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Fecal incontinence is the involuntary passage or the incapacity to control the release of fecal matter through the anus. It is a condition that significantly impairs quality of life in those that suffer from it, given that it affects body image, self-esteem, and interferes with everyday activities, in turn, favoring social isolation. There are no guidelines or consensus in Mexico on the topic, and so the Asociación Mexicana de Gastroenterologíabrought together a multidisciplinary group (gastroenterologists, neurogastroenterologists, and surgeons) to carry out the «Mexican consensus on fecal incontinence» and establish useful recommendations for the medical community.

New devices have been in development in the biomedical engineering field which allows mimicking several physiological processes at once or individually. The present work introduces a design and computational simulation of the nutrient irrigation system, as well as the rapid prototyping of the protective vessel of an organ-on-chip (OOC) device as a way to manipulate and transport the system easily as a whole while maintaining the proper irrigation conditions in the media. The device was generated with the computer-aided design (CAD) software, SolidWorks® and the irrigation of the system was performed with the aid of SolidWorks Flow Simulation® module. The components of the presented OOC system were manufactured by 3D printing and by using the stereolithography technique. The results showed the flow velocity fields with values in the range of 0.1830 m/s in the zone were the OOC is located, which indicates would allow a proper irrigation of nutrients to the cells in the chip. The proposed design of the OOC device as a whole, demonstrated to be an adequate storage and handling system for the OOC, in addition to providing a continuous irrigation of the medium.

More than 20% of healthcare-associated infections correspond to those at surgical sites, and there is a higher incidence of infections in colorectal surgery due to the associated bacterial load. Surgical wound protectors are designed to prevent contamination and mechanical trauma. Our aim was to demonstrate the usefulness of a circumferential wound retractor/protector for the prevention of surgical site infections (SSIs) in emergency colorectal surgery.

Más del 20% de las infecciones asociadas al cuidado de la salud aparecen en sitios quirúrgicos y la prevalencia es mayor en los procedimientos colorrectales debido a la carga bacteriana asociada. El empleo de separadores de herida está enfocado a evitar la contaminación y el trauma mecánico. Nuestro objetivo fue demostrar la utilidad de un separador/protector circunferencial para evitar las infecciones del sitio quirúrgico (ISQ) en pacientes sometidos a cirugía colorrectal de urgencia.

The advent and wide-spread adoption of electric lighting over the past century has profoundly affected the circadian organization of physiology and behavior for many individuals in industrialized nations; electric lighting in homes, work environments, and public areas have extended daytime activities into the evening, thus, increasing night-time exposure to light. Although initially assumed to be innocuous, chronic exposure to light at night (LAN) is now associated with increased incidence of cancer, metabolic disorders, and affective problems in humans. However, little is known about potential acute effects of LAN. To determine whether acute exposure to low-level LAN alters brain function, adult male, and female mice were housed in either light days and dark nights (LD; 14 h of 150 lux:10 h of 0 lux) or light days and low level light at night (LAN; 14 h of 150 lux:10 h of 5 lux). Mice exposed to LAN on three consecutive nights increased depressive-like responses compared to mice housed in dark nights. In addition, female mice exposed to LAN increased central tendency in the open field. LAN was associated with reduced hippocampal vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) in both male and female mice, as well as increased VEGFR1 and interleukin-1β mRNA expression in females, and reduced brain derived neurotrophic factor mRNA in males. Further, LAN significantly altered circadian rhythms (activity and temperature) and circadian gene expression in female and male mice, respectively. Altogether, this study demonstrates that acute exposure to LAN alters brain physiology and can be detrimental to well-being in otherwise healthy individuals.

Los objetivos del estudio fueron determinar las tasas de prevalencia brutas y ajustadas por edad y sexo de diabetes mellitus (DM), DM tipo 1 (DM1) y DM tipo 2 (DM2), y comparar la asociación de factores de riesgo cardiovascular, enfermedades cardiovasculares, enfermedad renal crónica y enfermedades metabólicas entre las poblaciones con y sin DM.

