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Reducing urban-rural income disparities is crucial for economic growth and sustainable development. Does combating environmental pollution contribute to reducing income inequality? Drawing on data gathered from 199 prefecture-level cities spanning 2011 to 2019, this study examines the impact of public environmental concern on urban-rural income gaps using a two-way fixed effects model and dynamic panel model. The study reveals that heightened public environmental awareness can impede the growth of farmers' income, exacerbating urban-rural income disparities with a delayed effect. This influence is more pronounced in densely populated areas, economically advanced regions, mid-regions, and low-pollution zones. Further investigations demonstrate that public environmental awareness can widen the economic divide between urban and rural areas by influencing environmental governance capabilities and deteriorating the employment landscape. These findings offer valuable insights for regions aiming to concurrently achieve shared prosperity and reduce carbon emissions.

Recent experiments proposed that the precipitated second-phase particles, such as L12-Al3Zr and S phase (Al2CuMg) in Al–Zn–Mg–Cu–Zr alloy, can efficiently trap enrichment H atoms, possibly weakening the H-induced damage of corresponding Al alloy. However, the change of mechanical properties of these precipitates with trapped H atom could not be explored experimentally. Here, taking intermetallic L12-Al3Zr as example, we performed a theoretical prediction to investigate the effect of trapped H on the mechanical properties of L12-Al3Zr. The results showed that although Al3ZrH compound with H located the at the geometric center is energetic and elastic stable, the lattice parameter of L12-Al3Zr seems to be expanded. The permeated H contributes to improve the hardness, brittleness and elastic anisotropy of L12-Al3Zr. In addition, we used a special method to obtain the numerical value of each (100) non-stoichiometric surface for both L12-Al3Zr and Al3ZrH compounds, providing a valuable supplement in calculating the surface energy of the non-stoichiometric surface for cubic structure.

Institutions for housing subsidisation are an important type of institution for redistribution. They are dominated by public housing and social housing, which are characterised by (1) public ownership or social ownership, (2) a management board not held accountable to the recipients and (3) low-powered incentives. I argue that they are institutional arrangements to resolve the over-subsidisation problem, in which welfare recipients try to be over-subsidised in various ways. This problem is especially acute with housing, for which the measurement cost is high. The down side of public housing and social housing is internal management cost and possible mistakes in resource allocation. Case studies of two public-housing communities in Chongqing, China, are presented for empirical support of my theoretical arguments. It is also found that market institutions such as property management companies can help to enhance efficiency. Keywords: housing subsidisation, over-subsidisation problem, public housing, social housing, low-income housing, Introduction Housing subsidisation is an important part of the welfare system in every country (1) This is especially so in transitional economies where the whole housing system is being rebuilt. [...]

3-ketosteroid Δ1-dehydrogenases (Δ1-KstDs) are FAD-dependent and substrate-inducing enzymes, which catalyze the introduction of double bonds between C1 and C2 atoms of the A ring of 3-ketosteroid substrates. They are essential in the initial stages of the steroid core's breakdown. Additionally, Δ1-KstDs are particularly intriguing for applications in pharmaceutical manufacturing, environmental bioremediation, and the etiology of infectious illnesses. A wide range of microorganisms, particularly bacteria from the phylum Actinobacteria, have Δ1-KstDs. Δ1-KstDs can be classified into at least seven separate groups based on the sequence data in NCBI, and the enzymes in each group exhibit unique structural and catalytic properties. Understanding these properties completely is crucial for utilizing and developing Δ1-KstDs in metabolic engineering and enzyme engineering. This review describes and explains the biochemical and enzymatic characteristics of Δ1-KstDs based on a phylogenetic tree. To assist in the selection of highly active enzymes for engineering applications, the three-dimensional structures of Δ1-KstDs associated with enzyme mechanisms are stressed. The biotechnological application of microbial Δ1-KstDs is also covered in this article, including genetic engineering based on metabolic strains and related genetic modification techniques for creating new productive industrial strains, the development and transformation of the heterologous expression system, the molecular modification and the optimization of catalytic conditions, and the use of microbial fermentation to increase product yield. Furthermore, we also highlight the recent development in the use of isolated Δ1-KstDs combined with a FAD cofactor regeneration system. We conclude by summarizing the concepts and techniques used in subsequent research and application development. All of these knowledge might serve as a guide for new mining and industrial applications in Δ1-KstDs.

Heterogeneous glycerol (GLY) oxidation offers a promising route for the production of lactic acid (LA), a key monomer in biodegradable bioplastics. However, the specific reaction pathways remain poorly understood. This study presents a mechanistic investigation of GLY oxidation to LA using Pt/Sn-MFI catalysts. Characterizations viaDR-UV-Vis spectroscopy, 119Sn NMR, and TEM reveal the formation of zeolite framework Sn and well-dispersed Pt nanoparticles in Pt/Sn-MFI. The Lewis acidity of framework Sn in MFI zeolite is confirmed through 31P NMR probe techniques. GLY conversion and LA selectivity correlate strongly with framework Sn concentration and the presence of Pt nanoparticles. In situ13C solid-state NMR experiments, complemented by two-dimensional 13C correlation NMR, allow real-time monitoring of GLY conversion and identification of various mobile and rigid (surface-adsorbed) species. Results indicate that GLY preferentially transforms to LA viaa dihydroxyacetone (DHA) intermediate, facilitated by the Pt-Sn synergistic effect. However, accumulation of surface-adsorbed LA on Sn sites promotes consecutive oxidation of GLY to glyceric acid, tartaric acid, and ultimately CO2.

The debate on urban spatial structure and economic efficiency has largely ignored intrametropolitan variation of urban structure. Chongqing, a mountainous metropolis in Southwestern China, is a good case for studying the economic effects of intrametropolitan difference in urban structure. Population density and center density of each urban district are calculated to capture the two dimensions of urban structure: centralization–dispersion and monocentric–polycentric. Based on average housing price data for micro-districts sampled through multistage stratified sampling, hedonic analysis is conducted that includes the two urban structure variables. Empirical results show that population density is negatively associated with housing price while center density is positively associated with housing price. This finding provides indirect support to the view that dispersion and polycentricity are efficiency enhancing.

