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In the world today, innovation is an essential component of daily life. Companies deal with innovation on a regular basis to maximize their use of resources and form the foundations for competitive advantages over the competition. However, many firms currently face difficulties in terms of scarce resources and financial constraints, which have forced organizations to seek out new innovations that not only deliver good results but also require fewer natural and financial assets. Frugal innovation has, thus, been playing a significant role in companies’ success and growing in importance as this concept and its various practical applications have become more fully defined. Frugal innovation's practical aspects are still insufficiently addressed by the literature, which shows a lack of clarity about possible determinants of this approach and the ways they are interconnected. This study develops a multicriteria model using two problem structuring methods—design thinking and interpretive structural modeling—to clarify the issues that arise during frugal innovation. The results reflect the input of a group of experts linked to corporate innovation and/or small and medium-sized enterprises. The findings were subsequently analyzed and validated by a specialist who did not participate in the group work in order to make the analysis system more empirically robust. The proposed model provides a holistic view of determinants of frugal innovation, which can help companies understand and analyze these factors and engage in successful decision-making processes.

Society 5.0 is an extremely popular idea in current socioeconomic contexts. The transition process of evolving into this superintelligent society envisioned by the Japanese government is still ongoing, but this paradigm has already had an impact through recent changes in societies’ perspectives and ambitions. The academic contributions on this topic are still scarce, so further research is required particularly in the context of small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Society 5.0 encompasses various complex subjective aspects (i.e., variables) that require a constructivist approach to the associated decision-making processes. This study sought to overcome limitations identified in previous studies of Society 5.0’s varied dimensions by applying a combination of cognitive mapping and decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory techniques in a neutrosophic context. These methodologies provided a holistic perspective on the research topic, as well as identifying the most important variables to be included in the analysis system and defining their causal interrelationships. This comprehensive decision-support system was constructed by a panel of experts in related fields in order to mirror SME realities. The benefits and practical contributions of the proposed analysis system are discussed, and the results confirm that SMEs are not too small to shine in Society 5.0.

Open innovation has gradually gained greater importance over time as commitment to a culture of constant innovation has become increasingly indispensable for organizations’ long-term survival. This trend has made understanding the factors that affect innovation capacity and success imperative. Given the wide range of determinants already identified, researchers seeking to analyze these factors face difficult, extremely complex challenges in terms of determining their effects on small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). The existing literature mentions limitations arising from how criteria have been selected for evaluation systems and how these determinants’ relative weights have been defined. This article develops an analysis system that combines cognitive mapping—based on the jointly understanding, reflecting, and negotiating strategy making approach—and the best-worst method. The two main aims are to identify the most significant criteria for evaluations of SME propensity to engage in open innovation and to calculate these factors’ relative weights. This article focuses on promoting realistic, comprehensive analyses that foster clearer and more conscious decision making based on a holistic view of open innovation assessment.

This study focuses on the interconnection between two topics: change management and advanced wireless networks. Advanced wireless networks can generate turmoil at the deepest level of all sectors of activity by offering the possibility of new connectivity through these networks’ assets, which would require new business models and introduce novel features into purchasing processes and consumer experiences. In addition, telecommunications companies play a fundamental role in developing and implementing these new technologies to ensure they fulfil their promise. Change management practices are critical to ensuring successful advanced wireless network implementation, especially at a strategic and operational level. This research sought to contribute to a more holistic view of the interconnections between these two topics. The multiple-criteria decision analysis approach was used to conduct analyses of the relationships between the associated monetization opportunities and challenges, which included applying the decision-making trial evaluation laboratory technique to clarify their cause-effect links. A multidisciplinary expert panel was recruited to facilitate the method's application. The insights obtained during two panel meetings allowed the proposed process-oriented approach to assist decision makers in analyzing monetization opportunities and challenges related to advanced wireless network adoption according to the following five clusters: service offer; vendor value proposition; operational management; strategic management; and external factors. Contributions and limitations are also examined.

In recent years, increasing resource consumption worldwide has alarmed experts. This problem contributes to the need for more ecological solutions and processes including the use of renewable energies, which reduces organizations’ environmental impact. To find ways to improve new green solutions and process integration, researchers need to study and measure these innovation effects, especially on small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). However, evaluating renewable energy impacts on SMEs is not as easy as would first appear. This challenge can be addressed by developing an analysis model to mitigate the limitations of recent studies and, concurrently, deal with this complex subjective issue. In this article, the combined use of cognitive mapping and the decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) technique facilitated the generation of a complete, transparent, and informed model that can help managers make better decisions in this context. Specifically, grounded in intensive group work sessions with renewable energy specialists, the results address some of the limitations of more generic models and include a multicriteria analysis system that provides guidelines for renewable energy management practices, with the potential to improve SME performance. To enable a fuller interpretation of the decision problem in question, the most important indicators were identified and the cause-and-effect relationships between these criteria were analyzed. The findings were validated by the panel members and a member of the Portuguese Renewable Energy Association. The advantages and limitations of the proposed model are also discussed.

