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Sia Kindberg, a Thai-born Australian mother and interior designer, became the first Australian woman to complete the 230km Ice Ultra Arctic Marathon in Sweden. The race takes place in the Arctic wilderness of Swedish Lapland, with temperatures as low as -40 degrees. Sia was motivated to participate in the race after the deaths of two friends from cancer, and she used the opportunity to raise funds for a school in Thailand. She trained for a year, including running in a fridge at Melbourne University to simulate the extreme conditions. Sia emphasizes the importance of acceptance and using emotions in a productive way when facing challenges. [Extracted from the article]

The Viking mission to Mars would make Vishniac's own sweep of imagination real. For over a decade, Vishniac had been developing an experimental method for identifying life on Mars. The search for life on Mars was starting to look like very expensive sci-fi fanaticism; after Viking, NASA moved away from life detection on other planets. Since the Perseverance rover landed on Mars in early 2021, NASA scientists have been guiding it across the Jezero Crater, an ancient martian lakebed. [Extracted from the article]

• An in situ extreme thermal-force coupled X-ray tomography testing system is described. • Temperature-induced failure mode transition is revealed by time-lapse X-ray tomography. • The role of thermal residual stresses and voids is analyzed via high-fidelity simulations. Carbon fiber reinforced silicon carbide matrix composites (C/SiC) have emerged as key materials for thermal protection systems owing to their high strength-to-weight ratio, high-temperature durability, resistance to oxidation, and outstanding reliability. However, manufacturing defects deteriorate the mechanical response of these composites under extreme thermal-force coupling conditions, prompting significant research attention. This study demonstrates a customized in situ loading device compatible with synchrotron radiation facilities, enabling high spatial and temporal resolution recording of internal material damage evolution and failure behavior under thermal-force coupling conditions. Infrared thermal radiation units in a confocal configuration were used to create ultra-high-temperature environments, offering advantages of compactness, rapid heating, and versatility. In situ tensile tests were conducted on C/SiC samples in a nitrogen atmosphere at both room temperature and 1200 °C. The high-resolution image data demonstrate various failure phenomena, such as matrix cracking and pore linkage. Image-based finite element simulations indicate that the temperature-dependent variation of the failure mechanism is attributable to thermal residual stresses and defect-induced stress concentrations. This work seamlessly integrates extreme mechanical testing methods with in situ observation techniques, providing a comprehensive solution for accurately quantifying crack initiation, pore connection, and failure behavior of C/SiC composites. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the question of whether the evolution of intelligence is inevitable once life is established. Different perspectives are presented, with some arguing that intelligence is not necessarily inevitable and others arguing that it is. The article explores the factors that may contribute to the development of intelligence, such as the need to hunt and evade predators, energy efficiency, and competition among individuals. The article also briefly touches on the topic of human hairlessness and provides different hypotheses for why humans are not covered in hair like other primates. [Extracted from the article]

• We reviewed the recent progress of various in situ testing rigs compatible with both laboratory and synchrotron radiation X-ray facilities. • Taking metallic alloys and composites as model materials, we demonstrate the unique advantages of in situ X-ray three-dimensional tomography in unveiling complex failure mechanisms. • We also discuss the ongoing direction of in situ multi-scale visualization and characterization in advanced materials and structures. Damage evolution characterization and performance evaluation under realistic conditions are essential to ensure reliable operation of critical safety components. However, previous studies focus on the surface detection because of very limited penetration capacity of nondestructive testing facilities. Here, we review the recent progress of material damage mechanism by various in situ testing rigs that are compatible with laboratory and synchrotron radiation X-ray facilities. Then, taking metallic alloys and composites as model materials, we demonstrate the unique advantages of in situ X-ray three-dimensional tomography in unveiling complex failure mechanisms, quantifying crack growth driving forces and crack closure phenomena, and elucidating the strengthening/degrading effects from microstructure and environment on structural material degradation. Finally, we also discuss the ongoing direction of in situ multi-scale visualization and characterization with the development of advanced high-energy X-ray facilities, the improvement of in situ devices and sample environments, the demand of high-throughput tests, and the processing and application of massive test data. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scientists have discovered a hidden wetland beneath the ice in Antarctica, including a massive subglacial lake called Lake Vostok. This finding has sparked excitement among astronomers, as it suggests the possibility of finding similar environments on other planets and moons in our solar system. Despite the extreme conditions, scientists have found evidence of life in Antarctica's subglacial lakes, including microbes and even small organisms like shrimp. This discovery has implications for the search for life beyond Earth, with upcoming missions planned to explore Jupiter's icy moons and Mars for signs of ancient microbial life. [Extracted from the article]

