 173 compounds.

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.

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For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.

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