Few studies conducted in primary care setting report about age-adjusted prevalence rates of erectile dysfunction (ED). Aims of SIMETAP-ED study were to determine crude and age-adjusted prevalence rates of ED diagnosis, to compare these rates with other similar studies, and to compare prevalence rates of cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF), cardiovascular diseases (CVD), metabolic diseases and chronic kidney disease (CKD) between populations with and without ED.

Since the publication of the 2008 guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of diverticular disease of the colon by the Asociación Mexicana de Gastroenterología, significant advances have been made in the knowledge of that disease. A systematic review of articles published in the medical literature from January 2008 to July 2018 was carried out to revise and update the 2008 guidelines and provide new evidence-based recommendations. All high-quality articles in Spanish and English published within that time frame were included. The final versions of the 43 statements accepted in the three rounds of voting, utilizing the Delphi method, were written, and the quality of evidence and strength of the recommendations were established for each statement, utilizing the GRADE system. The present consensus contains new data on the definition, classification, epidemiology, pathophysiology, and risk factors of diverticular disease of the colon. Special emphasis is given to the usefulness of computed tomography and colonoscopy, as well as to the endoscopic methods for controlling bleeding. Outpatient treatment of uncomplicated diverticulitis is discussed, as well as the role of rifaximin and mesalazine in the management of complicated acute diverticulitis. Both its minimally invasive alternatives and surgical options are described, stressing their indications, limitations, and contraindications. The new statements provide guidelines based on updated scientific evidence. Each statement is discussed, and its quality of evidence and the strength of the recommendation are presented.

Desde la publicación en 2008 de las guías de diagnóstico y tratamiento de la enfermedad diverticular del colon de la Asociación Mexicana de Gastroenterología ha habido avances significativos en el conocimiento de esta enfermedad. Se realizó una revisión sistemática de la literatura en PubMed de enero de 2008 a julio de 2018 con el fin de revisar y actualizar las guías 2008 y proporcionar nuevas recomendaciones basadas en la evidencia. Se incluyeron todas las publicaciones en español e inglés, de alta calidad. Se redactaron los enunciados, que fueron votados utilizando el método Delphi. Se estableció la calidad de la evidencia y la fuerza de las recomendaciones según el sistema GRADE para cada enunciado. Cuarenta y tres enunciados fueron finalmente votados y calificados. Se informan nuevos datos sobre definición, clasificación, epidemiología, fisiopatología y factores de riesgo. Se revisó con especial énfasis la utilidad de la tomografía computarizada y de la colonoscopia, así como los métodos endoscópicos para el control de la hemorragia. Se discutió sobre el tratamiento ambulatorio de la diverticulitis no complicada, el papel de la rifaximina y la mesalazina, en el manejo de la diverticulitis aguda complicada tanto en sus alternativas mínimamente invasivas hasta las opciones quirúrgicas con énfasis en sus indicaciones, limitaciones y contraindicaciones. Los nuevos enunciados proporcionan directrices basadas en la evidencia actualizada. Se presentan la discusión, el grado y la fuerza de la recomendación de cada uno de ellos.

La alteración de la marcha es frecuente en la esclerosis múltiple (EM) y tiene un gran impacto negativo en los pacientes pues conlleva a la pérdida progresiva de autonomía personal y social, y de productividad laboral. Esta guía pretende establecer recomendaciones para la evaluación del deterioro de la marcha y el uso de fampridina de liberación prolongada (fampridina-LP) como tratamiento de pacientes con EM y deterioro de la marcha en España.

La incorporación de nuevos medicamentos para modificar el curso de la esclerosis múltiple y la complejidad de su uso plantea la conveniencia de utilizar consensos terapéuticos. El consenso actual ha sido elaborado por el grupo de enfermedades desmielinizantes de la Sociedad Española de Neurología y actualiza consensos previamente publicados.

