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In the realm of environmental engineering and water treatment, significant attention has been devoted to the removal of hexavalent chromium Cr (VI) from wastewater. Delving into the mechanisms of adsorption reveals a complex interplay of ion exchange, surface complexation, and electrostatic interactions dictating the binding of Cr (VI) to various adsorption materials. Utilizing diverse adsorbents like 2-D materials, metal oxides, and bio-based substances is driven by their exceptional absorptive capacity and specificity. Key parameters such as pH, temperature, initial concentration, and dosage are scrutinized to optimize the efficiency of adsorbent removal and ascertain the absorptive nature of the adsorbate. Beyond natural sources, human activities have exacerbated chromium contamination across ecosystems, posing a threat to food chains due to chromium's non-biodegradable nature and persistence. Chromium affects a wide range of life forms, including humans, aquatic organisms, and terrestrial species, through the accumulation and repercussions of chromium discharge. The leaching of chromium into ground and surface water triggers various health issues such as dermatitis, allergic reactions, skin ulcerations, bronchial carcinoma, asthma, and gastroenteritis. This review intended to list different treatment technologies for chromium removal along with their mechanism. Different types of sensors used for chromium detection have also been explored.

•Emerging techniques for the trace elemental analysis of plants covered.•Major sources and trace elements in food chain discussed.•Impacts on human health has been mentioned.•Various methods for different matrix have been covered.•Analytical techniques like ICP, XRF, NAA, ETAAS etc. has been covered.

The persistent nature of the herbicide atrazine in the environment and its possible negative impacts on ecosystems and human health has sparked growing concerns. The diverse effects of atrazine are explored in this review, which also discusses its environmental fate, toxicity mechanisms, and toxicological effects on aquatic ecosystems, soil, plants, humans, and animals. This review also discusses several physicochemical techniques for atrazine treatment, including adsorption on activated carbon and biochar, as well as chemical techniques like Fenton, ozone oxidation, sulfate radical oxidation, and photocatalytic methods. Biodegradation of atrazine is then analyzed, together with atrazine-degrading microorganisms, such as bacteria, fungi, other microbes, and genetically modified microorganisms. Knowledge of the molecular biology and microbial metabolic pathways of atrazine-degrading bacteria provides a deeper comprehension of the degradation process. The paper also looks at key factors that affect atrazine degradation and emphasises the circular economy strategy and life cycle analysis as effective options for long-term atrazine management. The paper concludes by outlining future prospects in the field, aiming to address the challenges posed by atrazine and pave the way for environmentally friendly alternatives and effective remediation techniques.

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In spite of being highly preventable through screening strategies and early vaccination, cervical cancer has become the utmost common type of gynaecological malignancy globally and emerged as major cause of death from cancer in women. Estimation have been made that cancer associated with Human papillomavirus (HPV) accounts for 5% of all the cancers. Presently, HPV vaccines are effective in preventing neoplastic disease as well as infection, but they are prophylactic and ineffective in clearing established infection. Owing to which, there is a need for the exploration of therapeutic vaccines that can trigger the immune response for established infection. Moreover, E6 and E7 early genes are stated to be suitable target for the vaccine therapy because of their imperative role in cell cycle disruption and detectable expression in both malignant and pre-malignant tissues. Thus, various therapeutic vaccines like cell-based, nucleic acid-based, protein-based, peptide-based and live-vector vaccines have been developed and few candidate vaccines are now under clinical trials. Furthermore, ineffectiveness of conventional therapies to yield effective result for cervical cancer treatment has shifted the focus of researchers towards nanotechnology for target delivery of therapeutic agent. Hence, this review aims to comprehends the current known knowledge about cervical cancer and conventional approaches for its treatment. It also highlights the recent progressive development in vaccine strategies and nanotechnological approaches for effective management and prevention of cervical cancer.

The present work was designed to synthesize a chain of ester derivatives of glyphosate along with their structure analysis using FTIR, 1H NMR, 31PNMR, and mass spectroscopy. Further, their herbicidal, anti-microbial and toxicological studies were carried out, and the obtained results confirmed good herbicidal effects of these derivatives on the common weed Parthenium hysterophorus. Moreover, these derivatives were also able to reduce the chlorophyll content of weeds, and their results were statistically evaluated using one-way ANOVA. In order to investigate the impact of ester derivatives on Eisenia fetida, toxicity evaluation was performed, and interestingly these derivatives were proved to be non-toxic. Additionally, the synthesized derivatives of glyphosate were found to be less polar in contrast to their parent molecule. They were easily degraded by soil bacteria and undeniably may prove beneficial in curbing the problem of their leaching into the water bodies and soil ecosystems.