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Hintergrund: Aerosole sind eine Mischung fester oder flüssiger Partikel mit einer Größe zwischen 1 nm und mehreren 100 µm in einem Gas oder Gasgemisch. Nicht nur Berufsgruppen im Gesundheitswesen können von infektiösen Aerosolen betroffen sein. Zudem können auch nichtinfektiöse Aerosole, z. B. Pilzsporen, Nanopartikel, Stäube, Chemikaliendämpfe für viele Berufsgruppen gefährlich sein. Die Verwendung von Masken hat sich als effektive Maßnahme zum Schutz vor Aerosolen erwiesen. Ziel dieser Studie war es, die Bedeutung und Grenzen beim Tragen von OP- und FFP2-Masken zum Schutz vor feinen und ultrafeinen Aerosolen in einem realitätsnahen Umfeld zu zeigen. Methoden: In einem Laborraum mit einer Grundfläche von 27 m2und einem Rauminhalt von ca. 80 m3wurden Aerosole (DEHS und wässriges Aerosol) künstlich generiert. Die erzeugten Aerosole wurden mit einem Spektrometer im Bereich zwischen 5,6 und 560 nm quantifiziert. Installierte Phantomköpfe am Aerosolgenerator (Emitter) und Spektrometer (Empfänger) konnten mit Masken ausgestattet und die Entfernung zueinander verändert werden. Ergebnisse: Bei DEHS-Aerosol (Abstände Phantomköpfe Emitter – Empfänger 150 bis 300 cm) und wässrigem Aerosol (Abstand 100 cm) konnte eine sehr signifikante (p< 0,001) Minderung der Aerosolbelastung festgestellt werden, wenn am Emitter eine OP- oder FFP2-Maske befestigt war. War nur am Empfänger eine Maske befestigt, bot eine gut passende, am Phantomkopf abgeklebte FFP2-Maske signifikant (p< 0,001) den besten Schutz vor Aerosolen, deutlich vor nichtabgeklebter FFP2-Maske und OP-Maske. Fazit: OP- und FFP2-Masken bieten einen guten Fremdschutz. Einen wirklich guten Selbstschutz bieten Masken nur, wenn sie wirklich gut und dicht sitzen. OP-Masken sind für den Selbstschutz nur sehr eingeschränkt geeignet.

Die Digitalisierung als globaler Megatrend transformiert nicht nur Branchen, Organisationen und Berufe, sondern erzeugt Veränderungsherausforderungen und Pfadbrüche, mit denen auf subjektiv-berufsbiografischer Ebene umgegangen werden muss. Unser Beitrag beleuchtet die Implikationen digitaler Transformationsprozesse in drei wissensintensiven Berufsfeldern (Kommunikation, Finanzen, ICT) auf Ebene der Biografiegestaltung. Auf Grundlage berufsbiografischer Fallanalysen anhand von Interviews rekonstruieren wir, wie Wissensarbeitende die Umbrüche in ihrem beruflichen Umfeld subjektiv erleben und im Lichte eigener Vorstellungen eines gelungenen Lebens und einer kohärenten beruflichen Biografie zu bewältigen und mitzugestalten versuchen. Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Fähigkeit, berufliche Transitionen trotz ihres potenziell krisenhaften und erschütternden Charakters in eine kohärente, identitätsstiftende biografische Erzählung einzuweben, ein entscheidender Faktor gelingender Biografiegestaltung in Zeiten des Umbruchs ist.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, many people were anxious about a coronavirus infection due to the high infection rate and the mortality risk associated with the disease. Fear of COVID-19 might have influenced patients’ utilisation of medical services, even if it meant that a postponed therapy had severe consequences. Our aims were to analyse (a) to what extent fear of COVID-19 contributes to forgone consultations, (b) if patient characteristics, health literacy and social support influence the effect of fear of COVID-19 on the utilisation behaviour and (c) whether interactions between these possible predictor variables are responsible for a higher extent of avoided consultations due to fear of COVID-19.

Fahrradfahren als Form der aktiven Fortbewegung bietet viele gesundheitliche Vorteile durch eine gesteigerte körperliche Aktivität. In städtischer Umgebung können diese Vorteile aufgrund der intensivierten Respiration beim Radfahren und der Nähe zum Fahrzeugverkehr mit einer assoziierten Exposition von verkehrsbedingter partikulärer Luftverschmutzung durch Feinstaub beeinträchtigt werden. Das Ziel dieser Übersichtsarbeit ist, eine Darstellung der aktuellen Literatur mit mobil erhobenen Daten zur Feinstaubbelastung Radfahrender im urbanen Raum zu geben sowie die darin beschriebenen Einflussfaktoren der Feinstaubkonzentrationen aus Meteorologie, Verkehr, Architektur und zeitlichen Bedingungen zu beschreiben. Fahrradfahren repräsentiert diesbezüglich eine effiziente Vorgehensweise zur Charakterisierung individueller Feinstaubbelastungen mit der Möglichkeit einer hohen räumlich-zeitlichen Auflösung. Unter Beachtung der Hintergrundkonzentration können Aussagen zur relativen Schadstoffexposition und des einhergehenden Gesundheitsrisikos mit Erkenntnissen zugunsten einer umweltverträglichen innerstädtischen Verkehrsplanung getroffen werden.