Wastewater-based epidemiology has been described as a valuable tool for monitoring the spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in a community. However, there is no consensus on the best concentration method to allow reliable detection of SARS-CoV-2 in this matrix, considering different laboratory facilities. This study compares two viral concentration methods, ultracentrifugation (ULT) and skimmed-milk flocculation (SMF), for detecting SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater samples. The analytical sensitivity (limits of detection and quantification [LoD/LoQ]) of both methods was evaluated using a bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) as a surrogate. Three different approaches were conducted to establish LoD of each method based on the assays on the standard curve (ALoDsc), on the dilution of internal control (ALoDiC), and the processing steps (PLoD). For PLoD, ULT method had the lowest value (1.86 × 103genome copy/microliter [GC/µL]) when compared to the SMF method (1.26 × 107GC/µL). The LoQ determination showed a mean value of 1.55 × 105GC/µL and 3.56 × 108GC/µL to ULT and SMF, respectively. The detection of SARSCoV-2 in naturally contaminated wastewater revealed 100% (12/12) and 25% (3/12) of detection using ULT and SMF with quantification ranging from 5.2 to 7.2 log10 genome copy/liter (GC/L) and 5.06 to 5.46 log10 GC/L, respectively. The detection success rate of BRSV used as an internal control process was 100% (12/12) for ULT and 67% (8/12) for SMF, with an efficiency recovery rate ranging from 12 to 38% and 0.1 to 5%, respectively. Our data consolidates the importance of assessing the methods used; however, further analysis should be carried out to improve low-cost concentration methodologies, essential for use in low-income and developing countries.

Open innovation (OI) is clearly becoming increasingly important to organizations. Studying its impacts has become a challenge as assessing OI possible effects on not only performance but also processes, time, and people is difficult and complex. To move beyond these barriers, this article develops a metacognitive framework that combines cognitive mapping—supported by the strategic options development and analysis approach—and the decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory technique. This dual methodology facilitates analyses of specific OI-related impacts on small- or medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). The data were collected from SME managers and entrepreneurs who agreed to participate in an expert panel in face-to-face group meetings. The findings include that the methodologies used facilitate the identification and understanding of cause-and-effect relationships among OI determinants in SMEs, and were validated by the participants and a project manager at COTEC Portugal—Associação Empresarial para a Inovação (Business Association for Innovation). This organization is a leading think-and-action network for advancing technology diffusion and business innovation cooperation. The contributions and limitations of the proposed methodology are also analyzed.

This article proposes a generalized reluctance network framework for analysis and non-parametric design optimization of rotating, radial-flux, electric machines, combining published state-of-the-art contributions and some original improvements. A novel element geometry and a novel airgap permeance function are proposed to support the automatic and systematic rotating radial-flux machine meshing without requiring the knowledge of geometrical parameters. An extensive and detailed validation of the proposed method was carried out on synchronous and asynchronous three-phase motor technologies, for a wide range of operating points, which constitutes an important contribution of this work. The numerical results obtained with the proposed method and with finite element analysis are compared for relevant design optimization quantities, such as input power, winding losses, core losses, power factor, permanent magnet Joule losses, and harmonic analysis. A satisfactory compromise between accuracy and computational speed was achieved, making the proposed method relevant not only for fast design/pre-design optimization purposes, enabling the evaluation of a large number of solutions in a relatively short time, but also for real-time, low-computational-intensity, reasonable-precision simulations.

In this paper, a novel variable-voltage, variable-frequency, dual, three-level, quasi-Z-source, indirect matrix converter topology is proposed, including a detailed description of a modulation method and a control strategy for three-phase motors with open-ended windings. The proposed power drive system (PDS) supports bidirectional power flow and has a combined control of DC-link voltage and output AC voltage frequency. Experimentally validation was performed on a 4-kW PDS. For a given supply voltage amplitude and the same power switch voltage rating in the DC/AC converter, the proposed PDS can double the voltage output gain, thus being an interesting solution for high-power applications with motors designed for higher voltages. The proposed PDS topology, modulation method and motor control strategy can reduce the common-mode component, low-order harmonic content, peak values and dv/dt of the motor phase voltage, ultimately leading to lower winding insulation voltage stress at low-speed, low-voltage operation, lower harmonic losses in the motor, and ride-through capability over voltage sags in the mains, which are important advantages.

This study aimed to fast screen the microbiological contamination of recreational waters using a TaqMan Array Card (TAC), a multiplexed platform designed for the simultaneous detection of 35 enteropathogens. Surface and deep marine water samples were concentrated by skimmed milk flocculation and processed for nucleic acid extraction protocol using QIAamp Fast DNA Stool Mini Kit. Twelve microorganisms and parasites, including bacteria (n= 6), protozoa (4), and viruses (2), were detected in 85.7% (24/28) of samples. Campylobacter(82.1%), Cryptosporidium(39.3%), and adenovirus (14.3%) were the most detected pathogens. Neither fungi nor helminths were detected. A spatial pollution profile of microbiological contamination was observed in the area. Methodologies for simultaneous detection of multiple pathogens, such as TAC, can assist decision-makers by providing a quick assessment of the microbiological water quality in areas used for recreational purposes, which in many cases are in accordance with the bacteriological indicators.

