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This paper investigates the socio-economic determinants of four stages of borrowing process of the Jordanian microfinance market. The equations and functions corresponding to the stages of the borrowing process are [...]

Using the framework of an endogenous growth model, this study empirically analyses the relationship between trade policies and industrial growth in Pakistan during the period 1973 1995. The cointegration and [...]

This paper investigates the existence of a long-run aggregate merchandise import demand function for Bangladesh during the period 1974-94. The cointegration and error correction modelling approaches have been applied. Empirical [...]

Leiomyoma of uterus forms the most common type of benign tumor of uterus and also the most common pelvic tumor in women. The symptomatology continues to be variable. Surgery has for long been the main mode of therapy for the myomas. For women who wish to retain the uterus for future pregnancies or other reasons, myomectomy is preferred. Recent trend has been toward nonsurgical approaches like GnRH hormone analogs/agonists, RU 486, or selective uterine artery embolization, laparoscopic cryoablation, radiofrequency thermal ablation, and MRGUs. This multicentric study was an attempt to analyze the clinicopathological spectrum in cases of leiomyoma of the uterus at Cheluvamba Hospital, Adichunchanagiri Institute of Medical Sciences, and to know regarding the pattern of presentation, pathological correlation, with type of fibroid, and endometrial and ovarian changes. A clinical study of 100 cases of fibroid uterus was conducted in the Cheluvamba Hospital, attached to Mysore Medical College and Research Institute, Mysore, and Adichunchanagiri Institute of medical sciences, BG Nagara, Mandya from November 2008 to August 2012. The cases are selected by random allocation. On admission, detailed history, clinical examination, and investigations were recorded. Leiomyoma is the most common benign tumor of the uterus and commonly affects the women of child-bearing age, most commonly in the third decade, 55 %. The most common mode of presentation was menstrual disturbances (76 %), among which menorrhagia was seen in 54 % of the cases. Primary infertility was seen in 15 % of the patients. Intramural fibroids were the most common variety occurring in 60 % of the cases. Endometrial pattern was proliferative in 66.3 %. Cystic ovaries were seen in 8 % of the patients, adenomyosis in 16 % indicating hyperestrogenism. Fibromyoma (leiomyoma) is the most common benign tumor of the pelvis. It commonly affects the women of child-bearing age, mostly in the third decade and is most commonly seen in multipara. The most common mode of presentation is menstrual disturbances. Intramural fibroid is the most common variety. The proliferative and hyperplastic endometrium was commonly reported. The presence of proliferative endometrium, adenomyosis, and cystic ovaries all are indicative of hyperestrogenic state associated with development of fibroids.

This is a review on the transition from our empirical approach to treat ovarian cancer to a specific treatment based on molecular signature. We have reviewed not only the evidence-based medicine focused on the origin and tumor morphology of ovarian cancer but also the molecular signature era based on molecular phenotyping of the tumor and its microenvironment, which influences the direct targeted therapy. Evidence-based medicine has shown that the targeted therapy studies are mainly biomarker driven, more focused, and hence treat only those patients who have the underlying molecular abnormality. This molecular abnormality is the target of the drug, leading to higher rates of response. These findings will carry important implications for screening, detection, and treatment of ovarian cancer in the future.

ABSTRACTFrom 300 stool samples, 58 Campylobacterstrains were isolated by standard microbiological and biochemical methods. Of these, 40 strains were identified as Campylobacter jejuniand 5 as Campylobacter coli. The presence of flaA(100%), cadF(100%), racR(100%), dnaJ(100%), pldA(100%), ciaB(95%), virB11(0%), ceuE(82.5%), cdtA(97.5%), cdtB(97.5%), cdtC(97.5%), and wlaN(7.5%) genes was detected in C. jejuniby PCR. All C. jejunistrains but one produced cytolethal distending toxin in a HeLa cell assay.

