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Health services research is underpinned by partnerships between researchers and health services. Partnership-based research is increasingly needed to deal with the uncertainty of global pandemics, climate change induced severe weather events, and other disruptions. To date there is very little data on what has happened to health services research during the COVID-19 pandemic. This paper describes the establishment of an Australian multistate Decolonising Practice research project and charts its adaptation in the face of disruptions. The project used cooperative inquiry method, where partner health services contribute as coresearchers. When the COVID-19 pandemic hit, data collection needed to be immediately paused, and when restrictions started to lift, all research plans had to be renegotiated with services. Adapting the research surfaced health service, university, and staffing considerations. Our experience suggests that cooperative inquiry was invaluable in successfully navigating this uncertainty and negotiating the continuance of the research. Flexible, participatory methods such as cooperative inquiry will continue to be vital for successful health services research predicated on partnerships between researchers and health services into the future. They are also crucial for understanding local context and health services priorities and ways of working, and for decolonising Indigenous health research.

Metacognition and self-regulated learning are skills that contribute to student success, but few studies have examined these topics within a community college context. We addressed this lack of understanding by asking community college biology students to metacognitively reflect on their learning strategies. We took a novel approach in our analysis by investigating how learning strategies potentially differed based on race, age, gender, and final course grade. With some exceptions, we found little evidence to suggest that such differences existed. Notably, we found that learning strategies did not differ between high-achieving and low-achieving students, which contradicts previous studies. We offer several possible explanations for these preliminary results, which include misrepresentation by students in their reflecctions, external and internal barriers to studying, potential flaws in our survey instrument, and students not effectively using learning strategies. We suggest replication of this study with methodological changes to further investigate any potential differences that may exist among these groups of students. Our research is an example of how classroom action research can provide insight into how students learn, which empowers us to make evidence-based changes in our teaching., As educators, we strive to promote student achievement in the classroom and to impart upon students the skills and knowledge required for future success. Despite our best efforts, however, we [...]

Abstract:The Chancery clerk Richard Sotheworth (d. 1419) listed a copy of the Canterbury Tales and three other books in his will, making him the earliest named owner of Chaucer's poem. I identify here a manuscript owned and copied by Sotheworth, and also a number of Chancery documents in his hand. Considering the wills and manuscripts owned by individuals connected to Sotheworth, this essay recovers a network of the books and belongings of Chancery clerks. From this network, I demonstrate that a distinct discourse emerges from how Chancery clerks described the books that were their daily business and also occupied them as they imagined their own deaths. The recurring attention in these wills to who bought, copied, and owned books of every type reveals the ways in which Sotheworth and his colleagues conceived of books as things that themselves required narration—as objects that Chancery clerks conceptualized, described, and valued not only for their texts, but in terms of the social relationships they embodied and the personal memories they evoked.

Several national governments are showing interest in policies to promote wellbeing. One common strategy is to devise systems to measure indictors of wellbeing, presuming that governments act on what they measure. This article will argue instead that formation of multisectoral policies to promote psychological wellbeing requires a different kind of theoretical and evidentiary basis. The article integrates ideas from literature on wellbeing, health in all policies, political science, mental health promotion, and social determinants of health to make a case for place‐based policy as the central feature of multi‐sectoral policy for psychological wellbeing. I argue that the required theoretical foundation for policy action on psychological wellbeing lies with understanding certain basic functions of human social psychology including the role of stress arousal. I then draw on policy theory to propose three steps to translate this theoretical understanding of psychological wellbeing into practicable, multi‐sectoral policies. Step one is concerned with adopting a thoroughly revised conception of psychological wellbeing as a policy problem. Step two involves uptake of a theory of change in policy, grounded on recognition of essential social conditions required to promote psychological wellbeing. Proceeding from these, I will argue that a necessary (but not sufficient) third step is to implement place‐based strategies involving government‐community partnerships, to generate essential conditions for psychological wellbeing on a universal basis. Finally, I examine implications of the proposed approach for current theory and practice in mental health promotion policy. Place‐based policy is foundational for effective multi‐sectoral policy to promote psychological wellbeing. Governments aiming to promote psychological wellbeing should position place‐based policy at the centre of their strategies.