La incontinencia fecal es el paso involuntario o la incapacidad de controlar la descarga de materia fecal a través del ano, siendo una condición que deteriora significativamente la calidad de vida de los sujetos que la padecen, ya que afecta la imagen corporal, la autoestima e interfiere con las actividades cotidianas favoreciendo el aislamiento social. En nuestro país no existe una guía o consenso al respecto, por lo que la Asociación Mexicana de Gastroenterología reunió a un grupo multidisciplinario (gastroenterólogos, neurogastroenterológos y cirujanos), para que realizaran el Consenso mexicano sobre incontinencia fecaly se establecieran recomendaciones de utilidad para la comunidad médica.

Natalizumab es un tratamiento que ha demostrado ser muy eficaz en los ensayos clínicos y muy efectivo en la práctica clínica en los pacientes con esclerosis múltiple recurrente-remitente, en cuanto a la reducción del número de brotes, enlentecimiento de la progresión de la enfermedad y variables de resonancia magnética. Sin embargo, el fármaco se ha asociado con el riesgo de desarrollar leucoencefalopatía multifocal progresiva (LMP). Los nuevos datos aparecidos sobre la monitorización de los pacientes en tratamiento, el diagnóstico, y manejo de la LMP y otros temas de interés como la actuación ante la suspensión del natalizumab se han incorporado en esta actualización del primer consenso sobre el uso del natalizumab publicado en el 2011.

La esclerosis múltiple (EM) es la enfermedad neurológica crónica más frecuente en adultos jóvenes. Su etiología es aún desconocida y la hipótesis patogénica más aceptada es la autoinmune. Se caracteriza por episodios de disfunción neurológica diseminados en el espacio y el tiempo que originan una gran variedad de síntomas, según la zona del SNC afectada. El 90% de los pacientes de EM presentan un curso clínico caracterizado por la aparición de episodios o brotes de disfunción neurológica más o menos reversibles, que se repiten cada cierto tiempo y que, a medida que se repiten, van dejando secuelas funcionales neurológicas (forma en brotes o recidivante-remitente –RR o EMRR–). Tras 10 años, un 50% de los pacientes pasan del curso en brotes a un curso progresivo (forma secundariamente progresiva –EMSP–). Un 10% de los pacientes muestran un curso progresivo desde el comienzo (forma progresiva primaria –EMPP–). El diagnóstico clínico de la EM se realiza tomando en consideración la existencia de criterios clínicos de diseminación espacial (presencia de síntomas y signos que indiquen la existencia de dos lesiones independientes en el SNC) y de dispersión temporal (2 o más episodios de disfunción neurológica). En la actualidad, con la clínica y con la ayuda de los métodos de investigación paraclínicos (LCR, potenciales evocados, resonancia magnética), es posible descartar con bastante seguridad otras enfermedades y llegar a un diagnóstico de certeza de la EM en la mayoría de los casos; además el diagnóstico se realiza cada vez de forma más precoz tras el comienzo de la enfermedad.

Los avances en el conocimiento de la patogenia de la EM han permitido el desarrollo de terapias con base inmunológica y de fármacos efectivos capaces de reducir la actividad de la enfermedad (IFNB, acetato de glatirámero, inmunosupresores, natalizumab, fingolimod, alemtuzumab, rituximab, ocrelizumab, daclizumab, teriflunomida, BG-12 o dimetilfumarato, laquinimod). La estrategia de escalado terapéutico es la utilizada actualmente, pero en el futuro deberán evaluarse otras estrategias, como la terapia combinada, la terapia secuencial y la de inducción y mantenimiento. Mientras se investiga sobre la posibilidad de un tratamiento curativo efectivo para la EM, el médico debe tratar de aliviar los síntomas de la enfermedad con un enfoque multidisciplinar de cada síntoma, incluyendo fármacos, rehabilitación, fisioterapia, terapia ocupacional, etc.

