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Purpose: This paper aims to describe a modelling and solving methodology of a (static converter–electric motor–control) system for its sizing by optimization, considering the dynamic thermal heating of the machine. Design/methodology/approach: The electrical drive sizing model is composed of two simulators (electrical and thermal) that are co-simulated with a master−slave relationship for the time step management. The computation is stopped according to simulation criteria. Findings: This paper details a methodology to represent and size an electrical drive using a multiphysics and multidynamics approach. The thermal simulator is the master and calls the electrical system simulator at a fixed exchange time step. The two simulators use a dedicated dynamic time solver with adaptive time step and event management. The simulation automatically stops on pre-established criteria, avoiding useless simulations. Research limitations/implications: This paper aims to present a generic methodology for the sizing by optimization of electrical drives with a multiphysics approach, so the precision and computation time highly depend on the modelling method of each components. A genetic multiobjective optimization algorithm is used. Practical implications: The methodology can be applied to size electrical drives operating in a thermally limited zone. The power electronics converter and electrical machine can be easily adapted by modifying their sub-model, without impacting the global model and simulation principle. Originality/value: The approach enables to compute a maximum operating duration before reaching thermal limits and to use it as an optimization constraint. These system considerations allow to over constrain the electrical machine, enabling to size a smaller machine while guaranteeing the same output performances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Closed-form expressions are derived to compute self- and mutual-inductance in method of moments based models of low frequency magnetic components (e.g. electric machinery). Several inductor core configurations are utilized to illustrate their applicability and to validate the expressions. Validation is provided by comparing the results to those obtained using commercial finite element based models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to evaluate and minimize the losses of alternating current (AC) in the winding of electrical machines. AC winding losses are frequently disregarded at low frequencies, but they become a significant concern at high frequencies. This is the situation where applications require a high speed. The most significant applications in this category are electrical propulsion and drive systems. Design/methodology/approach: An analytical model is used to predict the AC losses in the winding of electrical machines. The process involves dividing the slot into separate layers and then calculating the AC loss factor for each layer. The model aims to calculate AC losses for two different winding arrangements involving circular conductors. This application focuses on the stator winding of a permanent magnet synchronous motor that is specifically designed for electric vehicles. The model is integrated into an optimization process that makes use of the genetic algorithm method to minimize AC losses resulting from the arrangement of conductors within the slot. Findings: This study and its findings demonstrate that the arrangement of the conductors within the slot has a comparable effect on the AC losses in the winding as the machine's geometric and physical properties. The effectiveness of electrical machines depends heavily on optimizing the arrangement of conductors in the slot to minimize AC winding losses. Originality/value: The proposed strategy seeks to minimize AC winding losses in high-speed electric machines by providing a cost-effective and precise solution to improve energy efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 2024 Davidson Prize winners have been announced by the Association of Equipment Manufacturers (AEM) and the Association for the Advancement of Agricultural Engineering (ASABE). The Davidson Prize recognizes outstanding innovations in agricultural, food, and biological systems engineering. The winners include the CLAAS CEMOS for Tractors, a self-learning driver assistance system; the CLAAS DISCO 9700 RC Auto Swather, a productive triple mower; and the Danfoss Editron EC-C1700B-420 Electric Converter, which supports the electrification of agricultural machinery. These innovations aim to improve efficiency, productivity, and sustainability in the agriculture industry. [Extracted from the article]

Hopewind showcased its all-scenario PV inverters at the 14th International Renewable Energy Exhibition and Conference-Solar Pakistan in Lahore. Pakistan's solar energy market is expected to grow significantly, and Hopewind's inverters aim to meet the demand for quality solar inverters in the country. The company presented residential, commercial, and utility-scale inverters, each designed for specific applications and offering features such as seamless switch to bypass load, compatibility with different PV modules, and advanced cooling systems. Hopewind is a leading provider of renewable and electrical solutions, with a strong presence in the wind power and PV inverter markets. [Extracted from the article]

The paper "Improved Methods for Stator End Winding Leakage Inductance Calculation" presents improved methods for calculating the stator end winding leakage inductance of an IM. The authors used a DC hysteresis measurement and an optimization process to parameterize the hysteresis models, and then the calculated current waveforms of the no-load transformer have been compared with the measured no-load current waveforms to validate the model. The transformer topology models used in the study are: The inductance-reluctance models; and The capacitance-permeance models. The inductance-reluctance model represents the magnetic circuit of the transformer and its stray flux paths as inductances in an electric equivalent circuit, allowing the magnetic and surrounding electrical circuit to be modelled in the electrical domain. [Extracted from the article]