Die vorliegende Übersicht über die Biomarker BNP und NT-pro-BNP wird im Rahmen der Serie „Biomarker“ des Zentralblatts für Arbeitsmedizin, Arbeitsschutz und Ergonomiepubliziert, die sich mit dem immer häufigeren Gebrauch der Bestimmung von spezifischen Markern bei sog. Manager-Vorsorgen und Check-up-Untersuchungen beschäftigt. BNP und NT-pro-BNP eignen sich grundsätzlich als Marker zur Diagnosestellung der akuten und chronischen Herzinsuffizienz sowie zur Verlaufsbeurteilung. Hier zeigen diese eine hohe Sensitivität und Spezifität.

Die vorliegende Übersicht über die Biomarkern TIMP‑2 („tissue inhibitor of metalloprokinase 2“) und IGFBP7 („insulin-like growth factor binding protein 7“) wird im Rahmen der Serie „Biomarker“ des Zentralblatts für Arbeitsmedizin, Arbeitsschutz und Ergonomiepubliziert. Die Marker TIMP‑2 und IGFBP7 eignen sich zur Abschätzung der Nierenschädigung und zur frühen Diagnostik der akuten Niereninsuffizienz. Hier zeigen diese eine hohe Sensitivität und Spezifität.

Die vorliegende Übersicht zum Biomarker „Lipoprotein(a) – Lp(a)“ wird im Rahmen der Serie Diagnostika des Zentralblatts für Arbeitsmedizin, Arbeitsschutz und Ergonomie publiziert, die sich mit dem immer häufigeren Gebrauch der Bestimmung von spezifischen Markern bei sog. Manager-Vorsorgen und Check-up-Untersuchungen beschäftigt. Lipoprotein(a), Lp(a), eignet sich grundsätzlich nicht für solche Vorsorgen, sondern ist ein Marker zur Risikoabschätzung der peripheren arteriellen Verschlusskrankheit. Hier zeigt dieser eine hohe Sensitivität und Spezifität, wobei der Marker aber auf keinen Fall als Screeningparameter zur Frühdiagnostik eingesetzt werden sollte.

Der Innovationsausschuss beim Gemeinsamen Bundesausschuss (G-BA) fördert das Projekt „INTEGRAL–10-Jahres-Evaluation der populationsbezogenen Integrierten Versorgung Gesundes Kinzigtal“ (IVGK) (Förderkennzeichen 01VSF16002). Basis der Evaluation soll ein mit Routinedaten erfassbares Indikatorenset sein, mit dem zum einen die programmspezifischen, auf Prävention und Disease Management ausgerichteten IVGK-Programme beurteilt werden können. Zum anderen sollen mögliche negative Begleiterscheinungen der als „Shared-Savings-Vertrag“ angelegten IVGK überprüft werden, indem auch nicht vom IV-Vertrag erfasste Versorgungsbedarfe beobachtet werden. Da ein konsentiertes Indikatorenset für regionale Programme der integrierten Versorgung (IV) bisher nicht verfügbar ist, sollte ein geeignetes Indikatorenset entwickelt werden.

Background: Despite the potentially accompanying negative clinical, epidemiologic, and health economic effects, a large proportion of persons living with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are diagnosed late. Internationally, numerous diseases are known to be HIV indicator diseases. Adequate HIV testing in the presence of HIV indicator diseases could help to diagnose unknown HIV infections earlier. The objective of the HeLP study is to validate published HIV indicator diseases for the German setting and to identify guidelines in terms of these indicator diseases in order to reduce knowledge gaps and increase HIV testing when HIV indicator diseases are diagnosed. Methods: A mixed methods approach is used. In a first step, published HIV indicator diseases will be identified in a systematic literature review and subsequently discussed with clinical experts regarding their relevance for the German setting. For the validation of selected indicator diseases different data sets (two cohort studies, namely HIV-1 seroconverter study & ClinSurv-HIV, and statutory health insurance routine data) will be analyzed. Sensitivity analyses using different time periods will be performed. Guidelines of HIV indicator diseases validated in the HeLP study will be reviewed for mentioning HIV and for HIV testing recommendations. In addition, semi-standardized interviews (followed by a free discussion) with guideline creators will identify reasons why HIV testing recommendations were (not) included. Subsequently, a random sample of physicians in medical practices will be surveyed to identify how familiar physicians are with HIV testing recommendations in guidelines and, if so, which barriers are seen to perform the recommended tests in everyday care. Discussion: The HeLP-study adopts the challenge to validate published HIV indicator diseases for the German setting and has the potential to close a knowledge gap regarding this objective. This has the potential to improve targeted HIV testing for patients with HIV indicator diseases and consequently lead to earlier HIV diagnosis. Trial registration: DRKS00028743