Aberrant mRNA expression is implicated in uterine corpus endometrial carcinoma (UCEC) oncogenesis and progression. However, effective prognostic biomarkers for UCEC remain limited. We aimed to construct a reliable multi-gene risk model using gene expression profiles. Utilizing TCGA data (543 UCEC samples, 35 controls), we identified 1517 differentially acting genes. Weighted gene co-expression complex analysis (WGCCA), hub gene screening, and risk regression analysis (RRA) were employed to determine prognosis-related genes and construct the risk model. Nomograms visualized risk scores and receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves assessed model performance. Seven novel prognosis-related hub genes (ANGPT1, ASB2, GAL, GDF7, ONECUT2, SV2B, TRPC6) were identified. The model’s concordance index (C index) by multivariate Cox regression analysis was 0.79. ROC curves yielded AUCs of 0.811 (3-year) and 0.79 (5-year), demonstrating the model’s efficacy in predicting UCEC survival. Our study proposes a promising seven-biomarker risk model for predicting UCEC prognosis, offering potential clinical utility.

Starbucks is a US multinational corporation known for riding the wave of globalisation through business innovations that improve customer convenience. This study focuses on the factors behind Starbucks' competitive advantage that attracts customers through its innovative approach to solving customer problems and its ability to meet customer needs through its service delivery process. It has been found that Starbucks has gained global customer advocacy through a loop of continuous strategy execution and its evaluation and revision. This study proposed an analytical model based on the research outputs, how it innovates on customer experience and products to enhance the sustainability of its business. The key elements of their competitiveness are: 1) providing services that meet the needs through localisation; 2) accumulating strategic achievements as corporate capital and developing human capital to support services; 3) creating value as a comfortable third place for customers.

Infrared imaging technology takes on critical significance in surveillance and security. However, the non-uniformity present in the infrared detectors manifests mainly as stripe noise in infrared images, severely limiting the sensitivity and advancement of the infrared imaging system. Most existing non-uniformity correction methods suffer from redundant noise and incomplete preservation of image details. This study introduces a novel correction model for non-uniformity grounded in the U-Net framework. This model incorporates a deep residual network, a channel attention mechanism, and global residual learning with the U-Net encoder- decoder for effective stripe noise reduction, which facilitates the learning of more profound context features and enables more accurate extraction of stripe noise. Our proposed approach has undergone evaluation using both simulated and real-world image data, revealing promising results through comparative analysis. Compared with the U-Net model, our model has shown improvements of 1.26 dB in peak signal-to-noise ratio and 0.7% in structural similarity.

The crown root system is the most important root component in maize at both the vegetative and reproductive stages. However, the genetic basis of maize crown root traits (CRT) is still unclear, and the relationship between CRT and aboveground agronomic traits in maize is poorly understood. In this study, an association panel including 531 elite maize inbred lines was planted to phenotype the CRT and aboveground agronomic traits in different field environments. We found that root traits were significantly and positively correlated with most aboveground agronomic traits, including flowering time, plant architecture and grain yield. Using a genome-wide association study (GWAS) coupled with resequencing, a total of 115 associated loci and 22 high-confidence candidate genes were identified for CRT. Approximately one-third of the genetic variation in crown root was co-located with 46 QTLs derived from flowering and plant architecture. Furthermore, 103 (89.6%) of 115 crown root loci were located within known domestication- and/or improvement-selective sweeps, suggesting that crown roots might experience indirect selection in maize during domestication and improvement. Furthermore, the expression of Zm00001d036901, a high-confidence candidate gene, may contribute to the phenotypic variation in maize crown roots, and Zm00001d036901 was selected during the domestication and improvement of maize. This study promotes our understanding of the genetic basis of root architecture and provides resources for genomics-enabled improvements in maize root architecture.

Blockchain has been widely used to trace logistics information from sources to destinations in shipping logistics practices. Motivated by market practices, this study intends to discuss the potential application value of blockchain platforms in shipping logistics, considering the perceived utility of consumers. For this purpose, to investigate the shipping logistics supply chain (SLSC) of a shipping company (SC) and a freight forwarding company (FFC), in which FFC decides whether to introduce a blockchain platform and its introduction channel. Specifically, three channel models are considered: Model T (i.e., traditional logistics supply chain channel), Model B (i.e., FFCs applied a blockchain platform viaa self-built platform channel), and Model J (i.e., FFCs applied a blockchain platform viajoining a third-party platform channel). Meanwhile, the Nash and Stackelberg game are used to characterize the companies’ equilibrium outcomes under different power structures. By comparing these three modes, some interesting results are found: consumer perception of the level of service and privacy protection and consumer sensitivity to price has critical effects on the value of blockchain platforms. Results also show that the blockchain platform does not always motivate the members of the SLSC to become better. Whether the power structure is symmetrical or asymmetrical, FFC adopts Model B instead of Model J, in which the blockchain platform can help FFC increase profits, and the value of blockchain is significant. Moreover, the FFC can obtain at least approximately 78% more benefit when the power structure is symmetrical than asymmetrical. However, the value of blockchain platforms to SC is not necessarily significant. The value of the blockchain platform for SC is significant only in Model B with the power structure asymmetric. Therefore, the value of the blockchain platform in Model B with the power structure asymmetrical for both FFCs and SCs is significant, achieving a win-win situation. Also, an extensive numerical analysis showing the optimal channel strategy in the three models generated additional management insights.

Fenton-like radical processes are widely utilized to explain catalytic mechanisms of peroxidase-like nanozymes, which exhibit remarkable catalytic activity, cost-effectiveness, and stability. However, there is still a need for a comprehensive understanding of the formation, stabilization, and transformation of such radicals. Herein, a copper formate-based nanozyme (Cuf-TMB) was fabricated viaa pre-catalytic strategy under ambient conditions. The as-prepared nanozyme shows comparable catalytic activity (Km, 1.02 × 10–5mM–1; Kcat, 3.09 × 10–2s–1) and kinetics to those of natural peroxidase toward H2O2decomposition. This is attributed to the feasible oxidation by *OH species viathe *O intermediate, as indicated by density functional theory calculations. The key ·OH radicals were detected to be stable for over 52 days and can be released in a controlled manner during the catalytic process via in situelectron spin-resonance spectroscopy measurements. Based on the understanding, an ultrasensitive biosensing platform was constructed for the sensitive monitoring of biochemical indicators in clinic settings.