ABSTRACTA total of 358 Shigella dysenteriaestrains isolated from patients attending the Dhaka treatment center of the International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh, between the years 1999 and 2002 were included in this study. S. dysenteriaetype 1, the dominant serotype in 1999 (76.4%), declined to 6.5% in 2002. On the other hand, S. dysenteriaetypes 2 to 12 were isolated with increasing frequencies of 19, 67, 73.5, and 87% in 1999, 2000, 2001, and 2002, respectively. Of these, types 2 and 4 were the most dominant serotypes, accounting for more than 18.7 and 28.5% of the total isolates, respectively. There was no isolation of serotypes 5, 7, 8, and 13 during this period. Twenty-eight (7.8%) of the isolates were atypical and agglutinated only with the polyvalent antiserum of S. dysenteriae. More than 98% of type 1 strains isolated between 1999 and 2001 were resistant to ampicillin, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, and nalidixic acid. Among other serotypes of S. dysenteriae, Nalrtype 2 strains were isolated in 2001 and 2002. Although heterogeneous plasmid profiles were obtained depending on the presence or absence of a single plasmid, core plasmids were defined for particular serotypes. On the other hand, the same plasmid profile was found to be shared by different serotypes. Interestingly, plasmid patterns of types 2 and 4 were almost identical except that a middle-range plasmid of 70 to 60 MDa was present in type 4 in addition to the core plasmids. All the strains harboring the 140-MDa plasmid were positive for the ipaHgene, had Congo red binding abilities, and were positive by the Sereny test, demonstrating their invasive properties.

ABSTRACTThe serotypes of 144 strains of Shigella flexneriserotype 1 (serotypes 1a, 1b, and 1c) isolated from patients attending the Dhaka treatment center of the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, between 1997 and 2001 were serologically confirmed by using commercially available antisera and a panel of monoclonal antibodies specific for S. flexnerigroup and type factor antigen (MASF). Among serotype 1 isolates, the prevalence of provisional serotype S. flexneri1c increased from 0 to 56% from 1978 to 2001 in Bangladesh. Detailed biochemical studies revealed that none of the strains of serotype 1 produced indole, while all the strains fermented mannose, mannitol, and trehalose. Twenty percent of the serotype 1c and all the serotype 1a strains fermented maltose and 53% of the serotype 1c strains and 60% of the serotype 1a strains fermented arabinose, whereas all serotype 1b strains were negative for fermentation of these sugars. Only 18% of serotype 1b strains were resistant to nalidixic acid, and most of the serotype 1c and 1b strains were resistant to ampicillin, tetracycline, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. All the strains of serotypes 1a and 1b and about 88% of the serotype 1c strains were found to be invasive by the Sereny test, had a 140-MDa plasmid, and had Congo red absorption ability. Plasmid profile analysis showed that 26% of the strains of serotype 1 contained identical patterns. Most of the serotype 1c strains (72%) had the 1.6-MDa plasmid, which was not found in either serotype 1a or 1b strains. A self-transmissible middle-range plasmid (35 to 80 MDa) was found in some strains carrying the multiple-antibiotic-resistance gene. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis yielded three types (types A, B, and C) with numerous subtypes among the serotype 1c strains, whereas serotypes 1b and 1a yielded only one type for each serotype, and those types were related to the types for serotype 1c strains. Ribotyping analysis yielded three patterns for serotype 1c strains and one pattern each for serotype 1a and 1b strains which were similar to the patterns for the serotype 1c strains. Overall analysis of the results concluded that subserotype 1c is closely related to serotypes 1a and 1b. Furthermore, the high rate of prevalence of serotype 1c necessitates the commercial production of antibody against this subserotype to allow the determination of the actual burden of shigellosis caused by provisional serotype 1c.

ABSTRACTTwenty-one atypical Shigella flexneritype 4 strains isolated from patients attending the Dhaka treatment center of the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, were extensively characterized and compared with S. flexneriserotypes 4a and 4b. The atypical strains agglutinated only with the type antigen factor 4 and did not agglutinate with any group factors, thereby excluding their characterization into serotype 4a or 4b. Of the 21 strains, 85.7% did not ferment mannitol but were able to ferment most of the sugars, whereas the remaining 14.3% strains fermented mannitol but were unable to ferment most of the sugars. Most of the strains were resistant to ampicillin, tetracycline, and trimethoprim-sulfomethoxazole. All of the strains harbored the 140-MDa plasmid, had the ipaHgene, had the sengene (encoding Shigellaenterotoxin 2), had the ability to bind Congo red, and were positive for keratoconjunctivitis in the guinea pig eye, attesting their invasive properties. All of the strains contained a middle-range plasmid (35 to 62 MDa) as well as a number of stable small plasmids, yielding mainly two plasmid profiles which were different from those of 4a and 4b strains. Conjugation and curing experiments suggested that the middle-range plasmids harbored a self-transferable multiple antibiotic resistance marker. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis of all of the tested strains yielded two types with numerous subtypes, whereas ribotyping yielded only two types which were completely different from those of types 4a and 4b. This study concluded that two different clones of atypical S. flexneritype 4 exist and strongly suggests that these are new subserotypes of S. flexnerithat await further serological classification.