(Am J Obstet Gynecol.2022;227:77.e1–30)Preeclampsia is associated with increased maternal morbidity and mortality. It can be difficult to estimate the severity of preeclampsia and to predict adverse outcomes caused by the disease. A number of biomarkers can be accurate positive predictors for preeclampsia. Previous studies have shown the risk of preeclampsia can be more accurately predicted using a multifactorial analysis with patients’ medical history data and current health data. The current study aimed to demonstrate that using machine-learning with this data can more accurately predict adverse outcomes compared to traditional models.

Auch heutzutage sind Pilzintoxikationen mit schwerwiegenden Krankheitsfolgen ein bedeutendes Thema, sogar mit steigender Tendenz in den letzten Jahren. Nachfolgend sollen die Häufigkeit, die Symptome und gesundheitliche Komplikationen sowie mögliche Therapie- und auch Präventionsmaßnahmen im Falle einer Exposition mit dem Kartoffel- bzw. Hartbovist als einem wichtigen Vertreter der Giftpilze dargestellt werden. Er stammt aus der Familie der Kartoffelbovistverwandten (Sclerodermataceae) und umfasst weltweit etwa 30 Arten. Von Juni bis Oktober kommt er als Mykorrhizabildner mit verschieden Laub- und Nadelbäumen vor. Aufgrund seiner Toxizität verursacht der Kartoffelbovist Verdauungsstörungen sowie Ohnmacht und Schwindel. Even today, fungal intoxications with severe disease consequences are a significant issue and even with an upward trend in recent years. In the following the frequency, symptoms and health complications as well as possible treatment and preventive measures in cases of exposure to the earthball (in German potato or hard bovist) as an important representative of toadstools are presented. It originates from the family of potato bovist relatives (Sclerodermataceae) and includes approximately 30 species worldwide. From June to October it occurs as a mycorrhizal recipient with various deciduous and coniferous trees. Due to its toxicity, the potato bovist causes digestive disorders as well as fainting and dizziness.

The ongoing softwarization of networks creates a big need for automated testing solutions to ensure service quality. This becomes even more important if agile environments with short time to market and high demands, in terms of service performance and availability, are considered. In this paper, we introduce a novel testing solution for virtualized, microservice-based network functions and services, which we base on TTCN-3, a well known testing language defined by the European standards institute (ETSI). We use TTCN-3 not only for functional testing but also answer the question whether TTCN-3 can be used for performance profiling tasks as well. Finally, we demonstrate the proposed concepts and solutions in a case study using our open-source prototype to test and profile a chained network service.

Präeklampsie (PE) ist eine der häufigsten Schwangerschaftserkrankungen, die aufgrund einer dysfunktionellen Einheit zwischen Mutter, Fet und Plazenta zu Hypertonie und Proteinurie führt. Die kurzfristig lebensgefährlichen Komplikationen mit Multiorganbeteiligung, vor allem renal, hepatisch, zerebral, pulmonal und hämatologisch, erhöhen kindliche wie mütterliche prä- und peripartale Morbidität und Mortalität. Langfristig steigt die Wahrscheinlichkeit für kardiovaskuläre Ereignisse bei Mutter und Kind. Die einzige kausale Therapie ist die Entbindung. Eine verbesserte Vorhersage der Erkrankung kann durch Messung der angiogenen Faktoren sFlt-1 und PlGF erreicht werden. Eine frühe und präzise Identifizierung von Patientinnen mit erhöhtem Risiko für PE ist von höchster Wichtigkeit, da sich maternale wie fetale Morbidität und Mortalität durch intensiviertes Monitoring, die Induktion der fetalen Lungenreife sowie frühe Verlegung in ein Perinatalzentrum senken lassen. La pré-éclampsie (PE) est une des pathologies les plus fréquentes de la grossesse, caractérisée par une hypertension et une protéinurie résultant d’une unité fœto-materno-placentaire dysfonctionnelle. Les complications menaçant la vie à court terme, avec atteinte multi-organique – en particulier rénale, hépatique, cérébrale, pulmonaire et hématologique – font augmenter la morbi-mortalité prépartale et péripartale de l’enfant et de la mère. À long terme, le risque de complications cardio-vasculaires augmente chez la mère et l’enfant. L’accouchement est le seul traitement causal. Une meilleure prédiction de cette maladie peut être atteinte par dosage des facteurs angiogéniques sFlt-1 e PlGF. Une identification précoce et précise des patientes à risque accru de PE est extrêmement importante, étant donné que la morbidité maternelle et fœtale peut être réduite par une surveillance intensifiée, une induction de la maturation pulmonaire fœtale et une admission précoce dans un centre périnatal.