Las enfermedades de la mielina se dividen clásicamente en desmielinizantes o mielinoclásticas, en las que la mielina normal es destruida y enfermedades dismielinizantes o leucodistrofias, en las que una anomalía metabólica de origen genético determina la formación de mielina anormal o un fracaso completo de la mielinización. Las enfermedades desmielinizantes del SNC tienen en común el ser enfermedades inflamatorias idiopáticas que destruyen selectivamente la mielina. Su curso puede ser crónico y con frecuencia recurrente (esclerosis múltiple, etc.) o agudo y monofásico (encefalomielitis aguda diseminada, leucoencefalitis aguda hemorrágica, etc.), pudiendo distribuirse en el SNC de forma difusa o localizada, lo que permite su clasificación. La esclerosis múltiples la más característica de las enfermedades desmielinizantes del SNC.

El aborto recurrente es un síndrome de importancia creciente en la práctica clínica. Su frecuencia es de un 1–5% en la población general. Un estudio cuidadoso y sistemático que incluya las diferentes etiologías es clave para su investigación y tratamiento. Aún no se conocen todas las posibles etiologías. Un grupo importante de ellas está todavía en fase inicial de investigación y comprensión. En este artículo se presenta una revisión de las diferentes etiologías, haciendo énfasis en su diagnóstico y enfrentamiento clínico.

The structure of the Eocene Ainsa basin is dominated by kilometre-scale thrusts and folds that have trends at c. 70° to that of the main Pyrenean structures. Late uplift and erosion provide excellent exposure of this fold-and-thrust system and its growth strata. Field observations integrated with 2D seismic and well data support the 3D reconstructions presented in this paper. Structural reconstructions of pre- and syn-growth geometries contribute substantial improvements to the understanding of the structure of the area and provide a unique insight into the timing of Pyrenean structures. This study demonstrates that oblique features in the Ainsa basin can be grouped into two main systems: the La Fueba thrust system, an oblique-lateral ramp to one of the main Pyrenean thrusts, and the kilometre-scale folds of the Sobrabe system, a set of anticlines that grew as part of a relaying system of folds. In this study we propose a chronology of deformation based on the geometry of the basin fill, which has been used to frame the general tectonosedimentary evolution of the Ainsa basin. The relative timing of structures indicates that the La Fueba structures predate the Sobrarbe structures, which originated as orogen-parallel structures, and obliquity developed during the growth of these structures through clockwise vertical-axis rotation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Las trombofilias son un grupo de enfermedades que favorecen la formación de trombosis, tanto arteriales como venosas, y han sido asociadas con diferentes complicaciones durante el embarazo, entre las cuales podemos mencionar: aborto recurrente, preclampsia, restricción de crecimiento intrauterino y muerte fetal in útero, entre otras. Recientemente, se ha sugerido una asociación entre trombofilias e infertilidad. Las mutaciones de la enzima Metilentetrahidrofolato Reductasa (MTHFR) y de Leiden se encuentran con mayor frecuencia en pacientes con infertilidad de causa desconocida, al compararlas con grupos controles. Durante la etapa de estimulación ovárica diversas trombofilias han sido vinculadas con la aparición de sindrome de hiperestimulación ovárica severo. Por último, las pacientes con historia de falla recurrente de implantación, luego de múltiples ciclos de fertilización in Vitro, demuestran una mayor prevalencia de trombofilias que las pacientes con éxito en dichas terapias. Este artículo presenta una revisión de las publicaciones relevantes que abordaran los distintos aspectos de la relación entre trombofilias e infertilidad hasta agosto de 2009. El objetivo es describir los estudios utilizados y sus implicancias en el manejo de la pareja infértil.