The goal of tissue decellularization is to efficiently remove unwanted cellular components, such as DNA and cellular debris, while retaining the complex structural and molecular milieu within the extracellular matrix (ECM). Decellularization protocols to date are centered on customized tissue-specific and lab-specific protocols that involve consecutive manual steps which results in variable and protocol-specific ECM material. The differences that result from the inconsistent protocols between decellularized ECMs affect consistency across batches, limit comparisons between results obtained from different laboratories, and could limit the transferability of the material for consistent laboratory or clinical use. The present study is the first proof-of-concept towards the development of a standardized protocol that can be used to derive multiple ECM biomaterials (powders and hydrogels) viaa previously established automated system. The automated decellularization method developed by our group was used due to its short decellularization time (4 hours) and its ability to reduce batch-to-batch variability. The ECM obtained using this first iteration of a unified protocol was able to produce ECM hydrogels from skin, lung, muscle, tendons, cartilage, and laryngeal tissues. All hydrogels formed in this study were cytocompatible and showed gelation and rheological properties consistent with previous ECM hydrogels. The ECMs also showed unique proteomic composition. The present study represents the first step towards developing standardized protocols that can be used on multiple tissues in a fast, scalable, and reproducible manner.

Privacy of health information is receiving a significant spotlight as a result of big technology companies moving into the healthcare industry. While Amazon and Microsoft seem to slip past many [...]

The article reports that cognitive scientists have gathered empirical evidence to see how ordinary people actually think about relativism versus immutable truth. It mentions that as political polarization grows, arguing to win is seemingly a more popular style of discourse than arguing to learn, especially in online forums such as social networking service Facebook and Twitter.

We sought to examine barriers to access to, use of, and benefits from digital health services in an area of socioeconomic disadvantage of Adelaide, Australia. We conducted waiting room surveys in two hospital diabetes clinics and one hospital antenatal clinic in South Australia, and follow‐up telephone interviews with 20 patients. We examined the extent of access to, use of and benefits from digital health services, and what barriers people encountered. We undertook mixed methods, with quantitative descriptive analysis and qualitative analysis. Thirty‐seven diabetes clinic patients (54% response rate) and 99 antenatal clinic patients (33% response rate) participated. Sixty‐two percent of the patients with diabetes and 27% of antenatal clinic patients had never used digital health services. Seventeen percent of patients with diabetes and 30% of antenatal clinic patients were hesitant users, and 22% of patients with diabetes and 44% of antenatal clinic patients were confident users. Barriers included struggling to afford the technology or to stay connected and a lack of trust in online health information. Potential benefits included feeling more empowered and complementing face‐to‐face care. There are socioeconomic barriers to access, use of, and ability to benefit from digital health strategies that mean not everyone will be able to benefit from digital health services. As COVID‐19 accelerates the shift towards digital health services, people experiencing socioeconomic disadvantage may be excluded. If barriers to access and use are not addressed, they will exacerbate already increasing health inequities.

Invasive fungal infections pose an important threat to public health and are an under-recognized component of antimicrobial resistance, an emerging crisis worldwide. Across a period of profound global environmental change and expanding at-risk populations, human-infecting pathogenic fungi are evolving resistance to all licensed systemic antifungal drugs. In this Review, we highlight the main mechanisms of antifungal resistance and explore the similarities and differences between bacterial and fungal resistance to antimicrobial control. We discuss the research and innovation topics that are needed for risk reduction strategies aimed at minimizing the emergence of resistance in pathogenic fungi. These topics include links between the environment and One Health, surveillance, diagnostics, routes of transmission, novel therapeutics and methods to mitigate hotspots for fungal adaptation. We emphasize the global efforts required to steward our existing antifungal armamentarium, and to direct the research and development of future therapies and interventions.

Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) and SET domain bifurcated 1 (SETDB1, also known as ESET) are oncogenic methyltransferases implicated in a number of human cancers. These enzymes typically function as epigenetic repressors of target genes by methylating histone H3 K27 and H3-K9 residues, respectively. Here, we show that EZH2 and SETDB1 are essential to proliferation in 3 SCC cell lines, HSC-5, FaDu, and Cal33. Additionally, we find both of these proteins highly expressed in an aggressive stem-like SCC sub-population. Depletion of either EZH2 or SETDB1 disrupts these stem-like cells and their associated phenotypes of spheroid formation, invasion, and tumor growth. We show that SETDB1 regulates this SCC stem cell phenotype through cooperation with ΔNp63α, an oncogenic isoform of the p53-related transcription factor p63. Furthermore, EZH2 is upstream of both SETDB1 and ΔNp63α, activating these targets via repression of the tumor suppressor RUNX3. We show that targeting this pathway with inhibitors of EZH2 results in activation of RUNX3 and repression of both SETDB1 and ΔNp63α, antagonizing the SCC cancer stem cell phenotype. This work highlights a novel pathway that drives an aggressive cancer stem cell phenotype and demonstrates a means of pharmacological intervention.

Two 2-aminoimidazole-based inhibitors, LY3031207 (1) and LY3023703 (2), of the microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1) enzyme were found to cause drug-induced liver injury (DILI) in humans. We studied imidazole ring substitutions to successfully mitigate reactive metabolite (RM) formation. These studies support the conclusion that RM formation may play a role in the observations of DILI and the consideration of 2-aminoimidazoles as structure alerts, due to the high likelihood of bioactivation to generate RMs.

Metacognition and self-regulated learning are skills that contribute to student success, but few studies have examined these topics within a community college context. We addressed this lack of understanding by asking community college biology students to metacognitively reflect on their learning strategies. We took a novel approach in our analysis by investigating how learning strategies potentially differed based on race, age, gender, and final course grade. With some exceptions, we found little evidence to suggest that such differences existed. Notably, we found that learning strategies did not differ between high-achieving and low-achieving students, which contradicts previous studies. We offer several possible explanations for these preliminary results, which include misrepresentation by students in their reflecctions, external and internal barriers to studying, potential flaws in our survey instrument, and students not effectively using learning strategies. We suggest replication of this study with methodological changes to further investigate any potential differences that may exist among these groups of students. Our research is an example of how classroom action research can provide insight into how students learn, which empowers us to make evidence-based changes in our teaching.

Engineered scaffolds used to regenerate mammalian tissues should recapitulate the underlying fibrous architecture of native tissue to achieve comparable function. Current fibrous scaffold fabrication processes, such as electrospinning and three-dimensional (3D) printing, possess application-specific advantages, but they are limited either by achievable fiber sizes and pore resolution, processing efficiency, or architectural control in three dimensions. As such, a gap exists in efficiently producing clinically relevant, anatomically sized scaffolds comprising fibers in the 1–100 μm range that are highly organized. This study introduces a new high-throughput, additive fibrous scaffold fabrication process, designated in this study as 3D melt blowing (3DMB). The 3DMB system described in this study is modified from larger nonwovens manufacturing machinery to accommodate the lower volume, high-cost polymers used for tissue engineering and implantable biomedical devices and has a fiber collection component that uses adaptable robotics to create scaffolds with predetermined geometries. The fundamental process principles, system design, and key parameters are described, and two examples of the capabilities to create scaffolds for biomedical engineering applications are demonstrated.Impact statementThree-dimensional melt blowing (3DMB) is a new, high-throughput, additive manufacturing process to produce scaffolds composed of highly organized fibers in the anatomically relevant 1–100 μm range. Unlike conventional melt-blowing systems, the 3DMB process is configured for efficient use with the relatively expensive polymers necessary for biomedical applications, decreasing the required amounts of material for processing while achieving high throughputs compared with 3D printing or electrospinning. The 3DMB is demonstrated to make scaffolds composed of multiple fiber materials and organized into complex shapes, including those typical of human body parts.

Discovering that chytrid fungi cause chytridiomycosis in amphibians represented a paradigm shift in our understanding of how emerging infectious diseases contribute to global patterns of biodiversity loss. In this Review we describe how the use of multidisciplinary biological approaches has been essential to pinpointing the origins of amphibian-parasitizing chytrid fungi, including Batrachochytrium dendrobatidisand Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans, as well as to timing their emergence, tracking their cycles of expansion and identifying the core mechanisms that underpin their pathogenicity. We discuss the development of the experimental methods and bioinformatics toolkits that have provided a fuller understanding of batrachochytrid biology and informed policy and control measures.