1. INTRODUCTION A long literature on housing economics has noted that a rise in mortgage rates could 'lock-in' an owner to his or her current house, thereby slowing or preventing [...]

Anthropometric data are essential for applying ergonomic principles to the design of a wide range of products and are paramount when developing personal protective equipment. In the case of occupations that deal with extreme circumstances, as is the case of firefighting, a proper fit and sizing of personal protective equipment is related not only with work performance and comfort but also with protection level. The increase in the number of female firefighters have raised the discussion about the barriers and challenges faced by women in firefighting. Issues with the fit of personal protective equipment commonly appear among physical and psychological stressors encountered by female firefighters. The need to provide gender-specific protective equipment for such professionals is highlighted by many studies. Furthermore, significant anthropometric differences among specialized occupational groups have also been found. However, anthropometric databases on firefighters are still very limited. Aiming to fulfill this shortcoming as well as to understand if Portuguese firefighters’ protective equipment is adjusted to their anthropometrics, a study designated as Size FF Portugal – Anthropometric Study of Portuguese Firefighters is currently underway. This paper presents a preliminary comparison of anthropometric data of female firefighters from two different fire brigades located in the North of Portugal. Stature and body weight measurements of 30 participants were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. Results show that there were not statistically significant differences on the average stature nor on the average body weight of female firefighters from both brigades. Moreover, significant differences were not found when comparing their types of commitment for both considered measurements. However, the comparison of stature data of female firefighters with two available anthropometric databases of the Portuguese population presented statistically significant differences. These results corroborate similar research and highlight the relevance of the on-going study. A discussion regarding the results is presented, taking into consideration the current stage of the study and its limitations.

ABSTRACTThe organizational literature privileges objective performance indicators often selected by researchers. There is scarce research focusing on legitimacy-challenged hybrid and microorganizations and on perceived success under exigent conditions. To address this scarcity, this study, conducted among complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) microorganizations, explores success as a subjective measure originating from managers’ perceptions. For the purpose, it integrates cognitive mapping and multiple criteria decision analysis (MCDA)—a methodological contribution to construct a subjective-success framework that can be helpful for contested hybrid microorganizations. Seven factors emerged, of which human capital is recognized as critical, while external factors are considered unimportant.

Internal audit function is an important cornerstone of corporate governance. Selecting qualified internal audit professionals has become a key success factor for any organization. However, research on the selection of internal auditors has limited exposure in the literature. In addition, prior research on personnel selection has only focused on applying traditional ranking methods, which calculate the overall utility value for each candidate and rank candidates in terms of the score. Little has been done for considering management’s goals regarding the attributes of the desired candidate. A robust model has not been constructed to address multiple aspiration levels for each goal in the classical personnel selection process. To fill these gaps, a novel generic framework is presented to evaluate and select ideal internal auditors, based on the analytic hierarchy process, fuzzy comprehensive evaluation, and weighted multi-choice goal programming. A case study is conducted to validate the feasibility and flexibility of the proposed approach. The results show that the proposed hybrid approach can assist decision-makers in selecting the candidate who is a good match for organizational needs. The implications of the paper are not restricted to the selection of internal auditors.

A four node isoparametric shell element (Q4) based on Mindlin/Reissner plate theory and the alpha finite element method (αFEM) was formulated for a nearly exact solution of linear static and buckling analysis of textile-like sheet material. The novel idea of αFEM-Q4 is assumed to be similar to the framework of conventional finite element approaches for Q4, but the gradient of strains is scaled by a factor α ∈ [0, 1]. The numerical examples demonstrate that the αFEM-Q4 can improve the accuracy of FEM solution in static and buckling analysis shell structures of non-woven fabric. However, the αFEM-Q4 cannot provide the nearly exact solution to all elasticity problems. In addition, it also requires a quadrilateral mesh that cannot be fully generated by common geometric algorithms for complicated problem domains.

This paper presents an implementation of the node-based smoothed finite element method and Reissner-Mindlin plate theory for a four node isoparametric shell element to improve the numerical precision and computational efficiency subjected to free vibration analysis of textile-like sheet materials. A one smoothing cell integration scheme in the strain smoothing technique is implemented to contrast the shear locking phenomenon that may exists in the analysis for moderately-thick and thick shell models. Various numerical results of free vibration analysis for a multi-layer nonwoven fabric sample are compared with other existing analytical solutions and numerical solutions in literatures to demonstrate the effectiveness of the present method. An advantage of the present formulation is that it can improve the numerical precision without decreasing the computational efficiency.

•An innovative diagnosis classification system was developed and regulated in Brazil.•An online system was developed and made available to all physical therapists in the country.•The new system will help professionals to define the prognosis and therapeutic goals.•This classification will allow a standardized physical therapy diagnosis.