Experimental characterization of the hydrophobic porous materials at the atomic and molecular levels is of great significance, but exploring their hydrophobicity characteristics and interactions with guest molecules with distinct polarity is still challenging. In this work, solid-state NMR is employed to characterize the surface hydrophobicity and explore the guest solvent permeability in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-coated MIL-53. It was found that the PDMS-coated MIL-53 was hydrophobic to water and infiltrated to methanol, acetone, benzene, toluene, and ethylbenzene solvents. In addition, two types of guest solvents (methanol, acetone, benzene, toluene, and ethylbenzene), inside the pore and outside the pore of PDMS-coated MIL-53, were clearly identified using two-dimensional 1H–1H homo-nuclear correlation NMR experiments. Moreover, the membrane thickness of the PDMS-coated MIL-53 could be determined from the analysis of the 1H–1H spin diffusion buildup curves. Furthermore, the permeability of benzene, toluene, and ethylbenzene at different PDMS coating levels was extracted from 1H MAS NMR. The increase of the hydrophobic PDMS layer resulted in a decrease of the penetration of aromatic guests to the internal pore of MIL-53. This work provides deep insights into the understanding of guest solvent permeability of hydrophobic layer-coated MOFs in the application fields of catalysis and separation.

Conventional single-ended traveling wave fault location methods, which commonly depend on partial features of traveling wavefronts, may lead to fault location failure, especially for weak-signal faults such as high impedance or zero-crossing faults and close-in faults. To tackle it, this article presents a fault location method according to the extracted panoramic features of traveling wave full waveform (TWFW) in time-frequency domains. Firstly, two rules of the TWFW features are probed, that is, the wavefront arrival sequence is varied from fault sections, as well as the frequency distribution of wavefronts is strongly related to the precise fault distance. Ergo, the mapping relationships between the TWFW and fault distance are qualitatively confirmed in order to demonstrate the uniqueness of the TWFW subsequently. Next, a LeNet-5-based convolution neural network (CNN) model is constructed to quantitatively evaluate such mapping relationships. In this model, various TWFW features will be extracted to the convolution channels when the CNN parameters are optimized adaptively, and the mapping relations can be formed in light of these sensitive features to estimate the fault distance. Finally, a Grad-CAM visualization method is deployed in the case study, and the accuracy along with the robustness of the proposed method in various fault conditions can be validated consequently.

The microwave treatment is commonly applied to flaxseed to release nutrients, inactivate enzymes, remove cyanogens, and intensify flavors. The current study aimed to explore the influences of microwave exposure on the antioxidant and interfacial properties of flaxseed protein isolates (FPI), focusing on the altering composition and molecular structure. The results showed that after microwave exposure (700 W, 1–5 min), more compact assembly of storage proteins and subsequent permeation by membrane fragments of oil bodies occurred for cold-pressing flaxseed flours. Moreover, the particle sizes of FPI was progressively reduced with the decrement ranged from 37.84 to 60.66% (P<0.05), whereas the zeta potential values initially decreased and then substantially recovered during 1–5 min of microwave exposure. The conformation unfolding, chain cross-linking, and depolymerization were sequentially induced for FPI based on the analysis of fluorescence emission spectra, secondary structure, and protein subunit profiles, thereby affecting the dispersion or aggregation properties between albumin and globulin fractions in FPI. Microwave exposure retained specific phenolic acids and superior in vitroantioxidant activities of FPI. The inferior gas–water interface absorption and the loose/porous assembly structure were observed for the foams prepared by FPI, concurrent with obviously shrinking foaming properties upon microwave exposure. Improving oil–water interface activities of FPI produced the emulsion droplets with descending sizes and dense interface coating, which were then mildly destabilized due to the lipid leakage and weakened rheological behavior with microwave exposure extended to 5 min. Our findings elucidated that microwave treatment could tailor the application functionality of protein fractions in flaxseed based on their in situstructural remodeling.

One step polyacrylamide gel method was used to synthesize the ZnO/MgO adsorbents and the adsorption behavior with Congo red (CR) from wastewater was extensively investigated. Various advanced techniques were applied to confirm the ZnO/MgO adsorbents consist of Zn, C, Mg and O elements and do not contain any other impurity elements. With the increase of MgO content, the morphology of ZnO/MgO adsorbent changes from the agglomeration of large particles to evenly dispersed fine particles and then to icicle structure. Results demonstrated that the adsorption process of ZnO/MgO adsorbents was significantly affected by the change in initial dye solution pH, initial adsorbent dosage, contact time and reaction temperature. The optimum pH, adsorbent dosage, contact time and reaction temperature is 9.81, 2 g /L, 65 min and 293 K, respectively. The maximum adsorption capacity of ZnO/MgO (nZnO:nMgO = 8:2) adsorbents (295.138 mg/g) for the adsorption of CR dye was approximately double that of previous reports (125 mg/g). The adsorption equilibrium data are well fitted by the Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models. Thermodynamic studies indicate that the adsorption process of ZnO/MgO adsorbents is an exothermic process. Based on the experimental and theoretical analysis, the adsorption mechanism for the ZnO/MgO adsorbents consisted of hydrogen bonding, n-π interaction and electrostatic interaction. The present work pioneers the potential application of ZnO/MgO adsorbents for the adsorption of CR dye and further provides experimental evidence for the synthesis of other adsorbents.

Zeolites are widely used as catalysts and adsorbents in the chemical industry, but their potential for electronic devices has been stunted to date, as they are commonly recognized as electronic insulators. Here, we have for the first time demonstrated that Na-type ZSM-5 zeolites are ultrawide-direct-band-gap semiconductors based on optical spectroscopy, variable-temperature current–voltage characteristics, and photoelectric effect as well as electronic structure theoretical calculations and further unraveled the band-like charge transport mechanism in electrically conductive zeolites. The increase in charge-compensating Na+cations in Na-ZSM-5 decreases the band gap and affects its density of states, shifting the Fermi level close to the conduction band. Remarkably, the semiconducting Na-ZSM-5 zeolites have been first applied for constructing electrically transduced sensors that can sense trace-level (77 ppb) ammonia with unprecedentedly high sensitivity, negligible cross-sensitivity, and high stability under moisture ambient conditions compared with conventional semiconducting materials and conductive metal–organic frameworks (MOFs). The charge density difference shows that the massive electron transfer between NH3molecules and Na+cations ascribed to Lewis acid sites enables electrically transduced chemical sensing. This work opens a new era of zeolites in applications of sensing, optics, and electronics.