Noted Sheppard collector John Camden's Model 14 generator features a 2 KW Leland Electric Model AG generator heat that produces 22 amps at 120 volts at 60 cycles. The base Model 7 engine was also used as marine propulsion for powered lifeboats during WWII Sheppard built quite a number of generator sets with Model 7s producing up to 5 KW but weighing in at 1,215 pounds, the set wasn't particularly lightweight or portable. DEPARTMENTS Special thanks to John Camden R.H. Sheppard was a well-established diesel engine manufacturer when the single cylinder 2 KW Model 14 generator featured here was built. [Extracted from the article]

Westminster Council in London is transitioning its ground-care machinery from petrol to electric as part of its commitment to environmental stewardship. This includes using Avant's e6 electric multifunctional loader in Paddington Recreation Ground, a popular park that attracts over two million visitors annually. The council aims to be more sustainable and has already transitioned 86% of its equipment to electric. The e6 loader, powered by a lithium-ion battery, offers power, versatility, and eco-friendliness, making it suitable for urban environments. The loader has been praised for its efficiency, productivity, and comfort by the council's landscaping team. [Extracted from the article]

The article evaluates the Hitachi EX3600E-6LD excavator from OceanaGold.

Purpose: In rotational alternating current machines, interlocking is a commonly used manufacturing method to fix laminated silicon steel cores. The purpose of this study is to measure the localized magnetic properties more comprehensively and to analyze the deteriorated magnetic properties caused by interlocking more accurately. Design/methodology/approach: A movable B–H sensor is designed in this paper. The localized magnetic properties measurement was performed to investigate the magnetic properties around the interlocks with various sizes, various orientations and various numbers of laminations. Then, the damaged area caused by the interlocking was quantified, and the magnetic degradation of different degrees is layered. Findings: The measurement results have shown that the interlocks with larger sizes, along the transverse direction and on 10-layer laminate, will lead to more serious magnetic degradation, and the maximum loss increment can reach up to 70%. Originality/value: This work is an improvement and optimization based on the previous overall magnetic measurement of the interlock. The quantitative results of the localized magnetic measurement will have a certain significance for the accurate modeling and simulation of the electrical machines and provide valuable guidance for the optimization of the actual production process of the motor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reviews the 2022 Bauma Expo, the International trade fair for construction machinery, building material machines, mining machines and construction vehicles, held in Munich, Germany in October 2022.

Purpose: It is essential to understand the structural dynamic behavior of electrical machines to predict their acoustic and vibrational behavior. Stacking technology, which is used to manufacture soft magnetic cores, has a strong influence on the material properties. The purpose of this paper is therefore to research the influence of the stacking technologies welding and bonding with bake varnish on the modal properties of iron cores. Design/methodology/approach: A finite element simulation model is developed based on homogenization of the stator core. Eigenfrequencies, modeshapes and modal damping ratios are extracted from measurements and are used to validate the simulation model. Findings: Modal characteristics depend on the participation of certain material layers at a certain mode. Higher amount of shear deformation results in higher modal damping. Bonded stacks exhibit lower shear stiffness and higher damping ratios. Originality/value: This research paper provides insights to the modal characteristics of iron cores used in electric machine and compares the influence of stacking technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on WEG's role in enhancing fire safety at Dubai Hills Estate through their specialized W22 smoke extraction motors, crucial for maintaining air circulation and rapid smoke extraction in closed environments. Topics include the estate's architectural excellence, stringent fire safety standards, and WEG's provision of high-performance motors that withstand extreme temperatures and ensure efficient emergency evacuation and fire suppression capabilities.

The article discusses Monarch Tractor's new investment and global expansion plans in the U.S., the growth and diversification of farming in Yukon, Canada, and Argentina's collaboration with the FAO to enhance locust management for more resilient agrifood systems.