The case portrays a real dilemma experienced by Alexandre, founder of the fourth largest Brazilian social mobilisation movement for health called VemPraGuerra He joined efforts with his brother and a friend (both resident doctors) to structure a project during the first half of 2020. Amid the COVID-19 medical supplies shortage, they were able to gather R$6 million (about US$1.2 million at that time). This funding was summoned to assist Hospital das Clinicas de Sao Paulo, the largest Brazilian health complex. The case study contributes to the currently scarce body of knowledge devoted to teaching stakeholder theory. It is an applied example of social entrepreneurship, the promotion of social change, and the contemporaneity of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Molecular methodologies providing data on viral concentration and infectivity have been successfully used in environmental virology, supporting quantitative risk assessment studies. The present study aimed to assess human mastadenovirus(HAdV) intact particles using a derivative of propidium monoazide associated with qPCR (PMAxx-qPCR) in aquatic matrices. Initially, different concentrations of PMAxx were evaluated to establish an optimal protocol for treating different naturally contaminated matrices, using 10 min incubation in the dark at 200 rpm at room temperature and 15 min of photoactivation in the PMA-Lite™ LED photolysis device. There was no significant reduction in the quantification of infectious HAdV with increasing concentration of PMAxx used (20 μM, 50 μM, and 100 μM), except for sewage samples. In this matrix, a reduction of 5.01 log of genomic copies (GC)/L was observed from the concentration of 50 μM and revealed 100% HAdV particles with damaged capsids. On the other hand, the mean reduction of 0.51 log in stool samples using the same concentration mentioned above demonstrated 83% of damaged particles eliminated in the stool. Following, 50 μM PMAxx-qPCR protocol revealed a log reduction of 0.91, 0.67, and 1.05 in other samples of raw sewage, brackish, and seawater where HAdV concentration reached 1.47 × 104, 6.81 × 102, and 2.33 × 102GC/L, respectively. Fifty micrometers of PMAxx protocol helped screen intact viruses from different matrices, including sea and brackish water.

This study aimed to perform a cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) of the molecular diagnostic method (MM) associated with conventional diagnostic method (CM) compared with the CM alone, for the detection of resistant profile in bacteremia, from the perspective of the Brazilian Public Health System, in intensive care units setting.

Recurrent selection is a method for developing new popcorn (Zea maysL.) cultivars. We aimed to determine the selection accuracy and genetic gains for different selection strategies: estimates based exclusively on phenotypic data (PhEN), estimates based on phenotypic and genotypic data (PhEN + GEN), and estimates based exclusively on single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) marker genotyping (GEN). For the GEN strategy, we tested, via simulation, the possibility of reducing the number of SNPs and increasing the training population. The traits evaluated were 100‐grain weight, ear height, grain yield, popping expansion, plant height, and popping volume. Field trials were undertaken with 98 S1progenies at two locations in an incomplete block design with three replications. The progenies’ parents were genotyped with a panel of ∼10,507 SNPs. As predicted by the GEN strategy at different selection intensities, the average annual genetic gain for the different traits were 29.1 and 25.2% higher than those of PhEN and GEN + PhEN for 98 candidates; 148.3 and 140.9% higher for 500; and 187.9 and 179.4% higher for 1,000 selection candidates, respectively. Recurrent genomic selection may result in high genetic gain, provided that: (a) phenotyping is accurate; (b) selection intensity is explored by genotyping several progenies and increasing the number of candidates; (c) genomic selection is used for early selection; and (d) the model is adjusted for a few more cycles of phenotyping. The simulation suggests that desirable values of genetic gain may be obtained by reducing the number of SNPs and increasing the training population size.

Reactive molecular oxygen (O2) plays important roles in bioenergetics and metabolism and is implicated in biochemical pathways underlying angiogenesis, fertilization, wound healing and regeneration. Here we describe how to use the scanning micro-optrode technique (SMOT) to measure extracellular fluxes of dissolved O2. The self-referencing O2-specific micro-optrode (also termed micro-optode and optical fiber microsensor) is a tapered optical fiber with an O2-sensitive fluorophore coated onto the tip. The O2concentration is quantified by fluorescence quenching of the fluorophore emission upon excitation with blue–green light. The micro-optrode presents high spatial and temporal resolutions with improved signal-to-noise ratio (in the picomole range). In this protocol, we provide step-by-step instructions for micro-optrode calibration, validation, example applications and data analysis. We describe how to use the technique for cells (Xenopusoocyte), tissues (Xenopusepithelium and rat cornea), organs (Xenopusgills and mouse skin) and appendages (Xenopustail), and provide recommendations on how to adapt the approach to different model systems. The basic, user-friendly system presented here can be readily installed to reliably and accurately measure physiological O2fluxes in a wide spectrum of biological models and physiological responses. The full protocol can be performed in ~4 h.