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to improve the overall heat transfer performance and the temperature uniformity of the heat sink and to explore the effects of the jet Reynolds number and the nanoparticle volume fraction of the nanofluids on the flow and heat transfer performance. Design/methodology/approach: A heat sink with discontinuous arc protrusions in the wall jet region is proposed for confined slot jet impingement. A sloping upper cover plate is added to improve the heat transfer effect in this area. An Al2O3–water nanofluid is selected as the working fluid of the jet for better heat transfer. The Standard k-e turbulence model is used for numerical calculation. The key structural parameters of the heat sink are optimized by the response surface method and a genetic algorithm. The effects of the jet Reynolds number (Re) and the nanofluid concentration (ϕ) on the flow and heat transfer performance of the optimized heat sink are investigated. Findings: The average Nusselt number of the optimal heat sink is 8.2% higher and the friction resistance is 5.9% lower than that of the initial flat plate heat sink when ϕ = 0.02 and Re = 8,000. The discontinuous arc protrusions and the sloping upper cover plate substantially enhance the heat transfer in the later stage of jet development, improving the temperature uniformity of the heat sink. The maximum temperature difference of the optimal heat sink is 28.1% lower than that of the flat plate heat sink at the same nozzle height. As the jet Reynolds number and the nanofluid particle concentration increase, the Nusselt number of the optimized heat sink and the friction coefficients increase, resulting in a decrease in the evaluation coefficient. However, the overall temperature uniformity of the heat sink is improved under all conditions. Originality/value: The novel heat sink structure provides a new way to enhance the heat transfer and temperature uniformity of confined slot jet impingement. The flow and heat transfer performance of the heat sink impinged by confined slot jet of nanofluids are obtained. The combination of response surface method and genetic algorithm can be applied to the multi-objective optimization of heat resistance and flow resistance of heat sink. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV) is an under-studied virus infecting caprines and ovines worldwide. Over the last four decades, CAEV has spread in China, obtaining genomic data on CAEV strains circulating in China is of importance for developing diagnostic methods and eradicating associated diseases. However, there is limited information on the genome, including characterizations, and the probable origin. This work aimed to characterize Chinese CAEV genomes and population structures. Five CAEV strains isolated from infected dairy goats between 1989 and 1994 in Gansu, Guizhou, Shaanxi, Shandong and Sichuan provinces were cloned and sequenced. The Chinese CAEV had a 58–93% genome similarities to strains outside of China, and they belonged to subgenotype B1. The highest similarity levels (98.3–99.3%) were with two other Chinese strains, and they shared a 91.8–92.3% similarity with the strain Clements (GenBank accession no. NC_001463.1) from outside of China. The Chinese CAEV strains isolated from different provinces over five years were still highly homologous and contained unique ancestral population components, indicating that these Chinese strains had a common origin that differed from other known strains. Our results provide genomic data on circulating Chinese CAEV strains and will be useful for future epidemiological investigations and CAEV eradication programs.

A hydrothermal method was used to synthesize two highly stable Zn(II) metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), namely, [Zn2(L)2(HIPA)]n(1) and [Zn9(L)6(BTEC)3(H2O)4·6H2O]n(2) (HL= 3-amino-1H-1,2,4-triazole, H2HIPA= 5-hydroxyisophthalic acid, H4BTEC= benzene-1,2,4,5-tetracarboxylic acid). The physicochemical properties of 1and 2were characterized using a range of analytical techniques. The scanning electron microscopy images confirmed the stability of the MOFs under heating at 120 °C for 12 h. Following their preparation, the two MOFs were used as catalysts in the grafting of poly(ε-caprolactone) on wood nanofibers (WNFs) by means of a homogeneous ring-opening polymerization protocol in an ionic liquid. The grafting ratio achieved using catalyst 1was higher than that achieved for catalyst 2, wherein a maximum of 92.43% was obtained using the former. Under comparable reaction conditions, the grafting ratio of 1was found to be significantly higher than those achieved using 4-dimethylamino pyridine, Sn(Oct)2, and UiO-67 catalysts. In addition, fluorescence emission was detected from the residual catalysts present in the products. The calculated electrostatic potentials and average local ionization energies indicated that the grafting of ε-caprolactone on the WNFs follows a “coordination–insertion” mechanism. Overall, these two new and efficient MOF catalysts have the potential to replace highly toxic traditional catalysts in polymerization reactions. The grafted cellulose material with fluorescence emission may also be suitable for use in biomedical applications.

• Propose an interval biform game model to handle both strategy choice and coalition formation. • Develop an interval weighted equal contribution division method to solve cooperative games. • Identify existence and necessary conditions of pure strategy Nash equilibriums. • Numerical examples are presented to illustrate the proposed method. This paper develops an interval noncooperative-cooperative biform game (referred to as the interval biform game in short hereafter) model that accounts for both strategy choice and coalition formation while also addressing profit allocation with interval coalition characteristic values. This interval biform game consists of four elements: a finite set of players, their strategy choices, coalitions, and interval coalition characteristic functions, and contains both noncooperative and cooperative parts. The payoffs of different strategies are not directly given a priori in the noncooperative part but obtained by solving interval cooperative games in the cooperative part. To solve the interval cooperative game, we extend a real-valued weighted equal contribution division (WECD) approach to an interval-valued version. Subsequently, an interval acceptability degree comparison method is introduced to compare the interval payoff values. We then establish existence and necessary conditions of pure strategy Nash equilibriums and derive a condition for a Nash equilibrium to be efficient in an interval biform game. Finally, numerical examples are furnished to illustrate the validity and applicability of the proposed framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most prevalent age-related neurodegenerative disease, which has a high heritability of up to 79%. Exploring the genetic basis is essential for understanding the pathogenic mechanisms underlying AD development. Recent genome-wide association studies (GWASs) reported an AD-associated signal in the Cathepsin H (CTSH)gene in European populations. However, the exact functional/causal variant(s), and the genetic regulating mechanism of CTSHin AD remain to be determined. In this study, we carried out a comprehensive study to characterize the role of CTSHvariants in the pathogenesis of AD. We identified rs2289702 in CTSHas the most significant functional variant that is associated with a protective effect against AD. The genetic association between rs2289702 and AD was validated in independent cohorts of the Han Chinese population. The CTSHmRNA expression level was significantly increased in AD patients and AD animal models, and the protective allele T of rs2289702 was associated with a decreased expression level of CTSHthrough the disruption of the binding affinity of transcription factors. Human microglia cells with CTSHknockout showed a significantly increased phagocytosis of Aβ peptides. Our study identified CTSHas being involved in AD genetic susceptibility and uncovered the genetic regulating mechanism of CTSHin pathogenesis of AD.