The given document appears to be a link to an article titled "Gerald Nowak EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS" from the journal "Alert Diver." Unfortunately, the content of the article is not provided, so it is not possible to provide a summary based on the information given. [Extracted from the article]

The article underscores the centrality of farming carbon to nitrogen in soil management, advocating for increased carbon content to enhance soil quality and crop resilience. Topics discussed include methods for building soil carbon levels, the importance of soil health for plant health, and the significance of carbon dioxide in optimizing photosynthesis and crop growth.

New evidence shows our ancestors didn't just come out of Africa, they also came out of Arabia, as Michael Marshall discovers [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the importance of adjusting asset management strategies for assets operating in remote and extreme environments. It highlights the need to understand failure modes specific to assets and their components. Three key considerations for adjusting asset strategies in such environments are discussed including understanding how assets fail, evaluating stressors and conditions, and understanding operational constraints.

• The high temperature wear behavior and wear mechanisms of a novel Ir-Ta-Ni-Nb bulk metallic glass were investigated. • The superior high temperature wear resistance of Ir-Ta-Ni-Nb bulk metallic glass compared to other reported metallic glass systems was demonstrated. • The oxidation behavior of Ir-Ta-Ni-Nb bulk metallic glass during high temperature wear was studied. Wear resistance is a critical consideration in engineering applications. In this study, we demonstrated an Ir-Ta-Ni-Nb bulk metallic glass (BMG) with outstanding high-temperature wear resistance and revealed its promising applications in extreme environments. The wear behavior and mechanism were systematically investigated from room temperature (RT) to 750 °C. The results show that the wear rate increases from ∼2.65 × 10−6 mm3 N−1 m−1 to ∼10.56 × 10−6 mm3 N−1 m−1 in the temperature span RT to 400 °C, following abrasive wear and flash temperature-induced oxidative wear during the friction. However, at the higher temperature of 600 °C, further heating due to frictional heat leads to a softening of the wear surface, resulting in a maximum wear rate of ∼20.99 × 10−6 mm3 N−1 m−1 under softness-driven abrasive wear as well as oxidative wear. Interestingly, the wear resistance at an even higher temperature of 750 °C shows a paradoxical improvement of ∼7.08 × 10−6 mm3 N−1 m−1, which is attributed to the formation of an oxide layer with a thickness of several microns, avoiding violent wear of BMG. The results demonstrate the unreported outstanding high-temperature wear resistance of the Ir-Ta-Ni-Nb BMG, especially its excellent capability to resist wear at 750 °C, leading to the promising applications of BMG in the fields of aerospace, metallurgy, and nuclear industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explains the construction and uses of igloos. Igloos have been built by the Inuit people for centuries and are still used today as emergency shelters and by hunters in extreme weather conditions. The design of an igloo is a dome made out of snow bricks, with gaps sealed with snow for a uniform appearance. Traditional igloos have two layers, with the elevated layer used for sleeping and the lower level for warmth and cooking. Igloos are culturally significant in Arctic communities and are also used by explorers and scientists in freezing environments. In the future, igloos could potentially be built on Mars. The article also provides a step-by-step guide on how to build an igloo. Modern igloos may use additional materials for insulation and can be constructed more easily with the help of tools and technology. [Extracted from the article]

The European Southern Observatory (ESO) has reached a milestone in the construction of the Extremely Large Telescope (ELT), the world's largest visible and infrared light telescope. The dome's steel skeleton has been completed, and the telescope is expected to have its "first light" by 2028. The ELT is being built on Cerro Armazones mountain in Chile's Atacama Desert and will be outfitted with dark-blue panels for insulation and protection. The telescope will operate at night, and during the day, air conditioning will help maintain the same temperature inside the dome as the outside environment to minimize image blurring. [Extracted from the article]