Abstract:Indonesia’s military invaded East Timor in 1975, but failed to subdue the people there. The role of international solidarity movements in Timor-Leste’s subsequent fight for independence was particularly evident a decade later, when groups in diverse locations mobilized to raise awareness about East Timor’s ongoing plight. Using Timorese (or Maubere) culture as a mobilizing focus, activists engaged the public to take action. Thus, an issue fading from global consciousness and receding from the agendas of governments and intergovernmental organizations was put back on the table in 1985 by transnational advocacy movements. The research presented here looks at some actions in Portugal, Britain, and Canada, with briefer references to similar actions in Spain and Sweden. The study puts solidarity groups located in unexpected places at the center of the analysis. For instance, TAPOL in Britain and CDPM in Portugal emerge as nodes in a transnational advocacy network, serving to transmit the Timorese resistance’s appeal to the outside world.

This study evaluated the species richness and seasonal dynamics of ticks and rickettsial agents infecting ticks in the largest natural Reserve of the Cerrado biome of Brazil, the Grande Sertão Veredas National Park. During 2012–2014, a total of 9531 host-seeking ticks were collected by dry ice traps and dragging, whereas 1563 ticks were collected from small mammals, and 1186 ticks from domestic animals. Overall, the following 12 tick species were identified: Amblyomma auricularium, Amblyomma dubitatum, Amblyomma naponense, Amblyomma ovale, Amblyomma parvum, Amblyomma sculptum, Amblyomma tigrinum, Amblyomma triste, Dermacentor nitens, Rhipicephalus microplus, Rhipicephalus sanguineussensu lato, and Ornithodoros mimon. The three most abundant tick species, A. sculptum, A. parvum,and A. triste,are likely to develop one generation per year, with adults predominating between spring and autumn, and immature ticks during autumn-winter. Small mammals seem to be important hosts for immature stages of A. parvum,and A. triste,but not for A. sculptum.Molecular analyses revealed the presence of the human pathogen Rickettsia parkeriin 10% of the A. tristeticks, whereas two agents of unknown pathogenicity, Rickettsia belliiand ‘CandidatusRickettsia andeanae’ were found in 7 and 5%, respectively, of the A. parvumticks. A fourth rickettsial agent, Rickettsia amblyommatis,was found in a single A. sculptumtick. Several Vero cell-established isolates of R. parkeriand R. belliiwere obtained from A. tristeand A. parvum,respectively. Serological analyses of small mammals suggest that they have been infected by R. parkeriand R. bellii,possibly via natural infestations by A. tristeand A. parvum,respectively. Because the Park has suffered low anthropic alterations, our results should provide baseline data that shall be used for future comparisons with other Cerrado areas with higher degree of anthropic changes.

The developments in production processes are a need in times that require more efficiency, improved costumer engagement and customized smart solutions. In order to meet such criteria, the fabrication processes must be adjusted to meet those new requirements and engage in new production paradigms. Technology is now able to supply parts and processes for manufacture of new products as those emerging from the growing smartification of everything. In that sense, the present research work targets the process of smartification of furniture pieces and its associated process of fabrication. 3D printing, sensors and smart devices are all components of the smartification process that, as proposed in the present document, will support the development of new smart furniture pieces. The smartification process consists in enabling such furniture to monitor and react accordingly to human behaviour by identifying accidents or potential risks to persons at indoor facilities. The result hereby presented is a strategy to create smart home appliances that will become smarter than traditional furniture and thus become able to detect risks and react accordingly. The behaviour consists in alerting the person or someone responsible for their safety and assistance, either at home or in a care facility, to enable prompt response and promote their wellbeing.

AbstractUnderstanding customer loyalty has been a growing concern for the services industry. In a context of increasing competitive pressures, such loyalty is seen as a key element in service companies’ success. Maintaining customer loyalty and identifying its underlying factors, however, are recognizably difficult to do. Grounded on the use of cognitive mapping techniques, this paper proposes a knowledge-based framework for the identification of the key determinants of customer loyalty, and the relationships among them. A step-by-step guide to the development of such a framework is presented, and illustrated through a practical application in the banking context. The resulting findings are supportive of the applicability of such methods for understanding customer loyalty, and the improvement of long-term relationships with customers. They are furthermore indicative of new ways in which knowledge can be incorporated into management activities to improve service outcomes. Some managerial implications of our contribution and avenues for future research are also reported.

Large zebrafish keratocyte groups initiate motility in response to a physiological electric field. The groups move towards the cathode, with greatest cell velocity at the group front. Inhibiting PI3K does not affect the cathode-directed group migration, but cells at the group rear have the greatest velocity. Myosin inhibition disrupts group cohesion and directional switching. Our results suggest that individual cells sense the electric field, and mechanical integration enables group movement.

In this study, we develop a firm-dominated incremental cooperation model. Following the critical review of current literature and various cooperation models, we identified a number of strengths and shortcomings that form the basis for our framework. The objective of our theoretical model is to contribute to overcome the existing gap within academic literature and theory pertaining to University-Industry (U-I) cooperation (in the context of small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs)) while improving practice in real world context. The uniqueness of the new cooperation model provides a number of benefits over the previous ones in relation to better communication channels and an incremental process that aids in the elimination of risk and cost. Therefore, the probabilities of success for this model, especially in the context of SMEs, should be underlined.