Präeklampsie (PE) ist eine der häufigsten Schwangerschaftserkrankungen, die aufgrund einer dysfunktionellen Einheit zwischen Mutter, Fet und Plazenta zu Hypertonie und Proteinurie führt. Die kurzfristig lebensgefährlichen Komplikationen mit Multiorganbeteiligung, vor allem renal, hepatisch, zerebral, pulmonal und hämatologisch, erhöhen kindliche wie mütterliche prä- und peripartale Morbidität und Mortalität. Langfristig steigt die Wahrscheinlichkeit für kardiovaskuläre Ereignisse bei Mutter und Kind. Die einzige kausale Therapie ist die Entbindung. Eine verbesserte Vorhersage der Erkrankung kann durch Messung der angiogenen Faktoren sFlt-1 und PlGF erreicht werden. Eine frühe und präzise Identifizierung von Patientinnen mit erhöhtem Risiko für PE ist von höchster Wichtigkeit, da sich maternale wie fetale Morbidität und Mortalität durch intensiviertes Monitoring, die Induktion der fetalen Lungenreife sowie frühe Verlegung in ein Perinatalzentrum senken lassen. Preeclampsia (PE) is one of the most frequent diseases in pregnancy that leads to hypertension and proteinuria due to a dysfunctional unity between the placenta, mother and fetus. The rapidly forming life-threatening complications with multiorgan involvement, particularly resulting in renal, hepatic, cerebral, hematological and pulmonary impairment, increase the prepartum and peripartum morbidity and mortality for both mother and fetus. The long-term outcome can deteriorate due to an increased risk for cardiovascular events for mother and child. The only causal treatment is parturition. The clinical management is based on a timely detection of high-risk patients, who can be identified by combining medical history and clinically apparent symptoms with measurement of the sFlt1:PlGF ratio. Close clinical surveillance, symptomatic treatment. induction of lung maturation and premature transfer to a perinatal center are therefore the only therapeutic options to improve maternal and fetal outcome.

Methods for assembly, taxonomic profiling and binning are key to interpreting metagenome data, but a lack of consensus about benchmarking complicates performance assessment. The Critical Assessment of Metagenome Interpretation (CAMI) challenge has engaged the global developer community to benchmark their programs on highly complex and realistic data sets, generated from ∼700 newly sequenced microorganisms and ∼600 novel viruses and plasmids and representing common experimental setups. Assembly and genome binning programs performed well for species represented by individual genomes but were substantially affected by the presence of related strains. Taxonomic profiling and binning programs were proficient at high taxonomic ranks, with a notable performance decrease below family level. Parameter settings markedly affected performance, underscoring their importance for program reproducibility. The CAMI results highlight current challenges but also provide a roadmap for software selection to answer specific research questions.

Spasticity is a very common syndrome in patients with multiple sclerosis (pwMS), but available treatments lead to sufficient symptom control only in one third.

The present computational study aims at unraveling the competitive photoinduced electron transfer (ET) kinetics in a supramolecular photocatalyst model. Detailed understanding of the fundamental processes is essential for the design of novel photocatalysts in the scope of solar energy conversion that allows unidirectional ET from a light-harvesting photosensitizer to the catalytically active site. Thus, the photophysics and the photochemistry of the bimetallic complex RuCo, [(bpy)2RuII(tpphz)CoIII(bpy)2]5+, where excitation of the ruthenium(II) moiety leads to an ET to the cobalt(III), were investigated by quantum chemical and quantum dynamical methods. Time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) allowed us to determine the bright singlet excitations as well as to identify the triplet states involved in the photoexcited relaxation cascades associated with charge-separation (CS) and charge-recombination (CR) processes. Diabatic potential energy surfaces were constructed for selected pairs of donor–acceptor states leading to CS and CR along linear interpolated Cartesian coordinates to study the intramolecular ET via Marcus theory, a semiempirical expression neglecting an explicit description of the potential couplings and quantum dynamics (QD). Both Marcus theory and QD predict very similar rate constants of 1.55 × 1012– 2.24 × 1013s–1and 1.21 × 1013–7.59 × 1013s–1for CS processes, respectively. ET rates obtained by the semiempirical expression are underestimated by several orders of magnitude; thus, an explicit consideration of electronic coupling is essential to describe intramolecular ET processes in RuCo.

The DM2E dataset is a five-star dataset providing metadata and links for direct access to digitized content from various cultural heritage institutions across Europe. The data model is a true specialization of the Europeana Data Model and reflects specific requirements from the domain of manuscripts and old prints, as well as from developers who want to create applications on top of the data. One such application is a scholarly research platform for the Digital Humanities that was created as part of the DM2E project and can be seen as a reference implementation. The Linked Data API was developed with versioning and provenance from the beginning, leading to new theoretical and practical insights.