The recent calls to reorient chemistry education so that it explicitly incorporates a systems perspective offer the potential for learning environments where students not only learn how chemists think and do various tasks in the lab, but also learn about the relationship between chemistry and the larger society. This reorientation will more fully engage students in the three complementary dimensions central to their preparation to become members of a profession like chemistry. The pedagogical approach developed by SENCER (Science Education for New Civic Engagements and Responsibilities) is one way that faculty could reorient chemistry courses toward a systems perspective and provide increased emphasis on the ethical nature of chemistry’s impact on society. An undergraduate chemistry curriculum that educates “head, hands, and heart” offers great potential to prepare students to become chemists that are fully committed to the ACS vision of “improving people’s lives through the transforming power of chemistry”.

The integrative environment-health sciences including One Health, Conservation Medicine, EcoHealth and Planetary Health embody the transdisciplinary synthesis needed to understand the multitude of factors that underpin emerging infections and their management. Future successes in confronting and resolving the complex causal basis of disease emergence to generate robust, systems-oriented risk reduction strategies that preserve both human health as well as promoting sustainable futures represent the ‘Moon Shot’ for the integrative environment-health sciences.

Invasive fungal diseases are on the increase globally. The World Health Organization fungal priority pathogens list highlights fungi of critical or high importance to human health and provides pathways for action. The report calls for improved surveillance (diagnostics and antifungal resistance monitoring), research and innovation (implementation research) and public-health interventions.

In this Tutorial, we introduce a tool that allows researchers to track subjects’ on- and off-task activity on Qualtrics’ online survey platform. Our TaskMaster tool uses JavaScript to create several arrayed variables representing the frequency with which subjects enter and leave an active survey window and how long they remain within a given window. We provide code and instructions that will allow researchers to both implement the TaskMaster and analyze its output. We detail several potential applications, such as in studies of persistence and cheating, and studies that require sustained attention to experimental outcomes. The TaskMaster is designed to be accessible to researchers who are comfortable designing studies in Qualtrics, but who may have limited experience using programming languages such as JavaScript.

Invasive fungal infections caused by multiazole-resistant Aspergillus fumigatusare associated with increasing rates of mortality in susceptible patients. Current methods of diagnosing infections caused by multiazole-resistant A. fumigatusare, however, not well suited for use in clinical point-of-care testing or in the field. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is a widely used method of nucleic acid amplification with rapid and easy-to-use features, making it suitable for use in different resource settings. Here, we developed a LAMP assay to detect a 34 bp tandem repeat, named TR34-LAMP. TR34 is a high-prevalence allele that, in conjunction with the L98H single-nucleotide polymorphism, is associated with the occurrence of multiazole resistance in A. fumigatusin the environment and in patients. This process was validated with both synthetic double-stranded DNA and genomic DNA prepared from azole-resistant isolates of A. fumigatus. Use of our assay resulted in rapid and specific identification of the TR34 allele with high sensitivity, detecting down to 10 genomic copies per reaction within 25 minutes. Fluorescent and colorimetric detections were used for the analysis of 11 clinical isolates as cross validation. These results show that the TR34-LAMP assay has the potential to accelerate the screening of clinical and environmental A. fumigatusto provide a rapid and accurate diagnosis of azole resistance, which current methods struggle to achieve.

This study identifies current practices of private health funds (PHFs) in Australian primary health care (PHC), including areas where their involvement is increasing, and examines the risks and benefits of these practices for quality of, and equity of access to PHC. The paper draws on research to investigate equity implications of current PHFinvolvement in PHCin Australia. We reviewed literature, analysed documents relating to a Senate Committee inquiry and interviewed stakeholders and experts in private health insurance policy from government, private sector and nongovernment organisations. Involvement of PHFs in the PHCsector in Australia is increasing, presenting risk of increased inequities in access to PHCbased on insurance status, which could undermine the universality of PHCunder Medicare. However, some stakeholders think these risks can be managed within current policy arrangements. There are also risks for quality of PHCservices arising from greater involvement of PHFs in service delivery and “preferred provider” models. Differing stakeholder views on equity implications of PHFinvolvement in PHCare associated with different views on desirable policy action. We conclude that there is a risk of increased involvement of PHFs in PHCrisks exacerbating existing inequities in the health system, but this is moderated by public support for Medicare.