Este artículo revisa la evidencia reciente relacionada con el impacto de la endometriosis sobre la fertilidad. La endometriosis se presenta durante la vida reproductiva y es diagnosticada frecuentemente en mujeres en estudio de infertilidad. Tiene múltiples formas de presentación: peritoneal, infiltración profunda, ovárica y/o nódulo rectovaginal. En las etapas avanzadas la infertilidad se explica por la distorsión anatómica de los órganos reproductivos, y en las etapas iniciales, sin distorsión anatómica, se debería a la presencia una de reacción inflamatoria peritoneal, que compromete eventos reproductivos claves como el desarrollo folicular, la ovulación, el desarrollo embrionario y la implantación. El tratamiento de la endometriosis es quirúrgico y consiste en la resección tumoral máxima que permite restablecer la fecundidad natural. Tratamientos complementarios como IO, IIU e IVF, resultan apropiados cuando la cirugía no logra recuperar la fertilidad, en estadios avanzados y/o frente a la presencia de otros factores asociados de infertilidad.

This study uses one-dimensional convolution seismic models to better understand which features of slope turbidite systems can (or cannot) be observed on real seismic data, aiming to improve subsurface seismic interpretation. Synthetic seismic sections and cubes were built flora reservoir-scale three-dimensional fades models of the outcropping Ainsa turbidite system. This turbidite system developed in a foredeep and wedge-top depositional setting within a slope system. The turbidite system consists of laterally and vertically stacked sandstone- and debrite-dominated channel fills, grading into heterolithic and mudstone units, with intercalations of slump-deformed mudstone-rich units. Typical petrophysical values for subsurface Cenozoic sediments were assumed for the seismic models, which are presented at 25-, 50-, and 75-Hz resolution. Seismic models enabled the comparison between architectural and facies distributions observed in the outcrops and the geological models to their possible seismic expression in the subsurface. Comparisons show how seismic expression degrades when seismic resolution decreases. By using models at different geological scales, the effects of each heterogeneity scale are identified. Precise delineation of the internal architecture and facies distribution within channel complexes is beyond the reach of all seismic frequencies. The position of channel complex tops and margins is uncertain because of their gradual character. Differentiating between sandstone- and debrite-filled channels is not straightforward, and bed-scale heterogeneities within the sandstone-dominated channels are barely distinguishable in the seismic data. The net-to-gross predictive capability of root-mean-square amplitude extractions varies depending on the seismic frequency and unit thickness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Background: Since the introduction of laparoscopic colectomy in 1991, experience in laparoscopic bowel surgery has gradually increased. Several reports from specialized centers have demonstrated that laparoscopic colorectal resections are feasible and safe, providing an acceptable alternative to laparotomy for a variety of diseases. Some studies have shown the feasibility, safety, and good functional outcome of the minimally invasive procedures for ulcerative colitis (UC) and familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). No known studies have investigated laparoscopic proctocolectomy in México. This report aims to describe the first laparoscopic proctocolectomies with ileal pouch anal anastomosis (IPAA) performed at the Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (INCMNSZ). Methods: All the patients in the authors’ institution who underwent a one- or two-stage laparoscopic total proctocolectomy with IPAA between June 2005 and December 2006 were included in the study. All the operations were performed by the same surgeon, who had already completed the learning curve for colorectal laparoscopic procedures. Results: For the study, 10 patients underwent a laparoscopic proctocolectomy with IPAA by a single surgeon. Eight of the patients underwent a one-stage procedure, whereas two patients with severe colitis underwent a two-step procedure. All the cases were managed with a diverting loop ileostomy. Six patients underwent a standard double-stapled IPAA anastomosis, and two patients with FAP underwent a mucosectomy with a manual IPAA anastomosis. The mean operative time was 187 min, and the mean blood loss was 46 ml. There were two postoperative complications. One patient presented with an early small bowel obstruction due to an internal hernia, which required reoperation. The other complication was a wound infection. The mean return to oral intake was 1.5 days, and the mean length of hospital stay was 3.4 days. Conclusion: Although this was not a comparative study and although sample size imposed limitations, with this preliminary data, we conclude that the laparoscopic approach to UC and FAP at our institution is safe, feasible, and effective. However, to achieve the benefits in postoperative outcome, this procedure should be performed only by experienced laparoscopic surgeons.