We analyze 65–105 keV electrons in the 7 February 2010 solar electron event observed simultaneously by STEREO‐A, STEREO‐B, and ACE. A method to reconstruct the full‐electron pitch angle distributions from the four Solar Electron and Proton Telescope sensors on STEREO‐A/B and the Solar Electron and Proton Telescope instrument on ACE in the energy range of approximately 60–300 keV for periods of incomplete angular coverage is presented. A transport modeling based on numerical solutions of a three‐dimensional particle propagation model which includes pitch angle scattering and focused transport is applied to the intensity and anisotropy profiles measured on all three spacecraft. Based on an analysis of intensity gradients observed between the three spacecraft, we find that the lateral transport of the electrons occurs partially close to the Sun, due to effects of nonradial divergence of magnetic field lines or particle diffusion, and partially in the interplanetary medium. For the mean free paths characterizing the electron diffusion parallel and perpendicular to the interplanetary magnetic field, we derive values of λ∥∼ 0.1 AU and λ⟂∼ 0.01 AU. In comparison with results from other particle events which we had previously analyzed in a similar manner we discuss whether the diffusion mean free paths parallel and perpendicular to the average magnetic field might be related with each other, and whether the particle transport perpendicular to the average magnetic field is more likely due to particles following meandering magnetic field lines, or due to particles being scattered off individual field lines. We analyze solar electrons observed simultaneously on the STEREO‐A/B and ACEA numerical simulation of the three‐dimensional electron transport is presentedParallel and perpendicular diffusion coefficients are derived

Maintaining genome integrity requires the accurate and complete replication of chromosomal DNA. This is of the utmost importance for embryonic stem cells (ESCs), which differentiate into cells of all lineages, including germ cells. However, endogenous and exogenous factors frequently induce stalling of replication forks in every cell cycle, which can trigger mutations and chromosomal instabilities. We show here that the oncofetal, nonhistone chromatin factor HMGA2 equips cells with a highly effective first-line defense mechanism against endonucleolytic collapse of stalled forks. This fork-stabilizing function most likely employs scaffold formation at branched DNA via multiple DNA-binding domains. Moreover, HMGA2 works independently of other human factors in two heterologous cell systems to prevent DNA strand breaks. This fork chaperone function seemingly evolved to preserve ESC genome integrity. It is hijacked by tumor (stem) cells to also guard their genomes against DNA-damaging agents widely used to treat cancer patients.

We report for several solar energetic particle events (SEPs) intensity and anisotropy measurements of energetic electrons in the energy range ∼27 to ∼500 keV as observed with the Wind and ACE spacecraft in June 2000. The observations onboard Wind show bimodal pitch angle distributions (PADs), whereas ACE shows PADs with one peak, as usually observed for impulsive injection of electrons at the Sun. During the time of observation Wind was located upstream of the Earth's bow shock, in the dawn‐noon sector, at distances of ∼40 to ∼70REfrom the Earth, and magnetically well connected to the quasi‐parallel bow shock, whereas ACE, located at the libration point L1, was not connected to the bow shock. The electron intensity‐time profiles and energy spectra show that the backstreaming electrons observed at Wind are not of magnetospheric origin. The observations rather suggest that the bimodal electron PADs are due to reflection or scattering at an obstacle located at a distance of less than ∼150REin the antisunward direction, compatible with the bow shock or magnetosheath of the magnetosphere of the Earth. For a modeling of the observations, we have performed transport simulations which include the effects of pitch angle diffusion, adiabatic focusing, and reflection at a boundary close to the point of observation. The results of the simulations demonstrate that the bimodal PADs are compatible with the reflection of electrons at a nearby boundary, at distances of ∼70RE. This finding is supported by the orbital configuration and the magnetic field direction: Whereas ACE is not connected, Wind is well connected to the magnetosphere of the Earth. We analyze solar energetic electrons observed on the Wind and ACE spacecraft.Electrons observed close to the bow shock show bi-modal angular distributions.A numerical simulation of electron reflection at bow shock is presented.

