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Mainstream wireless communication networks mostly adopt the layered protocol encapsulation mechanism, which inevitably introduces natural redundancy into protocols. To fully exploit the abundant natural redundancy in protocols (NRP), this paper provides a novel cross-frame and cross-layer perspective for channel coding and decoding (CCD). First, a generalized CCD architecture is developed for the first time to describe the NRP and artificial redundancy in channel codes (ARC) uniformly. The concept of equivalent code rate is proposed correspondingly to evaluate the potential gain of NRP. Second, we summarize the types of NRP, and for each of them, factor graphs and sum-product algorithms (SPAs) are adopted to model and solve the correlation between it and ARC. On this basis, the joint decoding of multi-class NRP and ARC is further considered, and a general SPA-based joint protocol-channel decoding (JPCD) scheme is presented. Finally, tests on the 802.11n TCP/IP/MAC protocol stack demonstrate that the JPCD scheme can significantly improve the decoding performance of both the packet header and payload with a relatively small computational cost. Our work shows great promise in reducing error retransmission, bandwidth overhead, and the difficulty of source recovery.

This letter provides a cross-layer perspective for the de-aggregation of aggregated packets. First, we analyze the natural redundancy in protocols that can be leveraged for delimitation. Second, we propose a new path metric, focusing on maximizing the likelihood of all potential redundant protocol fields. Subsequently, a Viterbi-based path search algorithm is developed to achieve the theoretical optimum. When repeated fields are available in the protocol stack, we introduce a decision feedback mechanism to further enhance performance. Tests conducted on aggregated High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC) protocol packets demonstrate that our method can approach the approximate performance upper limit with significantly reduced complexity and improved operability.

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A high-performance communication receiver desires a sufficient and accurate recognition of transmitted sources. In this paper, we propose a sequential decoding algorithm for the robust reception of sources with natural redundancy (NR) over the AWGN channel. To fully exploit the abundant NR in the exemplified English text sources, a causal language modeling (CLM) with a powerful Transformer decoder neural network (NN) structure is adopted for modeling the joint probability distribution. For versatility of byte-level tokenization, the UTF-8 encoding scheme is considered for the Wikipedia corpus, namely the English edition of the Wiki-40B dataset. The tree search-based M-algorithm (MA) is integrated with CLM, denoted as CLM-MA algorithm, to synthesize the a priori probability of information sequence and likelihood values of polluted symbols. Both simulation experiments and hardware platform evaluations are conducted to analyze the performance of the CLM-MA algorithm. With an adequately large M value, tremendous performance profit is achievable, especially for high-efficiency modulation levels and extremely noisy conditions. This mechanism of adopting the pre-trained NN model merely desires self-supervised learning architecture and eliminates the requirement of high-cost and accurate labels, which paves a new way for communication receiver design.

2D bismuth molybdate nanosheets with tunable shape and size were synthesized by a surfactant-assisted hydrothermal method and their photocatalytic performances were investigated. The characterization results show that bismuth molybdate materials consist of regular nanosheets that were self-assembled from uniform nanoparticles, and their sizes can be controlled by optimizing the synthesis conditions. The results of photocatalytic degradation indicate that the as-synthesized bismuth molybdate material exhibits excellent photocatalytic activity and good degradation rate of multi-pollutants under visible light irradiation. Notably, the degradation rates of ciprofloxacin and phenol reached 99.4% and 78.6% within 120 min, respectively, and the maximum reaction rate constants increased by 20 times compared to that of bismuth molybdate nanosheets with larger size, which is mainly attributed to the narrow energy gap and outstanding photoelectrochemical properties and improvement of charge separation efficiency of nanoparticles. As-synthesized bismuth molybdate nanosheets are expected to be a potential candidate for the degradation of multi-pollutants in actual environmental remediation.

ZnO materials possessing hexagonal shapes and different sizes exhibit distinct electrochemical response in amines solution. The regular hexagonal ZnO nanotablets with ultrathin nanosheets served as electrochemical sensor exhibit ultra-sensitive electrochemical response and selectivity to ammonia.

3D CuO/SnO2was composed of 2D lamellae consisting of ordered nanoparticles. Its laminated structure and heterojunction endow CuO/SnO2-based sensor an enhanced sensing properties, i.e., an impressive sensitivity and selectivity to TEA in gas phase.