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Introduction: Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DN) is the most common complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Objective: This study aimed to explore the role of fibrinogen (FIB) in T2DM neuropathy and its preliminary mechanism. Methods: Ten male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into a normal control group (NC group) and a T2DM neuropathy model group (DN group). The DN group was given a high-energy diet and streptozotocin, while the NC group was given a normal diet and a citric acid buffer. The expression levels of related proteins were analysed. Results: Electrophysiology: Compared with the NC group, the conduction latency of the somatosensory-evoked potential and nerve conduction velocity was prolonged in the DN group, while the motor nerve action potential was decreased. As seen under a light microscope, the peripheral nerve fibres in the DN group were swollen, and the nerve fibres in the posterior funiculus of the spinal cord were loose or missing. Moreover, as seen under an electron microscope, the peripheral nerve demyelination of the DN group was severe, with microvascular blood coagulation, luminal stenosis, and collapse. Compared with the NC group, in the DN group, the expression of FIB was positively correlated with the expression of both ionised calcium-binding adaptor molecule-1 and glial fibrillary acidic protein. Compared with the NC group, in the DN group, the expression of platelet/endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 and B-cell lymphoma 2 was negatively correlated. Conclusion: The increased concentration of FIB may be the cause of neuropathy, and its mechanism may be related to its promotion of inflammatory response, blood coagulation, and vascular stenosis.

Ginsenoside Rb1 shows a strong antioxidant effect and has potential activation effects on Akt. The aim of the present study was to investigate the protective effect of Rb1 on age-related ovarian granulosa cell injury. Ovarian granulosa cells (GCs) were obtained from 50 young women (≤30 years) and 50 aged women (≥38 years) at an IVF center. Young and aged ICR mice were administered with or without Rb1 (10 mg kg−1, i.p.) for 2 weeks. The protective effects of Rb1 were investigated and the role of Rb1 on the modulation of Akt-FoxO1 interaction was determined with immunofluorescence, Western blotting, immunoprecipitation, siRNA silencing and pharmacological inhibitor. Rb1 effectively decreased LDH and MDA, and reversed the apoptotic-related protein levels in hGL cells from old patients. Similar results were found in mice. In addition, the mitochondrial membrane potential was restored and the overaccumulation of ROS was reversed by Rb1. Rb1 preserved peroxide-impaired Akt activation, to some extent, by increasing phosphorylation at Ser473. Rb1 also facilitated p-Akt binding to FoxO1 and promoted the phosphorylation of FoxO1. SiRNA silencing of Akt, Akt inhibitor LY294002, and FoxO1 inhibitor AS1842856 attenuated the effects of Rb1. Ginsenoside Rb1 inhibits age-related GCs oxidative damage by activating Akt phosphorylation at Ser473 and by further interaction with FoxO1.

Remarkable advances in fast magic-angle spinning (MAS) techniques significantly improve the resolution of 1H solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra. Here, we introduce a heteronuclear-filtered 1H homonuclear multi-quantum (MQ) correlation strategy available at a MAS rate of 100 kHz by combining 1H{X} heteronuclear-filtered methods and 1H homonuclear MQ correlation experiments. The proposed strategy was applied to selectively extract 1H signals of aluminum lactate (Al-Lac) in a mixture of Al-Lac and zinc lactate (Zn-Lac) using 27Al-filtered methods (i.e., 1H{27Al} heteronuclear multiple quantum correlation (HMQC) or 1H{27Al} symmetry-based resonance-echo saturation-pulse double-resonance (S-RESPDOR)). We demonstrate that incorporating these 27Al-filtered methods into two-dimensional (2D) 1H–1H double-quantum (DQ)/single-quantum (SQ), triple-quantum (TQ)/SQ, and even three-dimensional (3D) 27Al/1H(DQ)/1H(SQ) experiments can facilitate the acquisition of spectra without signal overlap and targeted characterization of the 1H species surrounding 27Al sites. The proposed strategy is considered to efficiently extract key structural information from complex spin systems.

We introduce a multiscale mechanics model for analyzing the elastic properties of super-strong densified wood (DW). Our model incorporates microstructural features such as microfibril angle and densification ratio, along with chemical parameters including degree of polymerization, crystallinity, and density of hydrogen bonds. At the nanoscale and microscale, the elastic properties of cellulose nanofibril and cell wall layers are derived analytically using the mechanics of composite materials. Finite element simulations based on representative volume elements are conducted at the mesoscale to obtain homogenized effective elastic properties at the macroscale. Our quantitative investigations validate that microstructural changes and alterations in chemical components significantly enhance DW's mechanical performance. Densification and chemical changes, especially increased cellulose content and reduced lignin, emerge as vital mechanisms for strengthening DW. The model's insights offer valuable guidance for optimizing the two-step preparation process of DW to achieve superior mechanical performance. Additionally, the versatility of the model allows for exploring the influence of cell dimensions and potential applications in designing bioinspired materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vanadia-based catalysts have been commercially applied for selective catalytic reduction with NH3of NOx(NH3-SCR). Considering the biotoxicity of V2O5, V-based catalysts are demanded to exhibit high catalytic activity with low V2O5loadings. However, at low vanadium contents, surface VOxprimarily present in the form of monomers, which show poor low-temperature activity. Here, efficient low-vanadium-loading catalysts were designed via constructing highly reactive polymeric vanadyl species by introducing disparate forms of niobia species. Niobia species were found to promote the polymerization of surface VOx, and the disparate forms of niobia species had a key influence on the formation of polymeric vanadyl species. Crystalline Nb2O5promoted the formation of polymeric vanadyl species, induced by a structural effect. By contrast, uniformly dispersed niobium species on the surface of a Nb-Ti-O solid solution support served as new anchoring sites for VOxand promoted a greater extent of polymerization of VOxspecies via electronic interactions among V, Nb and Ti. Ultimately, Nb-Ti-O solid solution-supported V2O5exhibited much higher low-temperature reaction rates than TiO2-supported Nb2O5and V2O5due to more polymeric vanadyl species. This study provides new methods to design low-vanadium-loading catalysts, offering new perspectives for the modification of transition metal oxides to design efficient catalysts.