The casting call came out of the blue to my Moscow flat one evening. A friend rang to say that his wife had a friend who knew a television director [...]

'You're OK, jumper. Have a good one. Airborne!' Those were the last words that Lt.-Col. Pat Stogran of the Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry spoke to four of his soldiers [...]

How could the Taliban and al-Qaeda possibly defeat the USS Theodore Roosevelt when it's protected round the clock by walls of vending machines dispensing soft drinks and chocolate bars? The [...]

While Canadians celebrated their Olympic heroes and revelled in their triumphs, most Russians were incensed and humiliated by what they saw of the Winter Games from Salt Lake City. Alexei [...]

Hours after George W. Bush named Iran as part of 'an axis of evil' on Jan. 29, four Canadian warships delicately skirted that country's coast on their way from the [...]

'I guess Canada's a nice country. I've never thought much about it.' In other words, pleasant but insignificant. So said a Cal State Fullerton student I spoke with early in [...]

1) To report outcomes from a citizens’ jury examining regulatory responses to the health impacts of McDonald's Australia; 2) To determine the value of using citizens’ juries to develop policy recommendations based on the findings of health impact assessment of transnational corporations (TNCs).

After cartilage injury and repair, the subchondral bone plate remodels. Skeletal maturity likely impacts both bone remodeling and inherent cartilage repair capacity. The objective of this study was to evaluate subchondral bone remodeling as a function of injury type, repair scenario, and skeletal maturity in a Yucatan minipig model. Cartilage defects (4 mm) were created bilaterally in the trochlear groove. Treatment conditions included a full thickness chondral defect (full chondral defect, n= 3 adult/3 juvenile), a partial thickness (∼50%) chondral defect (PCD, n= 3/3), and FCD treated with microfracture (MFX, n= 3/3). At 6 weeks postoperatively, osteochondral samples containing the lesion site were imaged by micro-computed tomography (CT) and analyzed by histology and immunohistochemistry. Via micro-CT, FCD and MFX groups showed increased bone loss in juveniles compared with adults. Quantification of histology using the ICRS II scoring system showed equal overall assessment for the FCD groups and better overall assessment in juvenile animals treated with MFX compared with adults. All FCD and MFX groups were inferior to control samples. For the PCD injury, both age groups had values close to the control values. For the FCD groups, there were greater alterations in the subchondral bone in juveniles compared with adults. Staining for collagen II showed more intense signals in juvenile FCD and MFX groups compared with adults. This large animal study of cartilage repair shows the significant impact of skeletal maturity on the propensity of subchondral bone to remodel as a result of chondral injury. This will improve selection criteria for animal models for studying cartilage injury, repair, and treatment.

Large animal models play an essential role in the study of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (TERM), as well as biomechanics. The porcine model has been increasingly used to study the musculoskeletal system, including specific joints, such as the knee and temporomandibular joints, and tissues, such as bone, cartilage, and ligaments. In particular, pigs have been utilized to evaluate the role of skeletal growth on the biomechanics and engineered replacements of these joints and tissues. In this review, we explore the publication history of the use of pig models in biomechanics and TERM discuss interspecies comparative studies, highlight studies on the effect of skeletal growth and other biological considerations in the porcine model, and present challenges and emerging opportunities for using this model to study functional TERM.

Subcutaneously implanted experimental tumors in mice are commonly used in cancer research. Despite their superficial location, they remain a challenge to image non-invasively at sufficient spatial resolution for microvascular studies. Here we evaluate the capabilities of optical coherence tomography (OCT) angiography for imaging such tumors directly through the murine skin in-vivo. Data sets were collected from mouse tumors derived from fibrosarcoma cells genetically engineered to express only single splice variant isoforms of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF); either VEGF120 or VEGF188 (fs120 and fs188 tumors respectively). Measured vessel diameter was found to be significantly (p<0.001) higher for fs120 tumors (60.7 ± 4.9μm) compared to fs188 tumors (45.0 ± 4.0μm). The fs120 tumors also displayed significantly higher vessel tortuosity, fractal dimension and density. The ability to differentiate between tumor types with OCT suggests that the visible abnormal vasculature is representative of the tumor microcirculation, providing a robust, non-invasive method for observing the longitudinal dynamics of the subcutaneous tumor microcirculation.

