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Humanitarian crises can occur in places affected by chemical, physical, biological, and social threats, especially when these threats interact with each other and cause a syndemic. In order to avoid crises in these places, it is necessary to introduce mitigation measures that we have framed as "humanitarian scenarios". Due to their nature, implementation of these interventions requires the creation of multidisciplinary operational groups with a work strategy that integrates them into the affected community. In the case of the child population, the operational group was called the 'childhood risks in contaminated places' (CRCP) unit; contaminated places meaning localities impacted by chemical, physical, or biological threats. The strategy has six phases: (i) planning the survey and site visit; (ii) community involvement in identifying threats, vulnerabilities, and routes of exposure (the path of pollutants from their source to the receiving population), and in preparing joint work for the subsequent phases; iii) prioritization of risks identified through environmental monitoring and use of biomarkers of exposure and effects; iv) risk prevention through the creation of various 'capacities and alternatives for the prevention of syndemic threats'; (v) advocacy to implement these capacities and alternatives through risk communication and local training; and (vi) protection through measures that include telehealth, social progress, and innovation to improve health coverage. The strategy has been implemented in different contexts, and in some of them it has been enriched by analysis of respect for human rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. The objective of this study is to prepare a "Concept Map on Health and Intellectual Property in Central America and the Dominican Republic" in order to help identify the main access barriers to health, especially medicines, and to guide state authorities toward actions to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of policies. Methods. The report "Concept Map on Public Health and Intellectual Property, Regional Perspective: Central America and the Dominican Republic" was analyzed. Then the knowledge generation and management methodology was applied and a search strategy was identified to recover the information for preparation of the concept maps. Results. The legal framework and institutional structure, as well as policies, programs, plans, and strategies for health and intellectual property, were identified. A set of barriers that hinder access to medicines was also identified, as well as solutions to overcome them. Conclusions. In Central America and the Dominican Republic, health strategies, policies, programs, and plans are in place, but unfortunately their scope and degree of dissemination is uneven. This, together with social and economic factors, explains why health inequity persists between and within countries. The identified barriers to access to medicines included the expansion and strengthening of the rights of pharmaceutical patent-holders, problems with implementing the flexibilities of the Agreement on Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights, pricing policies, and strict regulatory standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The guarantee of pharmaceutical care as a legal right established by the Brazilian federal constitution of 1988 led to an increase in lawsuits to put that right into practice. This phenomenon has been dubbed the judicialization of pharmaceutical care. Studies on this topic have revealed, on the one hand, deficiencies in the access of Unified Health Care (SUS) users to drugs included in Ministry of Health pharmaceutical care lists, and, on the other hand, limitations of the legal system to deal with the situation. The present article addresses these issues in the context of the conceptual framework that supports the Brazilian drug policy and pharmaceutical care policy, especially the notions of essential drugs and allocation of scarce resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]