Hillside Golf Club in Southport has added four electric Toro eTriFlex 3370 greensmowers and two Toro Workman GTX-Lithium utility vehicles to its fleet. The club initially invested in the eTriFlex three years ago to avoid hydraulic leaks on greens, but now also values the mower for its low operational noise, allowing them to mow all day without disturbing members and guests. The R&A Pace of Play guide supports the need for course maintenance during play, and the use of electric power allows the club to work around tournaments and events. The club's sustainability mission also led them to choose electric utility vehicles for bunker work. The investment in electric machinery is expected to save money in the long run and aligns with the club's commitment to using fewer resources. [Extracted from the article]

The R&A's Golf It! initiative in Glasgow introduces people to golf and promotes the game while also offering a greenkeeping apprenticeship program sponsored by The Toro Foundation. The facility, developed in 2020, offers various golf experiences for all ages and requires a greenkeeping team to maintain the venue. Toro and Reesink UK are founding partners, providing turf machinery, irrigation systems, and support for the apprenticeship scheme. The initiative aims to create career opportunities and promote sustainability, with a focus on reducing the carbon footprint and managing water effectively. [Extracted from the article]

Thailand is expanding its rail network, bringing train travel between Bangkok and Beijing closer to reality. A trial service will run between Bangkok and Vientiane, the capital of Laos, in July. This new link will improve transportation between Thailand, Laos, and China. The journey from Bangkok to Beijing will take almost a full day, compared to a non-stop flight of just under five hours. The improved connectivity with China is expected to boost economic growth and tourism between the two countries. [Extracted from the article]

We propose a framework to analyze mm-wave baluns directly from physical parameters by adding a dimension of Machine Learning (ML) to existing electromagnetic (EM) methods. From a generalized physical model of mm-wave baluns, we train physical-electrical Machine Learning models that both accurately and quickly compute the electrical parameters of mm-wave baluns from physical parameters, reducing the need for full-wave simulations and advancing several aspects of mm-wave designs. One of the advancements is a fully automated design process that accurately generates full EM designs of mm-wave baluns when given an electrical specification and a metal option. The automated technique only takes several seconds to complete, compared to hours-weeks of the current trial-and-error methods, and notably the approach can optimize mm-wave baluns directly for the lowest metal loss. Another advancement is the theoretical interpretation of several high-level and abstract questions concerning mm-wave designs, in which we quantify the optimum transistor sizes for the last stage of a class-AB differential power amplifier on an on-chip process and derive the rule of thumb describing the inverse relationship between the optimum device sizes and mm-wave frequencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When using "conventional" approaches for the optimal sizing of electrical machines, the application of optimization algorithms makes it possible to search for the values of their input characteristics (dimensions, power supply, materials, etc.) giving the desired performances (torque, efficiency, mass, etc.), provided that a certain number of constraints are satisfied. This (one-way) approach has several weaknesses, the main one being that it is not clearly apparent whether this sizing problem has at least one solution. If sets of solutions exist, it becomes interesting to determine the characteristics of all these valid machines. On the other hand, if no machine can be defined by exactly meeting the specifications, it becomes more useful to look for the constraints to be relaxed to reveal solutions, or to determine and then choose among all the quasi-optimal configurations those that are the most interesting. In this context, this work aims to respond to these issues by introducing a methodological procedure giving assistance in the optimal sizing of electrical machines in particular, and in optimization in general. In this procedure, a number of numerical processing tools are implemented, to offer the opportunity to understand more finely, typically through 2D graphical representations, the complexity of optimization design problems. In other words, this work is an attempt to find an intermediate configuration between the pure optimization approach and the one based solely on modeling, in the sense that these models are first represented graphically in order to understand the complexity of the corresponding optimization problem. The application of this approach is illustrated by the presentation of the main steps of the optimal design of a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In addition to enhancing gross water storage capacity by 11.7 million acre feet (MAF), WAPDA projects will also double the installed hydel power generation capacity from 9406 MW to 20591 MW. Pakistan Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA) today awarded contract amounting to US$ 241.1 million for electro-mechanical (E&M) works of the 1530 MW-Tarbela 5th Extension Hydropower Project to a joint venture comprising Harbin Electric International Company and Harbin Electric Machinery Company (HEIC-HEMC) through an international competitive bidding. [Extracted from the article]