The solid solution (CeZr)O2catalyst was synthesized, and it was modified with metal oxides by incipient impregnation. Morphology and structure were characterized by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscope, nitrogen ad/desorption and H2-temperature program reduction techniques. The catalytic properties of methane oxidation were also investigated. The results showed that solid solution possessed a mesoporous structure and exhibited excellent catalytic performance. The activity of solid solution was improved effectively by nickel doping, and the optimal loading is 15wt%. The stability of (CeZr)O2and modified (CeZr)O2indicated that the structure of pristine solid solution played a key role in promoting molecules diffusion and spatial confining oxide particle sintering.

The size-controlled silica microspheres were prepared by a facile method and the growth mechanism was simply studied. The as-prepared samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The CO2adsorption behaviors and methane catalytic oxidation were also measured. The results show that the as-prepared silica is perfect sphere, and the particle size can be controlled by adding tartaric acid. Spherical silica and sphere/tube(rod)-shaped silica were obtained by adjusting reaction time. Silica microspheres with uniform size exhibit high capacity of CO2adsorption, while others with wide size-distribution exhibit excellent catalytic performance, suggesting it is an effective method by regulating size to utilize its advantages selectively. Therefore, it will be an ideal strategy to develop the efficient multifunctional materials by a facile route.

Hexagonal gridlike ZnO lamellae (GZL) with uniform thickness are synthesized by the o-phthalic acid-assisted hydrothermal method. Here, a systematic study of the assembly behaviors of gridlike ZnO lamellae obtained by the synergistic effect of urea and o-phthalic acid is presented. The morphology evolution and formation mechanism of GZL are also discussed in detail. The as-synthesized samples were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy and electron diffraction spectroscopy. The results show that 2D ZnO lamellae are composed of nanotablets, which are jointed to form grids. The length and width of ZnO lamellae are about 1000 and 500 nm, respectively, and the thickness is about 30 nm. GZL morphology evolves from hexagonal ZnO nanotablets to lamellae with grids. The gas-sensing properties indicate that sensors fabricated from different materials present very different responses to volatile organic compounds. A GZL-based sensor has good response to acetaldehyde, and the response and recovery times are 1 and 6 s, respectively, when it was exposed to 1 ppm of acetaldehyde gas. The possibility of tuning the gas-sensing properties by adjusting the morphology makes GZL a novel candidate for more effective detection of a toxic, volatile gas with low concentration.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of the combination of paclitaxel and nedaplatin in patients with advanced esophageal cancer. Patients (n=310) with recurrent or metastatic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, who had a maximum of one previous chemotherapy regimen, were enrolled in this study. All patients had bidimensionally measurable disease. Patients received 175 mgm2of paclitaxel over a 3 h infusion, followed by nedaplatin 80 mgm2in a 1 h infusion on day 1 every 3 weeks for up to 6 treatment cycles. The overall response rate was 47.7, with complete and partial response rates of 6.1 and 41.7, respectively. The median time to progression for all patients was 6.8 months (95 confidence interval, 6.2–7.4 months) and the 3-year disease-free survival probability was 3 (15.8). The major toxicity observed was cumulative neutropenia, with 29 patients developing grade 4 toxicity. There was no treatment-related death. The most common nonhematologic toxicity encountered with this regimen was pain and cumulative peripheral neuropathy, with 26 patients experiencing grade 2 or 3 toxicity. The combination of paclitaxel and nedaplatin shows significant antitumor activity and a favorable toxicity profile in patients with metastatic carcinoma of esophageal cancer.

•Hexagonal brick-shaped SnO2(HBSS) was synthesized by using o-phthalic acid.•Well-dispersed HBSS exhibits a good selectivity and response to triethylamine.•HBSS is an efficient material for detecting low-concentration amine gases.

In this paper, the dodecane is selected as the oil phase, and the adsorption behavior of an oil droplet on six self-assembled monolayer (SAM) surfaces in aqueous solution is investigated by a combined molecular dynamics and quantum mechanics method. First, the adsorption configuration of an oil droplet on these six surfaces is investigated, which indicates that the oil droplets spread on SAMs of −CH3, −OCH3, and −COOCH3and detach from SAMs of −NH2, −OH, and −COOH. After that, the interactions of oil–SAM and water–SAM are calculated to rationalize the driving force controlling the conformational change of the oil droplet on various SAMs. Researched results suggest that the conformational change of the oil droplet is mainly driven by the interaction between water and SAMs. Finally, the mechanism of oil spreading or detachment behavior is discussed from the aspect of water property near the SAM, and calculated results show that the adsorption capability and dynamic property of interfacial water have a profound effect on the adsorption behavior of the oil droplet. The microscopic adsorption behavior of the oil droplet on SAMs discussed here is helpful to understand many phenomena in scientific and industrial processes better.