ABSTRACTCities in transitional economies have experienced rising mobility and the simultaneous evolution of urban governance. This paper explores the relationship between both inter-city migration and intra-city residential mobility and urban governance, especially in the Chinese city, through theoretical reasoning and synthesizing previous works. While acknowledging that inter-city migration may force cities to improve urban governance through the agglomeration economy, I argue that, by weakening wage capitalization, inter-city migration strengthens property interests in urban governance, pushing it towards the progrowth model. The same mechanism applies to intra-city mobility. Besides, rising mobility weakens social control in the Chinese city, which faces a dilemma: grassroots governments are expected to strengthen social control after the decline of work unit, but they are gradually marginalized in private gated communities that are dominant in Chinese cities. The observed downward turn of residential mobility for local residents in the 2000s and continuously rising mobility for migrants are partly due to the homeownership effect and, as I emphasized in this paper, partly due to the protection for property owners from territorial organizations and urban governance at large.HighlightsCo-evolution of mobility and urban governance in Chinese cities.Rising mobility strengthens rent capitalization, supporting progrowth governance.Rising mobility weakens social control.The rich’s lower mobility is partly due to protection from HOAs and urban governance.

To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2010.06.015 Byline: Deng-Feng Li, Zhi-Gang Huang, Guo-Hong Chen Keywords: Multiattribute group decision making; Linguistic variable; Heterogeneous information; Mathematical programming; Weapon system selection Abstract: Heterogeneous multiattribute group decision making (MAGDM) problems which involve multi-granularity linguistic labels, fuzzy numbers, interval numbers and real numbers are very complex and important in practical applications of decision making theory. Hitherto, there exists no general theoretical inducement for solving such problems. The purpose of this paper is to develop a systematic methodology for solving the heterogeneous MAGDM problems by introducing the multiattribute ranking index based on the particular measure of closeness to the positive ideal solution (PIS) and using the weighted Minkowski distance to measure differences between each alternative and the PIS as well as the negative ideal solution (NIS). The proposed methodology is shown to have some advantages over the fuzzy TOPSIS. Validity and applicability of the methodology proposed in this paper is illustrated with a real example of the missile weapon system selection problem. Author Affiliation: School of Management, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, Fujian, China Article History: Received 26 November 2009; Revised 25 April 2010; Accepted 29 June 2010 Article Note: (footnote) [star] This manuscript was processed by Area Editor Imed Kacem.

The traditional multi-objective efficient global optimization (EGO) algorithms have been hybridized and adapted to solving the expensive aerodynamic shape optimization problems based on high-fidelity numerical simulations. Although the traditional EGO algorithms are highly efficient in solving some of the optimization problems with very complex landscape, it is not preferred to solve most of the aerodynamic shape optimization problems with relatively low-degree multi-modal design spaces. A new infill criterion encouraging more local exploitation has been proposed by hybridizing two traditional multi-objective expected improvements (EIs), namely, statistical multi-objective EI and expected hypervolume improvement, in order to improve their robustness and efficiency in aerodynamic shape optimization. Different analytical test problems and aerodynamic shape optimization problems have been investigated. In comparison with traditional multi-objective EI algorithms and a standard evolutionary multi-objective optimization algorithm, the proposed method is shown to be more robust and efficient in the tests due to its hybrid characteristics, easier handling of sub-optimization problems, and enhanced exploitation capability.

To screen immune-related prognostic biomarkers in low-grade glioma (LGG), and reveal the potential regulatory mechanism. The differential expressed genes (DEGs) between alive and dead patients were initially identified, then the key common genes between DEGs and immune-related genes were obtained. Regarding the key DEGs associated with the overall survival (OS), their clinical value was assessed by Kaplan–Meier, RCS, logistic regression, ROC, and decision curve analysis methods. We also assessed the role of immune infiltration on the association between key DEGs and OS. All the analyses were based on the TGCA-LGG data. Finally, we conducted the molecular docking analysis to explore the targeting binding of key DEGs with the therapeutic agents in LGG. Among 146 DEGs, only interleukin-6 (IL-6) was finally screened as an immune-related biomarker. High expression of IL-6 significantly correlated with poor OS time (all P < .05), showing a linear relationship. The combination of IL-6 with IDH1 mutation had the most favorable prediction performance on survival status and they achieved a good clinical net benefit. Next, we found a significant relationship between IL-6 and immune microenvironment score, and the immune microenvironment played a mediating effect on the association of IL-6 with survival (all P < .05). Detailly, IL-6 was positively related to M1 macrophage infiltration abundance and its biomarkers (all P < .05). Finally, we obtained 4 therapeutic agents in LGG targeting IL-6, and their targeting binding relationships were all verified. IL6, as an immune-related biomarker, was associated with the prognosis in LGG, and it can be a therapeutic target in LGG.

In order to improve the photocatalytic performance of TiO2-based photocatalysts, a series of Al-doped TiO2dominated with {001} facets (denoted as Al–TiO2–xFx{001}) were prepared via a facile one-step hydrothermal method. The origin of the exceptionally high activity of Al-doped TiO2catalysts under Xe lamp irradiation has been investigated by XPS, solid-state NMR, and ESR spectroscopy. Two-dimensional fluorine-detected 19F–27Al heteronuclear multiple quantum correlation (19F{27Al} D-HMQC) NMR technique was applied for the first time to investigate the F–Al proximity, which confirmed the formation of the F–Ti2Al structure in the Al–TiO2–xFx{001}samples. The quantitative 27Al and 19F NMR measurements illustrated that the enhanced activity was closely correlated with the amount of F–Ti2Al structure. Combined with the spin-trapping ESR experimental results, it can be concluded that the F–Ti2Al structure formed in the catalyst facilitates the separation and transfer of photogenerated carriers and thus is considered as the active site responsible for the improved photocatalytic performance. The optimal RhB photodegradation activity of Al-doped TiO2dominated with {001} facets is 1.9 and 4.9 times higher than that of TiO2dominated with {001} facets and P25, respectively.

A palladium(II)-catalyzed enantioselective arylation of unbiased secondary C(sp3)–H bonds was developed. The enantioselectivity was controlled by the combination of a pyridyl or isoquinolinyl directing group and an amino acid, N-Boc-2-pentyl proline. A variety of 2-propyl azaaryls and biaryl iodides were employed to provide arylated products in moderate to good yields (up to 82%) with high enantioselectivities (up to 93:7 er). This reaction is a rare example of an amino-acid-enabled enantioselective acyclic methylene C(sp3)–H arylation. Furthermore, the reaction proceeded with high enantioselectivity even on a gram scale, and the product was transformed to a 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroisoquinoline bioactive molecule. Kinetic isotope effect (KIE) experiments indicated that C–H activation is the rate-determining step for the enantioselective C(sp3)–H arylation.