Online Datinghat sich in den letzten Jahren zu einem der wenigen wirklich lukrativen Sektoren der Internetökonomie entwickelt. Hier wurde ein spezielles Geschäftsmodell entwickelt: Das primäre ,Produkt‘ von Dating-Seiten sind emotionale soziale Beziehungen. Letztlich sind es jedoch die NutzerInnen selbst, die diese emotionalen Beziehungen praktisch herstellen und dabei Emotionsarbeit auf der und für die Plattform leisten. Konsumenten- und Produzentenrolle vermischen sich, die Mitglieder werden zu „Prosumern der Gefühle“, die ökonomischen Mehrwert produzieren und gleichzeitig nicht unbeträchtliche Mitgliedsbeiträge zahlen. Basierend auf empirischer Forschung untersucht der Artikel sowohl grundsätzlich das spannungsreiche Verhältnis zwischen Liebe und Emotionsarbeit als auch das spezifische emotionale Produktionsregime von Dating-Plattformen, die Gefühle nicht nur zu wecken, sondern auch in produktive emotional laborzu transformieren suchen. Online Dating ist damit ein aktuelles und besonders prägnantes Beispiel für die generelle Tendenz des gegenwärtigen Kapitalismus, Gefühle verstärkt zu einer Quelle ökonomischer Wertschöpfung zu machen.

Im Artikel werden laufende Arbeiten und Ergebnisse der Forschergruppe Wissensmanagement beschrieben. Diese entstanden vor allem durch die am Lehrstuhl Wissensmanagement angesiedelten Projekte Europeana v2.0, Digitised Manuscripts to Europeana (DM2E) sowie von Teilprojekten des vor kurzem gestarteten DFG-Exzellenzclusters Bild Wissen Gestaltung. Die Projekte befassen sich mit Spezialisierungen des Europeana Data Model, der Umwandlung von Metadaten in RDF und der automatisierten und nutzerbasierten semantischen Anreicherung dieser Daten auf Basis eigens entwickelter oder modifizierter Anwendungen sowie der Modellierung von Forschungsaktivitäten, welche derzeit auf die digitale Geisteswissenschaft zugeschnitten ist. Allen Projekten gemeinsam ist die konzeptionelle oder technische Modellierung von Informationsentitäten oder Nutzeraktivitäten, welche am Ende im Linked Data Web repräsentiert werden.

Mild‐mannered MOFs: A selective and efficient palladium‐catalyzed CH phenylation of a UMCM‐1‐type metal–organic framework (MOF) under mild conditions is reported. This highly regioselective postsynthetic modification obviates the need for a pre‐existing classical functional group at the reaction site (see scheme). The concept of site‐specific CH activation could potentially be extended to many classes of MOF structures.

The direct Pd‐catalyzed oxidative coupling of two CH‐bonds within N‐aryl‐enamines 1allows the efficient formation of differently substituted indoles 2. In this cross‐dehydrogenative coupling, many different functional groups are tolerated and the starting material N‐aryl‐enamines 1can be easily prepared in one step from commercially available anilines. In addition, the whole sequence can also be run in a one‐pot fashion. Optimization data, mechanistic insight, substrate scope, and applications are reported in this full paper.

One, two or three?The utilization of sterically hindered alkyl substrates represents a major challenge of the present cross‐coupling methodology. The nickel‐catalyzed Kumada cross‐ coupling of tertiary alkyl Grignard reagents with aryl bromides allows this difficult reaction with numerous different substrates. Optimal results were obtained using sterically demanding, bifunctional N‐heterocyclic carbene ligands.

ABSTRACTThe new oral 200-mg rifamycin SV MMX modified-release tablets, designed to deliver rifamycin SV directly into the colonic lumen, offer considerable advantages over the existing immediate-release antidiarrheic formulations. In two pharmacokinetics studies of healthy volunteers, the absorption, urinary excretion, and fecal elimination of rifamycin SV after single- and multiple-dose regimens of the new formulation were investigated. Concentrations in plasma of >2 ng/ml were infrequently and randomly quantifiable after single and multiple oral doses. The systemic exposure to rifamycin SV after single and multiple oral doses of MMX tablets under fasting and fed conditions or following a four-times-a-day (q.i.d.) or a twice-a-day (b.i.d.) regimen could be considered negligible. With both oral regimens, the drug was confirmed to be very poorly absorbable systemically. The amount of systemically absorbed antibiotic excreted by the renal route is far lower than 0.01% of the administered dose after both the single- and multiple-dose regimens. The absolute bioavailability, calculated as the mean percent ratio between total urinary excretion amounts (ΣXu) after a single intravenous injection and after a single oral dose under fasting conditions, was 0.0410 ± 0.0617. The total elimination of the unchanged rifamycin SV with feces was 87% of the administered oral dose. No significant effect of rifamycin SV on vital signs, electrocardiograms, or laboratory parameters was observed.

Quantification and variation of characteristic properties of different ligand classes is an exciting and rewarding research field. N‐Heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) are of special interest since their electron richness and structure provide a unique class of ligands and organocatalysts. Consequently, they have found widespread application as ligands in transition‐metal catalysis and organometallic chemistry, and as organocatalysts in their own right. Herein we provide an overview on physicochemical data (electronics, sterics, bond strength) of NHCs that are essential for the design, application, and mechanistic understanding of NHCs in catalysis. Beyond measure?N‐Heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) have become ubiquitous ligands for organometallic chemistry as well as organocatalysts. The key concepts used for the quantification of the characteristic properties of NHCs are described. The ability to quantify, modify, maximize, or minimize these properties should eventually enable the design, selection, and utilization of tailor‐made NHC ligands for a desired catalytic application.