AbstractSmall and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are currently considered an important driving force of economic growth. Several studies have been developed to analyse this issue and, in particular, to assess the credit risk of SMEs. Most of these applications, however, share the same methodological limitations, such as the manner by which criteria are selected, or the methods used for calculating the weights between them. Based on the integrated use of cognitive mapping techniques and the Interactive Multiple Criteria Decision Making (TODIM) approach, this study aims to create an idiosyncratic decision support system for the identification of multiple criteria and the calculation of their respective weights (i.e.the trade-offs) in the evaluation of SME credit risk. The results show that the model created in this study allows for simple and straightforward credit concession decisions, facilitating the evaluation of SME credit applications through more informed and transparent risk assessments. Practical implications, strengths and weaknesses of the proposed framework are analysed and discussed.

In industry, due to conservative system design, safety factors associated with uncertainty in the load requirements, discrete availability of commercial rated power, and/or load power variation, most three-phase squirrel-cage induction motors are oversized. Besides the extra capital investment, the oversizing of direct-on-line fixed-speed induction motors can lead to a significant efficiency and power factor reduction. However, the part-load efficiency of oversized motors can still be higher than the full-load efficiency of well-sized smaller motors because, in general, the nominal efficiency increases with the rated power. In this paper, an analysis of potential benefits and drawbacks of motor oversizing is carried out. On the basis of the catalogue technical data provided by one of the largest motor manufacturers for IE1-, IE2-, IE3-, and IE4-class four-pole induction motors, the main results of a simulation-based study on the oversizing energy efficiency and cost-effectiveness are presented. A method to estimate the motor efficiency and power factor for any load level using commercial catalogue data is proposed and applied. Some technical issues associated with motor oversizing are also briefly addressed. It is shown that, if the additional reactive energy consumption due to poorer power factor and the slight speed increase are ignored, for IE1-, IE2- and, to a much less extent, IE3-class motors, oversizing can be cost effective for many motor rated powers, resulting in a higher average efficiency and a lower motor lifecycle cost, as well as in an extended motor lifespan. For most IE3- and IE4-class motors, the oversizing is not cost effective because of the lower nominal efficiency gain when moving to a higher oversized rated power. Additionally, the oversizing impact on the motor energy consumption strongly depends on the load profile of the application. When an old motor fails, it will probably be an IE0- or IE1-class equivalent motor, and this situation provides a golden opportunity for replacing the old motor with a properly sized IE3- or IE4-class motor, which offers significantly higher efficiency for a wide range of loads.

Entrepreneurship has made its way into dominant discourse through the production and dissemination of a series of intertwined narratives – “employment is a thing of the past”, “we can’t be tied to the state”, “unemployment is an opportunity” – and its transposition to public policy, non-governmental organisations, schools and universities. Since the emergence of the global crisis, in 2008, and its financial, economic and social impact in Portugal, the “Education for entrepreneurship” has been implemented by several programmes conducted by municipalities, associations, companies, etc. Even schools’ curricula, since de early years, are now including this area under the rules of the Ministry of Education. Within a public sociology, a critical discourse analysis and a participatory action-research, this paper describes and interprets an experience with the Theatre of the Oppressed, more concretely a performance called “The machine of entrepreneurship”, aiming at contributing to the deconstruction of the discourse of “entrepreneurship” – its strategies, objectives, contexts as well as its contradictions – and also promoting a critical education perspective. Research findings show the ideological nature of the entrepreneurship discourse; its role on changing forms of exploitation, dominance and control in society, moving from a classical meaning to a more seductive one; and especially the ways by which the “education for entrepreneurship” has been taking the place of “education for citizenship” in schools.

AbstractBank customer loyalty is becoming a priority concern for banking institutions, as a means of gradually increasing complementary margins and eliminating the lack of liquidity caused by the current economic climate. Following a top down process, this focus culminates at the branch level, where banks’ front office employees are seen as a driving-force for building customer loyalty. At the same time, however, the difficulty in identifying and operationalizing the factors or determinants that most contribute to creating and maintaining bank customer loyalty has long been recognized. In this sense, based on the integrated use of cognitive maps and measuring attractiveness by a categorical based evaluation technique (MACBETH), this study proposes a multiple criteria framework for bank customer loyalty measurement and management. The results show that our framework allows bank customers with higher rates of customer loyalty to be identified and, from a benchmarking perspective, indicates what best practices should be followed to boost long-term relationships. Implications for scholars and practitioners are discussed.