Cartilage tissue engineering is emerging as a promising treatment for osteoarthritis, and the field has progressed toward utilizing large animal models for proof of concept and preclinical studies. Mechanical testing of the regenerative tissue is an essential outcome for functional evaluation. However, testing modalities and constitutive frameworks used to evaluate in vitrogrown samples differ substantially from those used to evaluate in vivoderived samples. To address this, we developed finite element (FE) models (using FEBio) of unconfined compression and indentation testing, modalities commonly used for such samples. We determined the model sensitivity to tissue radius and subchondral bone modulus, as well as its ability to estimate material parameters using the built-in parameter optimization tool in FEBio. We then sequentially tested agarose gels of 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10% weight/weight using a custom indentation platform, followed by unconfined compression. Similarly, we evaluated the ability of the model to generate material parameters for living constructs by evaluating engineered cartilage. Juvenile bovine mesenchymal stem cells were seeded (2 × 107cells/mL) in 1% weight/volume hyaluronic acid hydrogels and cultured in a chondrogenic medium for 3, 6, and 9 weeks. Samples were planed and tested sequentially in indentation and unconfined compression. The model successfully completed parameter optimization routines for each testing modality for both acellular and cell-based constructs. Traditional outcome measures and the FE-derived outcomes showed significant changes in material properties during the maturation of engineered cartilage tissue, capturing dynamic changes in functional tissue mechanics. These outcomes were significantly correlated with one another, establishing this FE modeling approach as a singular method for the evaluation of functional engineered and native tissue regeneration, both in vitroand in vivo.

HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis is by far the most common cause of adult meningitis in many areas of the world that have high HIV seroprevalence. In most areas in Sub-Saharan Africa, the incidence of cryptococcal meningitis is not decreasing despite availability of antiretroviral therapy, because of issues of adherence and retention in HIV care. In addition, cryptococcal meningitis in HIV-seronegative individuals is a substantial problem: the risk of cryptococcal infection is increased in transplant recipients and other individuals with defects in cell-mediated immunity, and cryptococcosis is also reported in the apparently immunocompetent. Despite therapy, mortality rates in these groups are high. Over the past 5 years, advances have been made in rapid point-of-care diagnosis and early detection of cryptococcal antigen in the blood. These advances have enabled development of screening and pre-emptive treatment strategies aimed at preventing the development of clinical infection in patients with late-stage HIV infection. Progress in optimizing antifungal combinations has been aided by evaluation of the clearance rate of infection by using serial quantitative cultures of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Measurement and management of raised CSF pressure, a common complication, is a vital component of care. In addition, we now better understand protective immune responses in HIV-associated cases, immunogenetic predisposition to infection, and the role of immune-mediated pathology in patients with non-HIV associated infection and in the context of HIV-associated immune reconstitution reactions.

Recently, roadway releases of N,N′-substituted p-phenylenediamine (PPD) antioxidants and their transformation products (TPs) received significant attention due to the highly toxic 6PPD-quinone. However, the occurrence of PPDs and TPs in recycled tire rubber products remains uncharacterized. Here, we analyzed tire wear particles (TWPs), recycled rubber doormats, and turf-field crumb rubbers for seven PPD antioxidants, five PPD-quinones (PPDQs), and five other 6PPD TPs using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. PPD antioxidants, PPDQs, and other TPs were present in all samples with chemical profiles dominated by 6PPD, DTPD, DPPD, and their corresponding PPDQs. Interestingly, the individual [PPDQ]/[PPD] and [TP]/[PPD] ratios significantly increased as total concentrations of the PPD-derived chemical decreased, indicating that TPs (including PPDQs) dominated the PPD-derived compounds with increased environmental weathering. Furthermore, we quantified 15 other industrial rubber additives (including bonding agents, vulcanization accelerators, benzotriazole and benzothiazole derivatives, and diphenylamine antioxidants), observing that PPD-derived chemical concentrations were 0.5–6 times higher than these often-studied additives. We also screened various other elastomeric consumer products, consistently detecting PPD-derived compounds in lab stoppers, sneaker soles, and rubber garden hose samples. These data emphasize that PPD antioxidants, PPDQs, and related TPs are important, previously overlooked contaminant classes in tire rubbers and elastomeric consumer products.