Die Quantifizierung und Variation der charakteristischen Eigenschaften von Ligandenklassen ist ein spannendes und lohnenswertes Forschungsgebiet. N‐heterocyclische Carbene (NHCs) sind dabei wegen ihres Elektronenreichtums und ihrer Struktur von besonderem Interesse. Deshalb haben NHCs weite Verbreitung als Liganden in der Übergangsmetallkatalyse und der Organometallchemie sowie auch direkt in der Organokatalyse gefunden. Hier wird ein Überblick über die physikochemischen Daten (Elektronik, Sterik, Bindung) von NHCs gegeben, die für das Design, die Anwendung und das mechanistische Verständnis dieser Verbindungen in der Katalyse nützlich sind.

Border measures to support unilateral climate policy efforts are being discussed in particular in the EU and the US. The EU has stipulated in its 2008 Directive on the European Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) that in order to address the potential for carbon leakage, an inclusion of importers in the ETS could be a policy option amongst others. A climate policy adjustment at the border could take various forms and it could be motivated in three ways. First, trade measures could be announced as a “stick”, sanctioning those countries who are not willing to cooperate on climate protection. Second, the border adjustment for importers (making them pay at the border according to the carbon they emitted for producing the traded good) or a rebate for exporters for the CO2-price they paid at home, would take away the competitive disadvantage vis-à-vis producers from third countries. Third, and as the flip side of the competitiveness effects, the border adjustment could be motivated from a climate policy point of view: in order to secure the environmental integrity of a domestic carbon pricing scheme, such measures could prevent leakage of emissions (caused by relocation of production, in parts or as a whole). While a strong economic case could be made for preventing leakage and also competitiveness effects from CO2pricing through a cost adjustment at the border for a few sectors, there is little evidence that trade measures as such help to create international leverage for climate policy cooperation. From a legal point of view the justification of such measures very much depends on their designs and motivations. From a political point of view, the risk of disruptions amongst trade partners is fairly high and this is a major argument for limiting the use of border adjustments altogether.

Law, closely linked with the idea of a society of free and equal citizens, has always played a major role in the social integration of the modern city. This is also true of urban planning, the main topic of this article. Current trends in this field, however, point instead in the direction of legal deregulation and informalization. The relationships between municipality, local economy and citizens are being reshaped in the market form - accompanied by informal public participation and community-building within civil society. It is doubtful, however, as many proponents suggest, that this enhances social integration in urban planning, as the universalism of law is being abandoned in the process.

Die charakteristischen Eigenschaften von N‐heterocyclischen Carben‐Liganden sowie deren Quantifizierung und Variation eröffnen attraktive Möglichkeiten in der Katalyse.

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This study was conducted to establish whether 7-methyl-ethinyl estradiol (7-MEE) in plasma from postmenopausal women treated with tibolone is a metabolite or an artifact.

Intestinal glutamine utilization is integral to mucosal regeneration. We analyzed the systemic and intestinal glutamine status in Crohn’s disease (CD) and evaluated the therapeutic effect of glutamine supplementation in an animal model of ileitis. In CD, glutamine concentrations were decreased systemically and in noninflamed and inflamed ileal/colonic mucosa. Mucosal glutaminase activities were depressed in the ileum independent of inflammation but were not different from controls in the colon. In experimental ileitis, oral glutamine feeding prevented macroscopic inflammation, enhanced ileal and colonic glutaminase activities above controls, and normalized the intestinal glutathione redox status. However, glutamine supplementation enhanced myeloperoxidase activity along the gastrointestinal tract and potentiated lipid peroxidation in the colon. In conclusion, glutamine metabolism is impaired in CD. In experimental ileitis, glutamine supplementation prevents inflammatory tissue damage. In the colon, however, which does not use glutamine as its principal energy source, immune enhancement of inflammatory cells by glutamine increases oxidative tissue injury.

Muscle wasting as it typically occurs in old age and in certain diseases is poorly understood. This review summarizes recent findings suggesting a role for redox-sensitive signaling cascades in catabolic processes.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are constantly produced in biological tissues and play a role in various signalling pathways. Abnormally high ROS concentrations cause oxidative stress associated with tissue damage and dysregulation of physiological signals. There is growing evidence that oxidative stress increases with age. It has also been shown that the life span of worms, flies and mice can be significantly increased by mutations which impede the insulin receptor signalling cascade. Molecular studies revealed that the insulin-independent basalactivity of the insulin receptor is increased by ROS and downregulated by certain antioxidants. Complementary clinical studies confirmed that supplementation of the glutathione precursor cysteine decreases insulin responsiveness in the fasted state. In several clinical trials, cysteine supplementation improved skeletal muscle functions, decreased the body fat/lean body mass ratio, decreased plasma levels of the inflammatory cytokine tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α), improved immune functions, and increased plasma albumin levels. As all these parameters degenerate with age, these findings suggest: (i) that loss of youth, health and quality of life may be partly explained by a deficit in cysteine and (ii) that the dietary consumption of cysteine is generally suboptimal and everybodyis likely to have a cysteine deficiency sooner or later.