Aquatic macrophytes are affected by spatial and temporal scales, which may drive their successful establishment and development. Environmental variations can determine the distribution and composition of plants due to habitat requirement of each species. The presence of certain species or life forms in the aquatic environment can help in prediction of abiotic changes. In this study, we aimed to relate physicochemical aspects of water with community structure of aquatic macrophytes during one hydrologic cycle, in three lakes of Parque Estadual do Rio Doce, the newest Ramsar Site in Brazil. Fixed plots were marked on the shoreline of these lakes. Vegetation cover of macrophytes was assessed bimonthly in the field together with some physicochemical variables. The relationship between vegetation cover and abiotic data was confirmed by principal coordinate analysis. In general, species and life forms of macrophytes were sensitive to the physicochemical variables dissolved oxygen, pH and transparency, that significantly affected the distribution of plant cover. Thus, we suggest the use of the abiotic variables described in our study plus topographic profile of the shoreline to evaluated macrophyte distribution in other lakes.

Purpose -- The purpose of this paper is to propose a new three-phase switched reluctance motor (SRM), and achieve high-torque and low-cost. This new SRM's winding configuration uses the double- layer distributed windings, which is different from the conventional SRM's single tooth coils. Design/methodology/approach -- The operating principle of new SRM is analyzed, and the voltage equation and the generated torque are deduced. Finite element method (FEM) and finite element circuit coupled method are utilized to evaluate the new motor's operating performances. The two dimensional (2D) frequency response analysis model is employed in the FEM model. Based on the 2D frequency response analysis model, the magnetic field distribution, self-inductance, and mutual-inductance for the new SRM are analyzed in detail. A co-simulation model using FE analysis package and Matlab-Simulink is proposed to simulate the new SRM drive. The simulated and experimental results verify the new SRM. Findings -- For the new SRM with double-layer distributed windings, a co-simulation method is proposed to analyze its characteristics. The new SRM presents lower torque ripple coefficient and generates larger torque than the conventional SRM, with three-wire and standard full bridge power converter, rather than six-wire and asymmetric half-bridge converter for conventional SRM. Originality/value -- This paper proposes a new SRM with the double-layer distributed windings driven by a standard full bridge inverter. In order to calculate dynamic characteristics of the new SRM, a co-simulation method using FEM and Simulink is proposed to simulate the new SRM drive, where the power inverter and the current chopping control algorithm are implemented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Pantanal, exotic grasses are being introduced into native grasslands. Information on impact of these plants and of flood on the soil seed bank dynamics of grassland vegetation regarding distribution and diversity are yet scarce. The aim of this work was to evaluate species similarity of soil seed bank of native and cultivated grassland in the Pantanal, under effects of flood levels, season and species invasion, evaluating effects of ecological filter upon distribution and diversity of flora. The soil seed bank was sampled in 1 km2in native and 1 km2in cultivated grassland. To test the hypothesis regarding flood gradient, we collected soil samples of 20 × 20 cm, 3 cm deep, at three ground levels (bottom, intermediate and top). To analyze species invasion, soil samples were collected in native and in cultivated grassland (Urochloa humidicola), a total of 120 in the dry season and 120 in the flood season. The soil seed bank was evaluated through emergence in trays in a greenhouse. From the soil seed bank emerged 91 species, of 22 families. The most representative species in density were Richardia grandiflora(< 7,558 seedling m−2) and Hyptis brevipes(< 6,725 seedlings m−2). We conclude that flood influences distribution and diversity of species in native and cultivated grassland, the vegetation varies according to the gradient, similarity being higher among species in the rainy season. We also conclude that the soil seed bank is not dominated by exotic weedy species, what is attributed to flood action as an ecological filter hindering their establishment.

AbstractWe define a functional interpretation of KP?using Howard’s primitive recursive tree functionals of finite type and associated terms. We prove that the S-ordinal of KP?is the least ordinal not given by a closed term of the ground type of the trees (the Bachmann-Howard ordinal). We also extend KP?to a second-order theory with ?1-comprehension and strict-${\rm{\Pi }}_1^1$reflection and show that the S-ordinal of this theory is still the Bachmann-Howard ordinal. It is also argued that the second-order theory is S1-conservative over KP?.

This study compares the clinical, ultrasonography, radiography, and laboratory outcomes of painless and painful chronic synovitis in patients with established rheumatoid arthritis.

The implementation of “good” practices of Corporate Governance (CG) allows companies’ to strengthen long-term financial performance, attracting more and powerful foreign investors. Due to the importance that foreign investors have in developing countries, such as Albania, one may assume that the implementation of CG mechanisms in such places is beneficial both for companies and the countries’ economy. In this sense, Albania has been struggling to find a CG model that fits under its historical, cultural and political landscape. This paper aims to analyze the current situation of CG practices in Albania, based on an application of the Delphi technique to a panel of Albanian Chief Executive Officers (CEOs). Despite the short life of Joint Stock Companies (JSC) in the Albanian trade market, results show that CEOs have a good level of knowledge regarding the basic mechanisms of CG. There is still room, however, for improvements in the implementation of these mechanisms and in the adoption of the internationally accepted CG best practices.