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to propose a two-dimensional (2-D) hybrid analytical model (HAM) in polar coordinates, combining a 2-D exact subdomain (SD) technique and magnetic equivalent circuit (MEC), for the magnetic field calculation in electrical machines at no-load and on-load conditions. Design/methodology/approach: In this paper, the proposed technique is applied to dual-rotor permanent magnet (PM) synchronous machines. The magnetic field is computed by coupling an exact analytical model (AM), based on the formal resolution of Maxwell's equations applied in subdomains, in regions at unitary relative permeability with a MEC, using a nodal-mesh formulation (i.e. Kirchhoff's current law), in ferromagnetic regions. The AM and MEC are connected in both directions (i.e. r- and theta-edges) of the (non-)periodicity direction (i.e. in the interface between teeth regions and all its adjacent regions as slots and/or air-gap). To provide accurate solutions, the current density distribution in slot regions is modeled by using Maxwell's equations instead to MEC and characterized by an equivalent magnetomotive force (MMF) located in the slots, teeth and yoke. Findings: It is found that whatever the iron core relative permeability, the developed HAM gives accurate results for both no-load and on-load conditions. Finite element analysis demonstrates the excellent results of the developed technique. Originality/value: The main objective of this paper is to achieve a direct coupling between the AM and MEC in both directions (i.e. r- and theta-edges). The current density distribution is modeled by using Maxwell's equations instead to MEC and characterized by an MMF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on how the COVID-19 outbreak has created a shock to world economies that will cause an unusually high level of uncertainty for the foreseeable future.

The article lists the exhibitors to exhibit their products at the wire 2020, International Wire and Cable Trade Fair including AWM SpA Automatic Wire Machines, Baudrand New Tech Europe and Ceviz Pres Dokum Sanayi ve Ticaret AS.

"The old resistance to battery power - that it could never do the job - is changing", states Vince Brauns, EGO's Director of Product Management. Landscapers using petrol mowers regularly will want to reflect on the benefit of switching to electric on these grounds alone, especially as cordless options span small to large. In its quest to "leave petrol where it belongs, in the past", global battery and motor manufacturer EGO Power Plus is on a mission to "educate and empower" professional and domestic outdoor power equipment users, "to see the only logical choice when purchasing new gardening equipment is battery power". [Extracted from the article]