A decrease in the rate of protein turnover and the intracellular accumulation of altered proteins in cytosol and membranes are features common to all aged cells. Diminished autophagic activity plays a major role in these age-related manifestations. In this work we review the molecular defects responsible for the malfunctioning of two forms of autophagy - macroautophagy and chaperone-mediated autophagy - in old mammals, and highlight general and cell-type specific consequences of dysfunction of the autophagic system with age. Dietary caloric restriction and antilipolytic agents have been proven to efficiently stimulate autophagy in old rodents. These and other possible restorative efforts are discussed.

Signaling through the insulin receptor and several other receptor tyrosine kinases is subject to redox regulation. Prolongued exposure to hydrogen peroxide impairs the action of insulin, and may account to some extent for the decreased insulin responsiveness in hyperglycemic diabetic patients. However, insulin receptor kinase (IRK) autophosphorylation and/or kinase activity were found to be markedly enhanced by a more limited exposure to hydrogen peroxide or by an oxidative shift in the thiol/disulfide redox status. Oxidative enhancement of IRK function may be mediated by two different mechanisms with similar effects, i.e., by direct oxidative activation of IRK activity or by oxidative inactivation of a protein tyrosine phosphatase, which otherwise down-regulates IRK-mediated signaling. As both mechanisms enhance IRK activity in the absence of insulin, there is a strong possibility that the background IRK activity in the postabsorptive period may be abnormally increased in certain oxidative conditions and thereby disturb the metabolism of glucose and other energy substrates. This remains to be tested. In line with the oxidative enhancement of IRK activity, clinical studies have shown that treatment with a thiol-containing antioxidant increases the postabsorptive glucose and/or insulin concentrations (i.e., the HOMA-R index) at least under certain conditions. This effect may have therapeutic implications.Antioxid. Redox Signal. 7, 1071–1077.

Trade and climate change policies are closely related. We consider in a general equilibrium model the role of trade restrictions and energy-efficient technology transfers for the stabilisation of the Kyoto climate coalition. We find that a trade restriction policy leads to economic losses for a large number of countries and would not be suited to convince the United States to return to the Kyoto Protocol. The technology transaction via trade, however, induces major positive economic effects for participating economies as well as considerable reductions in emissions. Therefore, the claim that trade restrictions should be used as a stick to force countries to cooperate in climate change control is not supported in this study. Rather, the benefits of R&D spill-overs should be used as an incentive to promote participation.

An enantioselective gas chromatography (GC) method has been developed and validated for determination of the enantiomers of citronellol in kinetic resolution experiments. S‐(–)‐β‐Citronellol is a precursor of rose oxide. After solid‐phase extraction (SPE) with ethyl acetate, the enantiomers of R‐(+)‐β‐citronellol and S‐(–)‐β‐citronellol and their corresponding acetate‐ and butyrate esters were separated through enantioselective GC respectively. The method was validated and found to be reproducible, specific, accurate, and precise. Analyte recoveries and detection limits were also determined. The applicability of this method was shown in a kinetic resolution experiment using lipase A of Bacillus subtilis.

This article analyses the relationship between national climate change policy instruments and WTO rules with particular emphasis on the case of Germany. Our main finding is that national policies whose aim is to reduce greenhouse gases can be brought into compliance with international trade law. Compliance can be achieved, first, through various methods of labelling electricity from renewable resources. Second, it can be achieved through trading systems for green certificates that respect basic WTO principles. Third, it can be achieved through energy taxes. To offset the competitive impacts of such taxes, border tax adjustments are a possibility. Although WTO law has not yet clearly defined the eligibility of border tax adjustments for energy taxes, the balance of evidence suggests that it would support such adjustments under certain circumstances. Fourth, compliance with WTO rules can be achieved through financial incentives to the producers of energy from renewable sources which are conferred in such a way that they do not pass through the hands of the government. Hence, climate change policies can even rely on ‘subsidies’ (in the economic sense) without getting into conflict with WTO rules. Fifth, when compliance cannot be achieved, national policies aiming at international environmental protection can claim an exception under GATT Article XX (b) or (g) if measures are not applied in an arbitrary or discriminatory manner. In addition, countries should further strive to find solutions to the global climate change problem in the Kyoto process.