The external and internal geometry of four turbidite systems outcropping around the Buil syncline (Ainsa basin, Spanish Pyrenees) has been reconstructed with reservoir-scale resolution in three dimensions (3-D). The irregular geometry of the syncline and the resolution required for the reconstruction cannot be resolved with cross sections. Therefore, reconstruction has been carried out with a new methodology that applies a 3-D dip-domain geometrical model and 3-D restoration techniques to achieve reservoir-scale resolution in kilometric-scale reconstructions. This methodology is aimed at resolving 3-D geometries in folded areas and regions with variable thickness stratigraphy. The 3-D reconstruction of the Bull syncline reveals the synsedimentary growth of an intrabasinal anticline and the foreland lithospheric flexure associated with tectonic loading north of the Ainsa basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The laparoscopic approach for managing of liver echinococcosis is a controversial issue because of scarce experience worldwide. The aim of this report is to describe the technical details of our laparoscopic method and present our results. Methods: Consecutive cases of liver echinococcosis managed by laparoscopic surgery are reported. Thoracic x-ray and abdominal ultrasound had been performed previously. The following aspects were considered as selection criteria: unique cyst located in segments III, IV, V, VI, and VIII; diameter less than 7 cm; and no evidence of infection or calcification. An evacuating puncture was performed, germinative membrane removed, and pericystectomy performed, which extirpated the pericystic structure with the surrounding liver parenchyma. Specimens were removed in a plastic bag through one of the ports. Surgical morbidity, hospital stay, time until return to work, and evidences of hydatid recurrence were measured. Results: Surgery was performed on eight patients (5 women and 3 men) with a mean age of 44.9 years (range, 22–83 years) who had a liver hydatid cyst with a mean diameter of 6.6 cm (range, 5–7 cm). During a mean follow-up period of 30 months (range, 23–44 months), no morbidity or hydatid recurrence were verified. Hospital stay was 2 days in all cases, and return to work was within 15 days. Conclusion: This laparoscopic technique, applied with selective criteria, can be a useful alternative for treating patients with liver hydatidosis because its results are comparable with those for open surgery studies involving similar follow-up time.

Introducción y objetivos: La intususcepción es infrecuente en adultos y puede ocurrir en intestino delgado y colon. Su presentación atípica hace complejo el diagnóstico. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar las causas, características clínicas, desenlaces del tratamiento y determinar si existe asociación entre etiología y presentación clínica.

Intussusception is rare in adults and can occur in the small bowel and colon. Its atypical presentation makes the diagnosis difficult. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the causes, clinical characteristics, and treatment outcomes of adult intussusception and to determine whether there was an association between etiology and clinical presentation.

Since little is known about the prevalence of multiple sclerosis (MS) in Spain, we undertook an epidemiologic study to ascertain the prevalence of MS in the Sanitary District of Vélez-Málaga, close to the city of Málaga, in southern Spain. The crude prevalence rate of MS in Vélez-Málaga was 53 per 100,000, twice as high as the prevalence previously reported in both the city and province of Málaga. The MS prevalence in the Sanitary District of Vélez-Málaga is similar to that in Sicily and in Cyprus.