Purpose: This paper aims to propose a parallel-in-space-time finite-element method (FEM) for transient motor starting analyses. Although the domain decomposition method (DDM) is suitable for solving large-scale problems and the parallel-in-time (PinT) integration method such as Parareal and time domain parallel FEM (TDPFEM) is effective for problems with a large number of time steps, their parallel performances get saturated as the number of processes increases. To overcome the difficulty, the hybrid approach in which both the DDM and PinT integration methods are used is investigated in a highly parallel computing environment. Design/methodology/approach: First, the parallel performances of the DDM, Parareal and TDPFEM were compared because the scalability of these methods in highly parallel computation has not been deeply discussed. Then, the combination of the DDM and Parareal was investigated as a parallel-in-space-time FEM. The effectiveness of the developed method was demonstrated in transient starting analyses of induction motors. Findings: The combination of Parareal with the DDM can improve the parallel performance in the case where the parallel performance of the DDM, TDPFEM or Parareal is saturated in highly parallel computation. In the case where the number of unknowns is large and the number of available processes is limited, the use of DDM is the most effective from the standpoint of computational cost. Originality/value: This paper newly develops the parallel-in-space-time FEM and demonstrates its effectiveness in nonlinear magnetoquasistatic field analyses of electric machines. This finding is significantly important because a new direction of parallel computing techniques and great potential for its further development are clarified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The thermal management of electrical insulations poses a challenge in electrical devices as electrical insulators are also thermal insulators. Diamond is the best solid electrical insulator and thermal conductor. This can lead to a paradigm change for electrical machine winding and lamination insulation design and thermal management. The paper introduces these techniques and discusses its effect for the design of electrical machines and its potential consequences for electromagnetic analysis, for example, in multi-physics modelling. The diamond winding insulation is patent-pending, but the diamond enriched lamination insulation is published for the benefit of the scientific community. Design/methodology/approach: The windings of electrical machines are insulated to avoid contact between the coil and other conductive components, for example, the stator core. The principle of using mica tape and resin impregnation has not changed for a century and is well established to produce main insulation on a complex conductor shape and size. These insulations have poor heat-conducting properties. Similarly, the insulation of laminated steel sheets comprising the stator and rotor restrict heat flow. Diamond-based insulation provides a new path. Increased thermal conductivity means reduced temperature rise and the reduced thermal time constants in multi-physics simulations and system analysis. Findings: The largest benefit of a diamond-based core insulation is in electrical machines in which the losses are conducted axially to the coolant. These are machines with radial ducts and effective cooling in the end regions. The main benefit will be in reducing the number of radial ducts that positively affect the size, production costs and the copper losses of the machine. The increased thermal conductivity of the diamond insulation system will reduce the thermal constants noticeably. These will affect system behavior and the corresponding simulation methods. Originality/value: Diamond insulation can lead to a paradigm change for electrical machine winding and lamination insulation design and thermal management. It might also lead to new modeling requirements in system analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The thermal modelling of an electrical machine is difficult because the thermal behavior depends on its geometry, the used materials and its manufacturing process. In the paper, such a thermal model is used during the sizing process by optimization of a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV). This paper aims to deal with the sensitivities of thermal parameters on temperatures inside the electrical machine to allow the assessment of the influence of thermal parameters that are hard to assess. Design/methodology/approach: A sensitivity analysis by Sobol indices is used to assess the sensitivities of the thermal parameters on electrical machine temperatures. As the optimization process needs fast computations, a lumped parameter thermal network (LPTN) is proposed for the thermal modelling of the machine, because of its fastness. This is also useful for the Sobol method that needs too many calls to this thermal model. This model is also used in a global model of a hybrid vehicle. Findings: The difficulty is the thermal modelling of the machine on the validity domain of the sizing problem. The Sobol indices allow to find where a modelling effort has to be carried out. Research limitations/implications: The Sobol indices have a significant value according to the number of calls of the model and their type (first-order, total, etc.). Therefore, the quality of the thermal sensitivity analysis is a compromise between computation times and modelling accuracy. Practical implications: Thermal modelling of an electrical machine in a sizing process by optimization. Originality/value: The use of Sobol indices for the sensitivity analysis of the thermal parameters of an electrical machine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In the paper, the global optimization of hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) components and control is performed using genetic algorithm and dynamic programming. Reluctance network modelling (RNM) is used to describe the behaviour of the electrical machine (EM). The pole number is considered as a design variable in the EM model. A software component is built from this model and is used in Matlab for a sizing by optimization. The influence of the EM pole number on the system optimization is analysed. Contrary to the low differences observed on the energy efficiency of the vehicle, the machine shape is highly impacted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to handle the problem of the radial disturbance caused by rotor mass unbalance and load change in a bearingless induction motor (BIM).Design/methodology/approach The active disturbance rejection controller (ADRC) is used to replace the traditional PI controller, and a cubic interpolation method is used to fit the nonlinear function of ADRC, so as to improve the control performance. Meanwhile, a disturbance observer is applied to the suspension system, and the observed disturbance acceleration is compensated to the suspension system in the form of current; thus, the suppression of the rotor radial disturbance is realized.Findings The proposed method can effectively suppress the radial disturbance of the rotor, meliorate the suspension performance of the motor and enhance the anti-interference ability of the system. Besides, it has excellent dynamic and static performance.Originality/value A radial disturbance control strategy of the BIM based on improved ADRC is proposed is to suppress the radial disturbance of the rotor. The improved ADRC is to enhance the control performance of the system, and the disturbance observer is designed to observe and compensate the disturbance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose The most significant point to be introduced in the subdomain technique (i.e. based on the formal resolution of Maxwell's equations applied in subdomain) is the local saturation effect. This paper aims to present a novel contribution on the improvement in the two-dimensional (2-D) technique in polar coordinates by focusing on the local saturation.Design/methodology/approach The rotor and stator regions are divided into elementary subdomains (E-SDs) which are characterized by general solutions to the first harmonic of magnetostatic Maxwell equations. These E-SDs are connected in the two directions (i.e. r- and θ-edges). Newton–Raphson (NR) iterative algorithm is used for nonlinear magnetic field analysis.Findings The proposed model is relevant for different types of rotating electrical machines; as an example, the semi-analytical model has been implemented for spoke-type permanent-magnet (PM) machines (STPMMs). The magnetic field calculations have been performed for nonlinear B(H) curve and compared to nonlinear finite element method (FEM) predictions. The semi-analytic results are in good agreement with those obtained numerically, considering both amplitude and waveform.Originality/value A new model for full prediction of magnetic field in the rotating electrical machines with the local saturation effect is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1991, Emerson Electric marked its thirty-fourth consecutive year of increased earnings and earnings per share. A manufacturer of electromechanical and electronic products, Emerson is one of only 11 U.S. corporations that have outearned their cost of capital in the last 20 years. With this kind of enviable performance, the question on most outsiders' minds is, What makes Emerson tick? According to CEO Charles Knight, the answer goes far beyond financial statements. Instead, the driving force behind Emerson's success is an effective management process: simply put, managers plan for improved results and execute to get them. The process begins by setting tough financial targets, since almost everything the company does is geared toward reaching its financial objectives. Emerson's ambitious growth targets reflect its commitment to maintaining a premium stock price; its yearly cost-reduction goals, which are set at every level of the company, help the company stay ahead of inflation (and the competition). Once these goals are fixed, it is unacceptable to miss them. So planning is paramount. Each year. Knight and his senior managers spend at least half their time involved in the planning cycle, which culminates in planning conferences with each division. The mood is confrontational, as managers, armed with required exhibits that provide vital statistics about each division, communicate--and defend--their business plans. Finally, a tight control system tracks implementation. For example, monthly "president's operating reports" summarize divisions' results and immediate prospects; president's councils meet quarterly to discuss short-term results. This information then becomes the raw material for the next corporate planning conference. INSET: Emerson's best cost producer strategy.. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on the thermodynamics-related machine and scheme devised by Martin V. Sussman of the Tufts University department of chemical engineering in Massachusetts. Information on the thermodynamic cycle demonstrated by the mechanochemical turbine; Metal used for the supporting plate, flywheel and other parts of the machine; Technique employed by Sussman to capture gas molecules in a bottle that illustrates various aspects of thermodynamics.