A 2022 study by Alexandra Rempel at the University of Oregon and her colleagues showed that opening windows at night and pulling down shades during the day can lower peak indoor air temperatures by 14°C during a heatwave. News Analysis Environment AS THE extreme heatwaves currently affecting parts of Europe, Asia and the US make clear, homes in many areas of the world urgently need to be changed to help residents cope with a hotter climate. "The important thing is to open up the entire house at night, to open the windows as soon as outdoor air is cooler than indoor air, and to leave them open all night until the next morning, closing them only when the outdoor air begins to approach the indoor air temperature again", says Rempel. [Extracted from the article]

• Excess α 2 phases in the as-cast high-Nb-containing TiAl alloy were decomposed during thermal exposure at 950 °C. • Ti 2 Al phases precipitated at lamellar interfaces during thermal exposure at 950 °C. • Stacking faults generated from the α 2 → γ phase transformation provided nucleation sites for Ti 2 Al phases. The thermal stability of microstructures is crucial for determining the performance of alloys in extreme environments. In the present work, the microstructural evolution and precipitation behavior in a high Nb-containing Ti45Al8Nb alloy during thermal exposure at 950 °C were investigated. It was found that excess α 2 phases in the as-cast microstructure were unstable and tended to decompose during thermal exposure. Hexagonal Ti 2 Al phases precipitated at lamellar interfaces and had a [ 1 1 ¯ 0 ] γ ∥[ 11 2 ¯ 0 ] α2 ∥[ 11 2 ¯ 0 ] Ti2Al , (002) γ ∥(1 1 ¯ 00) α2 ∥(1 1 ¯ 00) Ti2Al crystallographic orientation relationship (OR) with the matrix. Stacking faults (SFs) generated in α 2 phases during the α 2 → γ phase transformation provided favorable nucleation sites for Ti 2 Al phases. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researchers from the China Astronaut Research and Training Center have conducted a study on the influence of extended fasting on thyroid hormone (TH) and its role in maintaining health and improving survival in extreme environments. The study highlights the potential of long-term fasting in emergency rescue situations and discusses the changes in THs caused by fasting, including their impact on serum biochemical characteristics and the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis. The researchers propose that the variability between brain and liver tissues in THs uptake, deiodination activation, and inactivation is the key regulatory mechanism for peripheral THs decline and central homeostasis. The study concludes that understanding the molecular mechanisms of this localized and differential regulation is crucial for developing hypometabolic applications in extreme environments. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers from QILU University of Technology in Qingdao, China have conducted a study on the use of femtosecond lasers in inscribing Fiber Bragg Gratings (FBGs). FBGs are reflective structures in optical fibers that have periodic perturbations in their refractive index. The point-by-point method using femtosecond lasers has been found to be highly flexible in inscribing FBGs. The researchers reviewed the technology, progress, and challenges of this method, highlighting its potential applications in various fields such as extreme environment sensing, fiber lasers, artificial intelligence, robotics, and biomedicine detection. The study provides valuable insights for further research and development in this area. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study examined the adaptation of bacteria isolated from the International Space Station (ISS) to the extreme conditions of space. The researchers used deep-learning tools to analyze the genomes of five newly identified species of bacteria and found common characteristics and unique genetic traits that enable these microorganisms to survive in space. The study also suggests that these bacteria may have developed potential pathogenic capabilities and enhanced antibiotic resistance. The findings have implications for future space missions and the development of drugs and therapies. However, it is important to note that this study has not yet undergone peer review. [Extracted from the article]

A recent preprint abstract discusses the diel behaviors of photosynthetic microbial mats in hot springs. The study collected multiple samples over several years to analyze the metagenomic and metatranscriptomic datasets. The researchers identified 71 taxa, including twelve core taxa, and found that eight taxa exhibited a diel expression pattern. The study also revealed pathway expression patterns that had not previously been linked to diel cycles. This research provides insights into metabolically coupled communities and the role of the diel cycle. Please note that this preprint has not been peer-reviewed. [Extracted from the article]