Uniform small onion‐like carbon (OLC) modified with molybdenum carbide has been synthesized by a one‐step process, using detonation‐assisted chemical vapor deposition. The obtained material was characterized by transmission electron microscope, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and X‐ray diffraction. The results show that the OLC have almost perfect onion structures containing about 7–10 closed shells and exhibit a narrow distribution of 4–6 nm when the C/Mo ratio is about 150. The hexagonal molybdenum carbide (Mo2C) is dispersed on the surface of OLC. The size of OLC can be controlled by adjusting the C/Mo ratios. The formation mechanism of the nanocomposites of OLC and Mo2C is briefly discussed.

Recently, a variety of sensors based on zinc oxide nanostructures have been used for the detection of various environmental contaminants. The morphological versatility of zinc oxide crucially improves its sensing properties. In this review, we have mostly focused on the preparation methods of zinc oxide with different structures and morphologies and the electrochemical behaviors for the detection of environmental contaminants including heavy metal ions, volatile organic compounds, pesticides, bacteria and viruses. Numerous electrodes are available for the detection of contaminants in electrochemical systems, but a reliable, portable and inexpensive electrode is urgently needed. Thus, we have summarized several nanostructured zinc oxide -based materials and their actual applications. Controllable structures and morphologies of zinc oxide nanomaterials can make them have an adjustable performance for electrochemical sensors. The investigation of different structure and morphology-dependent sensing properties of zinc oxide nanostructures can offer an insight into the sensing mechanism and enhancement of property for many electrochemical sensors. Zinc oxide -based nanomaterials will serve as a quick and simple platform to identify a wide range of mentioned contaminants with very low detection limits by electrochemical method.

AbstractARC (Advance-retreat course) analysis is a theoretical analysis and method on socio-economic development. The main point of ARC is that any economic development behavior will face various pressure coming from environment, that is to say, human beings can actively devise and implement his own economic development strategies, and on the other hand integrative environment formed by all kinds of objective factors can not only passively receive human’s choices but aslo human behaviors by the pressure or resistance caused by mankind’s behavior. Such dynamic game between human beings and environment is quite different from traditional game problems. Basing on the frame of advance-retreat course (F. Dai, et al, 2007), this paper devises an explanatory model of enterprise development considering environmental pressure according to the basic characteristics of enterprise, develops an analytic model for general advance-retreat course, proves that the solution of the course exists, presents a general method to solve the solution, proposes a series of practical strategies on industry growth control, and particularly draws the important conclusion that faster growing speed will lead to economic growth ending earlier. Finally, the empirical analysis explains ARC to be effective in describing economic growth process, and the controlling strategies for keeping on growth in US economy are given.

AbstractThis paper suggests the Multivariate Partial Distribution (MPD) for the first time, and establishes the new kinds of models for pricing the group assets (MPGA) based MPD, in which the competition and complementarity in cost resources are analyzed, and the way of dividing an asset into two assets is discussed. According to this study, integrated risk of group assets may be analyzed into two types - hedging risk and independent risk, for which corresponding representing models are given. Then, we could analyze the price risk and profit of the group assets in a more specific way. This study indicates that in most cases, a simple combination of assets hedging in the one-to-one mode cannot eliminate completely their market risks in any case, and puts forward a particular method of determining the optimal ratio between underlying asset and its derivative in hedging.

An electrochemical sensor was promoted for the rapid and efficient detection of hydrogen peroxide via the ZnO nano/microrods-based (GCE) electrode. The ZnO nano/microrods were controllable prepared by changing zinc precursor under hydrothermal condition and the sensing properties of ZnO materials were studied. The sensing performance was optimized by adjusting ZnO's morphologies and size. The ZnO nanorods (ZNRs)-based electrode exhibits a notable sensing response toward hydrogen peroxide compared to other modified GCE. More importantly, the developed ZNRs-based sensor possesses high sensitivity of 10.8 ?A mM?1and a detection limit (LOD) of 0.28 ?M. Thus, the synthesized ZNRs material is proved to be a potential material for the hydrogen peroxide detection in various fields.

•The optimized distribution and melting point of the PCMs of the box was obtained.•Arrangements of the PCMs affect the cooling time of the cold box significantly.•Melting points of the PCMs varies the box cooling time from 2.1 to 9.6 h.•The vacuum insulated panel can prolong the cooling time of the box to 46.5 h.