The reaction mechanism of ethanol dehydration over SAPO-34 zeolite is investigated by using solid-state NMR spectroscopy. SAPO-34 zeolites with different Si contents are prepared and their acidities are characterized by NMR experiments. The higher content of stronger Brønsted acid sites is correlated to the higher Si content. The adsorption of ethanol on the Brønsted acid sites in SAPO-34 leads to the formation of frustrated Lewis pairs(FLPs). Surface ethoxy species is observed by the dehydration of the FLP sites at room temperature, which can be further converted into ethene products. The decomposing of diethyl ether over Brønsted acid sites is responsible for the formation of ethoxy species at higher reaction temperatures. Triethyloxonium ions are formed in the reaction. A plausible reaction mechanism is proposed for the dehydration of ethanol over SAPO-34.

Coase’ famous paper on durability and monopoly starts with an example of a land monopolist, who turns out to be difficult to find in the real world. The Chinese constitution stipulates that all urban land is owned by the government, thus making Chinese cities a natural experiment for the Coase Conjecture on land monopoly. This paper uses land-leasing data in 290 prefecture-level cities in China to test the existence of strategic behaviors in local governments as land monopolists. The estimation shows with both a simple linear regression model and a random trend model that, after controlling for city size, urban growth and income, land prices decline over time. We also found that the results for land price through negotiation and that through tender, auction and listing (TAL) are very different. This suggests that the local government’s monopoly power in the market of industrial land, which are mostly sold through negotiation, is much weaker than in the market of residential and commercial land, which are mostly sold through TAL. In conclusion, this paper supports the argument that urban land is a special type of durable goods and urban land monopolists act strategically.

Hydrothermal synthesis of ZSM-35 using dioxane as the structure-directing agent resulted in more than half of Al atoms located at the T4 site in the 8 membered-ring pore. The Brønsted acid site, thus generated, efficiently catalyzed the carbonylation of dimethyl ether with a specific activity of 1.2 molMAmolT4−1h−1at 493 K.

Most long text classification methods based on deep learning have problems such as semantics sparsity and long-distance dependence. To tackle these problems, a novel multi-applicable text classification based on deep neural network (MTDNN) is proposed, which contains a bidirectional encoder representation from transformer (BERT), a dimension reduction layer, and the bidirectional long short-term memory (Bi-LSTM) combining attention mechanism. BERT is used to pre-train the words into the word embedding vectors. The dimension reduction layer extracts the feature phrase representations with higher weight from the word embedding vectors. The Bi-LSTM captures both the forward and backward context representations. An attention mechanism is employed to focus on the information outputted from the Bi-LSTM. The experimental results illustrate that the accuracy of the MTDNN for long text, short text classification, and sentiment analysis reaches 94.95%, 93.53% and 92.32%, respectively. The results show that our method outperforms the other state-of-the-art text classification methods.

Rhodium-containing silicalite-1 zeolites are investigated by using a heterogeneous parahydrogen-induced polarization (HET-PHIP) NMR technique. Both liquid-state and in situmagic angle spinning (MAS) NMR experiments are performed to explore the PHIP effect on propene hydrogenation over different Rh-containing zeolites. The supported Rh species and zeolite structure determine the molecule polarization and signal enhancement. Intensive polarized signals are generated on the self-pillared Silicalite-1 nanosheets supported Rh catalyst, which can be correlated to ultrasmall Rh nanoparticles and the enhanced mass transport efficiency of the zeolite support. Silicalite-1 nanocrystals supporting large Rh nanoparticles on the external surface are less active for the generation of the PHIP. Single-atom Rh encaged in Silicalite-1 nanocrystals demonstrates high activity for the hydrogenation but low observed polarization generation efficiency, providing evidence on the critical role of the interactions between the zeolite confined polarized molecules and micropore structures in attenuating the polarization.

By making use of a nationally representative dataset collected by China Family Panel Studies, this article discusses how the higher education expansion policy influences the equality of higher education access opportunity. Moreover, this study applied the multilevel cross-classified model in order to control for inequality in chances of enrollment caused by the fixed admission quota for each province. The results indicate that the expansion has interrupted the continuously enlarged gap of access opportunities between regions; the expansion policy did not increase rural and ethnic inequalities and narrowed the rural inequality within provinces; it also shows that gender gap has been significantly reduced.

Alpha (α)–tubulin (TUA) is a primary unit of cytoskeleton microtubules. In recent years, more frequent frosts have caused considerable yield loss in sugarcane (Saccharumspp. hybrid) production. Temperature is one of the most influential abiotic factors affecting the microtubule polymerization state in plants. In this research, we developed overexpressing SoTUAtransgenic sugarcane lines from the cold‐susceptible cultivar ROC22. The transgene was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and quantificational real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qRT–PCR) analysis, while the relative expression of SoTUA protein was verified by Western blot. Compared with the nontransformed control plants (wild type [WT]), the transgenic lines showed higher relative protein expression than the WT at 25 °C, which indicates the overexpression of SoTUA protein. The contents of soluble protein and sugar and the activity of peroxidase (POD) were higher while the content of maleicdialdehyde was lower in the transgenic plants than the WT plants under the chilling treatment. Meanwhile, the expression levels of cold‐defense related genes (P5CS, WRKY, Cu/Zn–SOD, and POD1) were higher in the transgenic lines than in the WT. These results suggest that the SoTUA protein plays an important role in protecting plants during chilling stress. This positive effect is not affected by transgenic plant generations. Overexpressing SoTUAtransgenic sugarcane lines from the cold‐susceptible cultivar ROC22.The transgene was confirmed by PCR and qRT–PCR analysis, and the SoTUA protein was verified by Western blot.The transgenic lines showed higher relative SoTUA protein expression than the WT at 25 °C.The transgenic plants have higher cold resistance than the WT.

It has long been hypothesized that an increase in the extracellular matrix (ECM) stiffness mechanoactivates malignant phenotypes of breast tumor cells by regulating an array of processes underlying cancer biology. Although the contribution of substrate stiffening to drive malignant phenotype traits and other biological functions of a tumor is increasingly understood, the functional role of substrate softening on breast cancer cellular responses has rarely been investigated. Herein, we employed matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-sensitive film to perform assays to explore the consequences of lowering stiffness on the biological behaviors of breast cancer cell MDA-MB-231. We demonstrated that cells underwent dramatic changes in migration, cellular conjunction, and expression of malignance-associated proteins and genes when the substrate stiffness decreased. Based on RNA sequencing and analysis, we found that hub genes including TP53, CCND1, MYC, CTNNB1, and YAP were validated to play central parts in regulating stiffness-dependent cellular manner change. Moreover, through visualization of differentially expressed genes (DEGs), cells on dynamically softened substrate appeared less influenced by transfer to tissue culture polystyrene (TCPS). These results suggest substrates with decreasing stiffness could normalize breast tumor malignant phenotype and help cells store the mechanical memory of the consequential weaker malignance.