Geologist Marie Busfield discusses her experiences conducting fieldwork in various locations around the world, including the arid scrublands of northern Namibia. She emphasizes the importance of respecting and protecting the local landscape, making connections with local people, and planning rest days to combat the exhaustion of travel. Busfield also advocates for promoting geo-tourism in lesser-known but equally fascinating sites to alleviate the pressure on popular tourist destinations. She highlights the significance of understanding and adhering to local rules and regulations to preserve the environment. [Extracted from the article]

A report from the Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences in Delhi, India, discusses the dysregulation of metabolic processes and its impact on the development of metabolic diseases. The research focuses on the role of hormones, particularly leptin, in regulating food intake and energy expenditure. The study also identifies specific genes and microRNAs that play a crucial role in leptin signaling and appetite regulation. The findings suggest that targeting these microRNAs could be useful in developing novel therapeutics for metabolic diseases. [Extracted from the article]

• Single-phase formation abilities of 120 two-component metal (transition metal and rare earth metal) diborides (TCBs) are studied by first-principles. • The thermodynamic stability of single-phase high-entropy transition and rare-earth metal diborides (HE TMREB 2 s) were quantified using the energy distribution of the local mixing enthalpies of all possible configurations. • HE TMREB 2 s were predicted to be enthalpy-stabilized materials, i.e., mixing enthalpy plays a critical role in single-phase stability. • The experimental results confirmed that enthalpy dominates the thermodynamic domain and drives the stability of REB 2 s in HE TMREB 2 s. Transition metal diborides (TMB 2 s) are the materials of choice in extreme environments due to their excellent thermal and chemical stabilities. However, the degradation of oxidation resistance of TMB 2 s at elevated temperature still hinders their applications. To cope with this challenge, it is effective to incorporate rare earth elements to form high-entropy transition and rare-earth metal diborides (HE TMREB 2 s). To obtain thermodynamically stable single-phase structures for HE TMREB 2 s, a "16 × 16 mixed enthalpy matrix" is constructed using first-principles calculations to predict the single-phase formation ability of 120 two-component diborides (TCBs). Through the use of the "16 × 16 mixed enthalpy matrix" of TCBs, specific combinations of TMB 2 s and REB 2 s that are most likely to form single-phase HE TMREB 2 s are confirmed. Subsequently, based on the energy distribution of the local mixing enthalpies of all possible configurations, the enthalpy and entropy descriptors of HE TMREB 2 s (RE = Sc, Lu, Tm, Er, Ho and Dy) are investigated. It is found that the mixing enthalpy plays a critical role in the stability of the single-phase HE TMREB 2 s, i.e., HE TMREB 2 s are enthalpy-stabilized materials. The experimental results further confirm that enthalpy dominates the thermodynamic domain and drives the stability of REB 2 s in HE TMREB 2 s. This study validates that enthalpy-stabilized HE TMREB 2 s can further expand the compositional space of ultrahigh temperature ceramics (UHTCs) and is expected to further improve the oxidation resistance and high temperature properties of UHTCs. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of IEE: Industrie, Engineering, Effizienz is the property of Dokumentations- und Informationszentrum (DIZ) Munchen GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Researchers at California State University, Northridge have investigated the use of optical trapping to regulate bacterial aggregation and biofilm development. By using lasers of varying wavelengths, they determined which wavelengths support bacterial biofilm formation and which ones suppress it. The team found that optical tweezers can be used to precisely control the position of individual bacteria or clusters of bacteria, allowing for the influence of growth patterns on a microscopic level. This research has the potential to contribute to the advancement of biomaterials composed of bacterial biofilms and the development of new types of biodegradable materials and biofilm-based biosensors. [Extracted from the article]

The Getac S510 is a rugged laptop that stands out for its use of Intel's Core Ultra chips and optional GeForce GTX 1650 graphics. While the graphics performance is comparable to laptops using Intel's Arc graphics, the S510 excels in CPU performance, making it one of the fastest rugged laptops available. It features a 15.6-inch display, customizable ports, and a durable design with an IP53 rating. The laptop also offers long battery life and includes features such as a carry handle and programmable buttons. Prices start at £1,885, making it a top-quality option for outdoor workers in need of a rugged laptop. [Extracted from the article]