The reaction of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) in a plasticized formulation, with N-(2-amino ethyl)—3-aminopropyl trimethoxy silane yielded silane-grafted PVC that was crosslinked by a hydrolytic mechanism. The grafting of the aminosilane was carried out during processing on a two-roll mill, followed by compression molding. The grafting and crosslinking reactions were followed by measuring the gel content and by observing the changes in concentration of different structures using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). Syndiotactic structures in the PVC seemed to be more reactive than isotactic structures with respect to crosslinking. The changes in molecular weight distribution before and after crosslinking were also followed using gel permeation chromatography (GPC); increases in both Mw and Mn were found and were attributed to chain extension reactions. After crosslinking, the remaining soluble polymer was found to have a low molecular weight. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 66: 2121–2128, 1997

The grafting of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) by reactive aminosilane compounds, which make them moisture-curable, has been investigated. Plasticized poly-(vinyl chloride) has been successfully grafted with aminosilane during extrusion. The grafted polymer was crosslinked in the presence of moisture. Although the hydrolysis and condensation of the crosslinking agent is very rapid, the speed of the reaction is controlled by the rather slow diffusion of water in the plasticized PVC. This water diffusion speed follows Fick's Law and is strongly dependent on temperature. To achieve a high crosslinking speed, the extruded PVC has to be placed in warm water or in a steam heated vessel. The effects of catalyst concentration, moisture concentration, and immersion time and temperature on the rate and degree of crosslinking were investigated. Since the formulation used contained a tin stabilizer, the addition of a tin catalyst to the immersion water had little effect. Crosslinking did occur in samples stored at room temperature due to the presence of moisture, but the reaction rate was increased substantially if the sample was immersed in water. Reaction rate was very temperature dependent and followed an Arrhenius relationship. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 66: 2111–2119, 1997

With the use of the derivatograph it is possible to find similarities and differences between Plexauras and Plexaurellas, taking into account not only the moisture and ash content, but also the weight losses associated with the different thermal effects. On this basis thermal analysis is proposed for the rapid characterization of gorgonia.

Zusammenfassung Die Produktion der Katalase durch denB. coli steigt oder mindert sich je nach der Natur der angewandten Nährbodens; diese Eigenschaft kann aber in Anbetracht ihrer Variabilität nicht zur Differentialdiagnose benützt werden, entsprechend der Ansicht vonHartoch, Schloßberger undJoffé hinsichtlich der Dysenterieerreger. Vielleicht wird es eines Tages gelingen, eine passende Mischung zu finden, die es erlaubt, die Bildung der Katalase für die Klassifizierung der Keime zu benutzen; aber uns selbst ist es bis jetzt noch nicht für denB. coli gelungen und wir glauben auch nicht, daß es für andere Mikroorganismen schon erreicht worden sei.

ZnO nanoparticles (NPS) with different morphologies were synthesized, and the antibacterial and anticancer activity was studied, herein. The physicochemical characterization was carried out by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and UV–visible. To study the antibacterial and anticancer capability of ZnO NPS, Escherichia coli (E. coli)and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus)bacteria and HeLa cancer cells were exposed at different doses of ZnO NPS (7–250 µg/mL). TEM analysis confirmed the obtention of spherical, hexagonal and rod ZnO NPS with an average diameter of 20?±?4 nm, 1.17?±?0.3 µm and 1.11?±?1.2 µm, respectively. XRD diffractograms showed the characteristic pattern of crystalline ZnO in wurtzite phase. FTIR and UV–vis spectra showed slight differences of the main absorption peaks, revealing that different ZnO NPS morphologies may cause shifts in spectra. Biological essays showed that the number of E. coliand S. aureusbacteria as well as HeLa cells decreases linearly by increasing the nanoparticle concentration. However, the best anticancer and antibacterial activity was shown by spherical ZnO NPS at 100 µg/mL. The better capability of spherical ZnO NPS than hexagonal and rod ZnO NPS is related with its small particle size. The present results suggest that the spherical ZnO NPS has a great potential as an antibacterial and anticancer agent.

Acute respiratory failure (ARF) has become one of the most prevalent serious pathologies encountered in the emergency medical service (EMS). In hospital settings, noninvasive ventilation (NIV) therapy prevents complications from more aggressive treatments for that condition. However, the scarce evidence on the benefits of NIV in prehospital EMS (i.e., during transport to the hospital) is inconclusive.