Focuses on the development of electronic speaking machines capable of synthesizing output speech. Information on a speaking machine built by Wolfgang van Kempelen of Vienna, Austria; Sources of sound employed in the first electrical synthesizer, including a noise source; Information on computer techniques for providing control functions, such as the formant synthesis.

The article describes the creation of Van de Graaf machines by Franklin B. Lee, a chemical engineer. Lee emphasized that designers should know that approximately 50 square inches of belt per second passing over the pulleys will produce one microampere of current and that the maximum potential developed by the machine will be equal to 70,000 times the smallest radius of curvature of the collector in inches. He recommended the use of a practical collector which is spheroid with slightly flattened at the bottom.

The article focuses on fractional horse power motors. It mentions a small electric motor preserved by conglomerate General Electric Co. which is said to mark one point in the origin of the fractional horse power motor and the beginning of the application of small electric power units to practical use by people. It discusses the standardization of motor production, its various uses in post offices, homes and farms, and emergence of new applications amid business and industrial expansion.

The article discusses the author's experience with Tool Acquisition Disorder (TAD) and their passion for acquiring woodworking tools for luthiery.It also mentions the allure of various tools, ranging from chisels to power machinery, and how the pursuit of these tools is driven by a desire for craftsmanship and experimentation.

The article presents a Dyson V15 Detect Absolute cordless vacuum and it reports that addition headlight: a laser set at an angle on the front of the hard-floor head that displays a shocking quantity of debris.

Compact tractors are the work horses of grounds management equipment. Without a good compact tractor that can be fitted with attachments, you are tasked with sourcing separate machines and equipment to carry out many of the tasks mentioned. "Perhaps there is some way the seats could be kept dry, perhaps by folding down", suggests Vivien while Julien at GMA would like to see "affordable GPS technology filtering down to the smaller tractors. [Extracted from the article]

Purpose This study aims to focus on the application of the stochastic algorithms for optimal design of electrical machines. Among them, the authors are interested in particle swarm optimization and teaching–learning-based optimization.Design/methodology/approach The optimization process is realized by the coupling of the above methods to finite element analysis of the electromagnetic field.Findings To improve the performance of these algorithms and reduce their computation time, a coupling with the artificial neuron network has been realized.Originality/value The proposed strategy is applied to solve two optimization problems: Team workshop problem 25 and switched reluctance motor with flux barriers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]