The Asus ProArt PX13 is a pocket-sized laptop designed for designers and artists. It features Pantone-calibrated screens with excellent color coverage, discrete GeForce RTX 40 series graphics, and AMD's latest family of chips. The laptop is compact and stylish, with a matte black design and a swivel lid that allows it to be used as a tablet. It also includes a dial on the touchpad for creative applications and has excellent performance capabilities. However, the battery life is weak, and the software and support package offered by Asus are not as impressive. Overall, the ProArt PX13 is a highly recommended choice for creatives despite its flaws. [Extracted from the article]

Iceland and the UK are collaborating on a one-year research project to develop offshore renewable energy capacity in Iceland. The British Geological Survey (BGS) has received a grant to conduct the project in partnership with Iceland GeoSurvey (ÍSOR). The research will focus on the geological ground model development in Skeiðarársandur, which has similar conditions to the North Sea. The findings will help inform decisions on foundation designs for offshore wind installations. This collaboration marks Iceland's entry into the offshore renewable industry, as the country has traditionally focused on onshore geothermal and hydropower production. [Extracted from the article]

A recent report discusses research on the development and application of a geothermal bio-tracer. Tracers are important for studying fluid transport behavior and hydrological parameters, particularly in geothermal energy production. Traditional tracers are expensive and can harm the environment, so researchers developed a composite bio-tracer that is thermally stable, environmentally friendly, easy to detect, and inexpensive to produce. Laboratory tests showed that the bio-tracer remains detectable for over 30 days in extreme geothermal environments. On-site testing achieved a tracer recovery rate of 83.1%. This research has been peer-reviewed and more information can be obtained from the Industrial Technology Research Institute in Taiwan. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by researchers at King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals in Saudi Arabia explores the challenge of increasing agricultural production in extreme hyper-arid environments. The study focuses on the dynamics of tree root water uptake (RWU) in these environments and its implications for resource management and precision irrigation. Using non-invasive techniques, the researchers found that RWU rates were highest in the morning and concentrated in the upper soil profile. As temperatures increase, the RWU zone tends to shift to lower depths within the soil profile. These findings have important implications for farmers and can inform irrigation water management strategies. [Extracted from the article]

In this study, we present multi-season measurements from a remote mountain peak observatory in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). During the campaign, Doppler lidar and cloud radar were employed using coordinated scan patterns, to study seedable convective clouds, and identify pre-convection initiation clearair signatures. The instruments were employed for approximately two years in an extreme environment with a high vantage point for observing valley wind flows and convective cells. The instruments were configured to run synchronized plan position indicator (PPI) scans at 0°, 5°, and 45° elevation angles and vertical crosssection range height indicator (RHI) scans at 0°, 30°, 60°, 90°, 120°, and 150° azimuth angles. Using this output imagery, along with local C-band radar and satellite data, we were able to identify and analyse several convective cases. To illustrate this synergy of measurements, we present two cases in unstable conditions - the 5 and 6 September 2018. In both cases, we observed areas of convergence/divergence to the south-west of the observatory, associated with wind flow around a peak 2 km to the south-west. The extension of these deformations were visible in the atmosphere as high as 3 km above sea level. Subsequently, we observed convective cells developing in the same directions - apparently connected with these phenomena. The cloud radar Doppler images provided detailed observations of cloud hydrometeor dynamics. In both convective cases, pre-convective signatures were apparent before CI, in the form of convergence, wind shear structures, and updrafts. These results demonstrate the potential of these synergetic observations for understanding convection initiation processes and in the future, to provide cloud seeding guidance via early detection of CI events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We will also hear from glaciologist Ulyana Horodyskyj Pena, who will tell us about the life of a scientist in an extreme environment. Join New Scientist's Rowan Hooper for this free talk on the region's wildlife and how humans could refreeze ice in the Arctic circle. Virtual event The Arctic is a harsh yet beautiful region that has fascinated scientists for centuries. [Extracted from the article]

This article discusses the innovations and strategies impacting protective apparel for workers in extreme environments such as foundries and pulp paper mills. The article emphasizes the importance of layering in protective apparel and the recognition that extreme work environments involve multiple exposures. The use of fibers and materials from the outdoor and activewear industries has helped drive innovation in protective apparel. The article also highlights the need to strike a balance between safety and comfort in designing protective apparel for extreme environments. [Extracted from the article]

The article discusses the chemistry and minerals of planet Earth, commenting that the periodic table of the elements is insufficient to categorize the Earth's chemicals in extreme environments and under high pressures, including hydrogen. An overview of the composition of Earth's core, including diamonds, is provided.