Summary We performed Southern-blot analysis of the p 53 gene in 41 consecutive patients with typical chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML). In two of them, we were able to study cells during both the chronic and the accelerated phases. Only one of the 29 chronic-phase samples had rearrangement of the p 53 gene, whereas three of the nine accelerated-phase samples and one of the five patients in blast crisis exhibited rearrangements. Gene deletion was observed in two patients, one in accelerated phase and the other in blast crisis. One patient with a nonrearranged p 53 gene in chronic phase showed rearrangement after progression to the accelerated phase. On the other hand, one patient in accelerated phase exhibited rearrangements which disappeared after reversion to chronic phase with successful treatment. Our findings support the opinion that alterations of the p 53 gene may play an important role in CML evolution.

Lotus glaber Mill. is a herbaceous legume, tolerant to flooding, that in a few decades has colonised the Flooding Pampa grasslands, an extensive wetland of 90 000 km in central-east Argentina. In this study, the growth and nodulation of flooded plants in 5 local populations were evaluated. Thirty-day-old seedlings, grown in pots, were flooded outdoors during 4 months. Stem, leaf, and root biomass, as well as the number of nodules per plant, were lower in flooded plants than in non-flooded ones. In flooded plants, the submerged portions of stems were hypertrophied and populations differed in the proportion of plants with adventitious roots. Flood tolerance was significantly related to the proportion of plants with adventitious roots in stems of each population. A positive relationship was shown between the proportion of plants with adventitious root and number of nodules per plant. The plants were also tolerant of low temperatures and ice-sheeting of water. These results underline the importance of morphological adaptations related to the maintenance of plant functionality under flooding conditions. The results provide evidence of the existence of characters related to flooding tolerance, which should be taken into account in ecological studies and agronomic selection programs.

• This article introduces a process to enhance the randomness of four chaotic maps implemented on an embedded system, particularly on Raspberry Pi 4. • We show that the mod 1023 function improves the randomness of the pseudo-random number generators (PRNG), which is varified by analyzing the bifurcation diagrams, calculating the maximum Lyapunov exponent and performing NIST SP 800-22, and TestU01 statistical tests. • The enhanced chaotic sequences are tested by encrypting color images (RGB format) in a wireless communication scheme, particularly on a machine-to-machine (M2M) link, via WiFi channels, and over the internet using MQTT protocol. • The proposed scheme presents high-security and robustness against cryptanalysis. It has good key-space, histograms with uniform distribution, correlation coefficients near zero, high sensibility to differential attacks (NPCR, UACI), and good entropy. • Security analysis verifies the effectiveness of the encryption scheme for novel IoT applications operating in real-time. • The performance (throughput) of the proposed algorithm is tested on a personal computer and Raspberry Pi 4. Four chaotic maps are used herein as case study to design an embedded cryptosystem based on a pseudo-random number generator (PRNG). The randomness of the sequences is enhanced by applying the m o d 1023 function and verified by analyzing bifurcation diagrams, the maximum Lyapunov exponent, and performing NIST SP 800-22 and TestU01 statistical tests. The PRNG is applied in a simple algorithm for real-time RGB images encryption on a machine-to-machine (M2M) scheme, using message queuing telemetry transport (MQTT) protocol over WiFi network and through Internet. The cryptanalysis confirms that the proposed image encryption scheme is robust to resist most of the existing attacks, such as statistical histograms, entropy, key-space, correlation of adjacent pixels, and differential attacks. The implementation of the proposed cryptosystem is done using enhanced sequences from the Logistic 1D map, and it reaches a throughput of up to 47.44 Mbit/s using a personal computer with a 2.9 GHz clock, and 10.53 Mbit/s using a Raspberry Pi 4. As a result, our proposed embedded cryptosystem is suitable to increase the security in the transmission of RGB images in real-time through WiFi networks and Internet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]