This study aims to determine the level of initial underpricing in the Euronext Lisbon-listed companies during a period (1990 - 2010) that includes the effects of the current global financial crisis. We employed two methods of analysis: one for the short-term (i.e.the market adjusted abnormal returns (MAAR)), and the other for the long-term (i.e.the buy-and-hold abnormal returns (BHAR)). The results suggest the existence of low efficiency in the Portuguese stock market, generating underpricing for Initial Public Offerings (IPOs) in the short-term with positive MAARs. The same situation occurs for the long-term, where companies present positive BHARs.

A ‘good’ corporate governance (CG) framework should protect shareholders’ rights and ensure their equitable treatment, including minorities and foreign shareholders. It should also encourage active cooperation between corporations and stakeholders in creating wealth-generating economic conditions. In this sense, few would contest that ‘good’ CG practices boost the attraction of powerful foreign investors. Due to the importance that foreign investors have in developing countries, such as Albania, one may assume that the implementation of CG mechanisms in such places is beneficial for companies and the countries’ economy. This paper aims to analyse the current situation of CG practices in Albania, based on an application of the Delphi technique to a panel of Albanian chief executive officers (CEOs). Despite the short life of joint stock companies (JSC) in the Albanian trade market, results show that CEOs have a good level of knowledge regarding the basic mechanisms of CG. There is still room, however, for improvements in the implementation of these mechanisms and in the adoption of the internationally accepted CG best practices.

Purpose – The S-MCSRM is a two-phase excited switched reluctance motor (SRM), with the short flux path and mutual inductance coupling, which is suitable for the oil submersible pump application owing to large torque and three-wire connection with the standard full-bridge power converter. However, there is not literature to disclose its model due to the complicated mutual inductance coupling. The FEM model is a time-consuming method to analyze this motor. For the first time, this paper aims to propose an S-MCSRM model for performance analysis and control method developing. The proposed model would save simulation time and be a theoretical fundamental for further implementing control algorithm. Design/methodology/approach – The S-MCSRM's operating principle is analyzed, and the voltage equation and the generated torque are deduced. The FEM is utilized to obtain the five typical magnetization curves that describe the S-MCSRM's magnetic path characteristic. The magnetic co-energy equation, phase torque and total torque equations are obtained. From the basic voltage equation, the S-MCSRM's state space model is built for the dynamic analysis and control purpose. The S-MCSRM is widely analyzed in detail by using the proposed model and comparison with the conventional SRM. JMAG finite element package is used to verify the proposed model. Findings – The proposed modeling method is validated by the identical results to those from FEM-based JMAG software. The proposed model just takes second-level time, which is far less than minute-level time consuming of FEM method. The S-MCSRM generates larger torque than the conventional SRM, with three-wire and standard full bridge power converter, and it is confirmed that the S-MCSRM is suitable for the oil submersible pump applications. Originality/value – This paper proposes a new modeling method for the S-MCSRM to exactly analyze the motor's operating performances, and also it is a theoretical fundamental for developing control algorithm. The proposed model saves much time in analysis, calculation, and simulation, when compared to the FEM method. The completed analysis including flux linkages, torque, torque-ripple, and torque-speed characteristic discloses the S-MCSRM's steady-state operating performances, which provides the deep insight for this kind of motor's applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an ethnographic case study carried out in a Dutch Jenaplan primary school and it focuses on two dimensions: the conditions created by teachers which could favour or inhibit the participative and autonomous action of children, and the way children act, interpret and learn in those conditions. The analysis of the empirical data provided a comprehension about children's participation and learning at school using the Jenaplan pedagogy, taking into account relationships, space, time and materials. In methodological terms, children's collaboration revealed their competence and provided significant material for the research through their inner perspectives.

AbstractIt has been known for six years that the restriction of Girard's polymorphic system F to atomicuniversal instantiations interprets the full fragment of the intuitionistic propositional calculus. We firstly observe that Tait's method of “convertibility” applies quite naturally to the proof of strong normalization of the restricted Girard system. We then show that each ß-reduction step of the full intuitionistic propositional calculus translates into one or more ß?-reduction steps in the restricted Girard system. As a consequence, we obtain a novel and perspicuous proof of the strong normalization property for the full intuitionistic propositional calculus. It is noticed that this novel proof bestows a crucial role to ?-conversions.

Globalisation brings many competitive challenges to emerging economies, particularly to small and medium-size firms (SMEs). Focusing on the information technology cluster in Brazil, Latin America’s largest economy, and a high-tech municipality (Campinas) the researchers examined the role of governmental institutions and their interaction with business and academe to foster competitiveness. Despite a high quality infrastructure and an excellent workforce, most public sector initiatives are not specific to SMEs nor to the needs of companies located in Campinas. Factors like: 1) the lack of a governance structure to coordinate policies in support of SMEs; 2) the absence of sufficient public resources to support innovation and bring new products to market; 3) the inaccessibility of research centres for small firms hinders the growth and development of Campinas as a dynamic IT cluster. The researchers propose 15 specific actions to improve the competitiveness of SME technology firms in Campinas and in the cluster.