Search

Information on pigment sizes in mural samples is a key factor in determining the suitable processes of possible restoration and conservation on ancient murals and is also significant for the investigation of a mural's historic value and analysis of its technical process. Thus, in this paper, the green painted layers composed of different pigment sizes were analyzed by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. First, a parametric study was undertaken to optimize the LIBS signal to noise ratio and decrease fluctuations. Then, the variation of LIBS signal with pigment size was studied on simulated mural samples. Finally, a classifiable model of pigment sizes was built by coupling with the PCA method and was successfully applied to classify pigment sizes on real mural pieces.

A comparative study of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) with spatially resolved single- and double-pulse configurations is performed to investigate the capability of simultaneous multi-element detection in aluminum-based alloys. The spatially resolved technique is used to obtain the LIBS spectra at 6 different positions along the plume expansion (axial) direction. The experimental parameters, including delay time, inter-pulse delay time and gate width, are optimized to achieve sensitive elemental detection. Under these optimized conditions, the limits of detection for Fe, Cu, Mg, Mn, Zn, Sn, Pb, Ni, Ti, Cr, Sr and Ca are obtained with the single- and double-pulse configurations. It is observed that an improvement of the detection capability is achieved in the spatially resolved double-pulse experiments. Moreover, the dependence of the limits of detection on the selection of atomic and ionic lines is discussed.

We present a simplified radiation hydrodynamic model based on the fluid dynamic equations and the radiative transfer equation, which can be used to investigate the radiation properties and dynamics evolution of highly charged ions in a laser-produced plasma in vacuum. The outputs of the model consist of the evolution of the electron temperature, atom, and ion density, and the temporal and spatial evolution of various transient particles in plasma, as well as the simulated spectrum related to certain experimental conditions in a specified spectral window. In order to test the model and provide valuable experimental feedback, a series of EUV emission spectra of silicon plasmas have been measured using the spatio-temporally resolved laser produced plasma technique. The temporal and spatial evolution of the plasma is reliably reconstructed by using this model.

X-ray spectra of highly ionized hafnium atoms have been obtained from laser produced plasmas in the 4.1-4.5 A˚ range. Using quasi-relativistic configuration interaction calculations of the wavelengths and transition probabilities, the observed spectral band structure can be interpreted as being due to 3d-6f transitions of the NiI--GeI like ionization states of hafnium.

In this paper, we introduce the RHDLPP, a flux-limited multigroup radiation hydrodynamics numerical code designed for simulating laser-produced plasmas in diverse environments. The code bifurcates into two packages: RHDLPP-LTP for low-temperature plasmas generated by moderate-intensity nanosecond lasers, and RHDLPP-HTP for high-temperature, high-density plasmas formed by high-intensity laser pulses. The core radiation hydrodynamic equations are resolved in the Eulerian frame, employing an operator-split method. This method decomposes the solution into two substeps: first, the explicit resolution of the hyperbolic subsystems integrating radiation and fluid dynamics; second, the implicit treatment of the parabolic part comprising stiff radiation diffusion, heat conduction, and energy exchange. Laser propagation and energy deposition are modeled through a hybrid approach, combining geometrical-optics ray-tracing in sub-critical plasma regions with a one-dimensional solution of the Helmholtz wave equation in super-critical areas. The thermodynamic states are ascertained using an equation of state, based on either the real gas approximation or the quotidian equation of state (QEOS). For ionization calculations, the code employs a steady-state collisional-radiation (CR) model using the screened-hydrogenic approximation. Additionally, RHDLPP includes RHDLPP-SpeIma3D, a three-dimensional spectral simulation post-processing module, for generating both temporally-spatially resolved and time-integrated spectra and imaging, facilitating direct comparisons with experimental data. The paper showcases a series of verification tests to establish the code's accuracy and efficiency, followed by application cases, including simulations of laser-produced aluminium (Al) plasmas, pre-pulse-induced target deformation of tin (Sn) microdroplets relevant to extreme ultraviolet lithography light sources, and varied imaging and spectroscopic simulations. These simulations highlight RHDLPP's effectiveness and applicability in fields such as laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy, extreme ultraviolet lithography sources, and high-energy-density physics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]