A recent study conducted by researchers at the Universidad de Antofagasta in Chile explored how schoolchildren living in extreme environments describe their environments and extremophiles. The study analyzed 347 drawings from participants aged 12-16 years from three schools located in different extreme environments in Chile. The findings revealed that certain natural elements, such as trees and the sun, were consistently represented by schoolchildren across different extreme environments. The study also found that school literacy processes influenced the representations of the environment, as children tended to replicate what they learned from textbooks rather than their actual surroundings. Bacteria were the most represented extremophiles in the drawings. [Extracted from the article]

According to an article in Expedition News, explorer Jennifer Strong McConachie agrees that being a multisport athlete prepares individuals for success in the field. She explains that the physical conditioning and skills gained from participating in multiple sports are transferable and can be applied to different activities. Additionally, the mental toughness developed from switching between sports helps individuals remain calm, patient, and focused in challenging situations. McConachie believes that multisport training is valuable for accessing hard-to-reach areas and making discoveries as an explorer. For more information, readers can visit the websites provided in the article. [Extracted from the article]

This article discusses the ecology of viral communities in deep-sea brine pools, which are extreme environments that provide unique insights into the limits of life on Earth. The study used metagenomic and metatranscriptomic data to examine the diversity and activity of viruses that infect prokaryotic and eukaryotic hosts in the brine pool ecosystem. The researchers found a wide range of viruses, including giant viruses, RNA viruses, jumbo phages, and polinton-like viruses, and observed differences in viral community composition and infection strategy across different zones within the brine pool system. The findings contribute to our understanding of the role of viruses in modulating microbial community dynamics and biogeochemistry in extreme environments. [Extracted from the article]

The article evaluates the product related to NaturaLED's The MillWright, an industrial round high bay Light Emitting Diode (LED) fixture designed for extreme environments, offering durability and customization options.

This article discusses the development of chemical probes that can be used to control mosquito populations. These probes are designed to selectively target the alkaline environment of mosquito larval guts, releasing a protein-modifying compound that can help control the spread of mosquito-borne illnesses. The researchers hope that these probes will aid in the development of new mosquito control methods that have minimal impact on other organisms in the ecosystem. It is important to note that this research has not yet been peer-reviewed. [Extracted from the article]

Antarctica has inspired a wealth of imaginative literature, despite being the only continent without a permanent human population. There are hundreds of novels set in Antarctica, covering a range of themes and styles. Some recent examples include "Terra Nova" by Henriette Lazaridis, which focuses on the wives and photographers of explorers; "Cold People" by Tom Rob Smith, which explores a forced exile to Antarctica after an alien invasion; "The Art of Breaking Ice" by Rachael Mead, based on the experiences of the first Australian woman to visit Antarctica; "Thaw" by Dennis Glover, which combines historical and near-future narratives; and "Midnight" by Amy McCulloch, a thriller set on an Antarctic tourist cruise ship. These novels offer diverse perspectives on Antarctica and its significance. [Extracted from the article]

A new study conducted by researchers at the University of New South Wales (UNSW) explores the challenges faced by healthcare systems in polar regions due to climate change, increasing tourism, and potential implications for future space exploration. The study emphasizes the need for robust emergency, trauma, and surgical care in these regions, particularly in light of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and the anticipated growth of the polar tourism industry. The researchers advocate for a unified health governance approach and suggest the use of artificial intelligence, telemedicine, and advanced technologies to enhance remote care. They also highlight the importance of research on the human health impact of extreme conditions in order to improve the readiness and resilience of healthcare systems in polar regions. [Extracted from the article]