Alkyne semihydrogenation offers a key approach for the synthesis of stereodefined molecules. The stereoselective hydrogenation of propyne to propene over Al2O3-supported Pd–Ag bimetallic catalysts is studied by using parahydrogen-induced polarization (PHIP) NMR technique. The supported catalysts were prepared by an incipient-wetness impregnation method, and their properties were systemically tuned by altering Pd and Ag components. Structural characterization by X-ray diffraction, infrared spectra, and transmission electron microscope shows the formation of highly dispersed bimetallic Pd–Ag nanoparticles with random alloy structures on Al2O3support. For the hydrogenation of propyne over Pd–Ag catalysts with higher Ag concentration, the adsorbed protons are mostly restricted on the active Pd ensembles, which favors a higher pairwise hydrogen addition to propyne, leading to a stronger PHIP effect. The product stereoselectivity measurements show that the pairwise syn-addition to propyne increases with Ag content in the Pd–Ag alloy. The reaction conditions impact the pairwise hydrogenation stereoselectivity. A lower H2/propyne ratio of reactant flow or a higher total reactant flow rate enhances the apparent pairwise syn-addition stereoselectivity, which can be accounted for by the suppressed cis–trans isomerization process and/or a higher intrinsic pairwise syn-addition selectivity.

The accurate characterization of the acid strength of zeolites is of great importance to understand their catalytic performance and the rational design of highly efficient zeolite catalysts. The 31P MAS NMR spectroscopy of adsorbed trimethylphosphine oxide (TMPO) technique has been widely employed to measure the acid strength of various solid acid catalysts. Here, the influence of TMPO loading on characterizing the zeolite acidity is explored by using two-dimensional (2D) hetero- and homonuclear correlation NMR experiments combined with density functional theory calculations. It is found that the TMPO loading plays a crucial role in the accurate measurement of zeolite acid strength. Saturated adsorption of TMPO molecules (P/Al = 1.0) can result in the formation of a TMPO dimer on one Brønsted acid site (BAS), which will conceal the acid strength of the specific acid site if it is merely based on 31P chemical shifts in the 1D spectrum. This is further confirmed by 2D 31P{1H} heteronuclear correlation (HETCOR) and 31P–31P double-quantum (DQ) homonuclear correlation experiments on TMPO-loaded ZSM-5 zeolites. By carefully controlling the amount of TMPO adsorption, such as low or medium TMPO loadings (i.e., P/Al = 0.2 or P/Al = 0.4), the 31P chemical shift can not only accurately reflect the BAS strength of the zeolite, but also can discriminate the Brønsted and Lewis acid sites due to well-resolved 2D 31P{1H} HETCOR NMR. The results presented herein provide a strategy to assess the acidity of zeolites more precisely by a TMPO probe molecule, which is helpful for the optimization of catalytic performances of zeolite catalysts.

Stiffening of blood vessels is one of the most important characteristics in the process of many cardiovascular pathologies such as atherosclerosis, angiosteosis, and vascular aging. Increased stiffness of the vascular extracellular matrix drives artery pathology and alters phenotypes of vascular cell. Understanding how substrate stiffness impacts vascular cell behaviors is of great importance to the biomaterial design in tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, and medical devices. Here we report that changing substrate stiffness has a significant impact on the autophagy of vascular endothelial cells (VECs) and smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Interestingly, our findings demonstrate that, with the increase of substrate stiffness, the autophagy level of VECs and VSMCs showed differential changes: endothelial autophagy levels reduced, leading to the reductions in a range of gene expression associated with endothelial function; while, autophagy levels of VSMCs increased, showing a transition from contractile to the synthetic phenotype. We further demonstrate that, by inhibiting cell autophagy, the expressions of endothelial functional gene were further reduced and the expression of VSMC calponin increased, suggesting an important role of autophagy in response of the cells to the challenge of microenvironment stiffness changing. Although the underlying mechanism requires further study, this work highlights the relationship of substrate stiffness, autophagy, and vascular cell behaviors, and enlightening the design principles of surface stiffness of biomaterials in cardiovascular practical applications.

Previous studies have shown that lipid-lowering statins are transported by various ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. However, because of varying methods, it is difficult to compare the transport profiles of statins. Therefore, we investigated the transport of 10 statins or statin metabolites by six ABC transporters using human embryonic kidney cell-derived membrane vesicles. The transporter protein expression levels in the vesicles were quantified with liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry and used to scale the measured clearances to tissue levels. In our study, apically expressed breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) transported atorvastatin, fluvastatin, pitavastatin, and rosuvastatin. Multidrug resistance-associated protein 3 (MRP3) transported atorvastatin, fluvastatin, pitavastatin, and, to a smaller extent, pravastatin. MRP4 transported fluvastatin and rosuvastatin. The scaled clearances suggest that BCRP contributes to 87%–91% and 84% of the total active efflux of rosuvastatin in the small intestine and the liver, respectively. For atorvastatin, the corresponding values for P-gp–mediated efflux were 43%–79% and 66%, respectively. MRP3, on the other hand, may contribute to 23%–26% and 25%–37% of total active efflux of atorvastatin, fluvastatin, and pitavastatin in jejunal enterocytes and liver hepatocytes, respectively. These data indicate that BCRP may play an important role in limiting the intestinal absorption and facilitating the biliary excretion of rosuvastatin and that P-gp may restrict the intestinal absorption and mediate the biliary excretion of atorvastatin. Moreover, the basolateral MRP3 may enhance the intestinal absorption and sinusoidal hepatic efflux of several statins. Taken together, the data show that statins differ considerably in their efflux transport profiles.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThis study characterized and compared the transport of atorvastatin, fluvastatin, pitavastatin, pravastatin, rosuvastatin, and simvastatin acid and four atorvastatin metabolites by six ABC transporters (BCRP, MRP2, MRP3, MRP4, MRP8, P-gp). Based on in vitro findings and protein abundance data, the study concludes that BCRP, MRP3, and P-gp have a major impact in the efflux of various statins. Together with in vitro metabolism, uptake transport, and clinical data, our findings are applicable for use in comparative systems pharmacology modeling of statins.