Many of the less developed countries not only are internally segmented and differentiated by different socio-economic-technological environments, but also have different socioeconomic groups/classes. Contrary to the mainstream economists’ fiction of perfectly competitive markets instituted in a harmonious and well-ordered societal system, markets in these countries are usually less organized, inadequately monetized, and, therefore, the transactional modes of developed market economies exist only in some limited degree. The nature of their economic growth and development, and the resulting pattern of resource allocation and income distribution, are often determined more in the socio-political arena than in the market place. To identify, understand, and explain this systemic structural mechanisms of the developing world better, the socio-economic methodologies of structuralism, functionalism, and institutionalism are more relevant than the orthodox economists’ methodology of atomistic choice theory. Functional dualism, rather than economic dualism, is, for example, an appropriate analytical concept for the socio-economic analysis of dualistic economies.

The article explores the economic growth and the developments on the economy of India. It highlights the gained independence of India from the shackles of Great Britain on August 15, 1947 and mentions the country's adoption of a long-term national economic planning. It notes how the government has built a mixed economy of prevalent public and private sectors by licensing mechanisms. An overview of the ultimate aim of the Five Year Plan to improve the living standard of the Indian society.

ABSTRACTOf 469 recently isolated Shigella flexneristrains, 452 agglutinated with Shigella flexneri-specific monoclonal antibodies. Of these, 396 could be assigned to 10 of the currently recognized 15 serotypes, with S. flexneri2b dominating (23.2%). Of the 56 untypeable strains which showed invasive properties, 17 were serologically atypical and the remaining 39 belonged to a new serotype.

The article focuses on the trade implications of Australia in the Asian century from the economic transformation of India and China. It states that India is the tenth most famous destination for Australian travelers. It notes that China is the biggest international education market for Australia. Moreover, Australia is very affirmative that its close relationship with Asian countries like China and India will remain to be intense as the political, economic, and cultural links gradually deepen.

A chemoselective reduction of aromatic nitro compounds to amines using Mn/CuCl2(cat.)/THF-H2O is described.

Imines undergo addition–elimination reaction with active methylene compounds in the presence of Amberlite IRA-400 (OH–) as catalyst to yield arylidenemalononitrile derivatives.

Selective deoxygenation of nitrones and heteroarene N-oxides with the Zn–AlCl3·6H2O-THF system produces the corresponding imines and heteroarenes in high yield.

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.

<it>Objectives</it>: The aim of the present study was to determine the clonal relationships of ciprofloxacin-resistant <it>Shigella dysenteriae</it> type 1 strains isolated from south Asia, and <it>S. dysenteriae</it> 1 strains associated with epidemics in 1978, 1984 and 1994. <it>Methods</it>: The antimicrobial susceptibilities were examined by NCCLS methods. Molecular epidemiological characterization was performed by plasmid profiling, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and mutation analysis of the quinolone resistance-determining region (QRDR) of <it>gyrA</it> by sequencing. <it>Results</it>: Plasmid patterns of the current ciprofloxacin-resistant strains from India, Nepal and Bangladesh were very similar to those of the 1978, 1984 and 1994 epidemic isolates of <it>S. dysenteriae</it> 1, except for the presence of a new plasmid of ∼2.6 MDa, which was found in one recent ciprofloxacin-resistant strain isolated in Bangladesh. PFGE analysis showed that the ciprofloxacin-resistant strains isolated in Bangladesh, India and Nepal belonged to a PFGE type (type A), which was possibly related to that of the 1984 and 1994 clone of <it>S. dysenteriae</it> 1, but different from 1978 epidemic strains. The current ciprofloxacin-resistant strains belong to five subtypes (A3–A7), all of which were found in India, but in Bangladesh and Nepal, only A3 existed. Mutation analysis of the QRDR of <it>gyrA</it> revealed that amino acid substitutions at positions 83 and 87 of ciprofloxacin-resistant strains isolated in Bangladesh were similar to those of the strains isolated in Nepal, but different (at position 87) from ciprofloxacin-resistant strains isolated in India. <it>Conclusions</it>: PFGE and mutation analysis of <it>gyrA</it> showed differences between the current ciprofloxacin-resistant <it>S. dysenteriae</it> 1 strains isolated in south Asia and those associated with epidemics in 1978, 1984 and 1994.

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.