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High-entropy materials (HEMs) have garnered extensive attention owing to their diverse and captivating physicochemical properties. Yet, fine-tuning morphological properties of HEMs remains a formidable challenge, constraining their potential applications. To address this, we present a rapid, low-energy consumption diethylenetriamine (DETA)-assisted microwave hydrothermal method for synthesizing a series of two-dimensional high-entropy selenides (HESes). Subsequently, the obtained HESes are harnessed for photocatalytic water splitting. Noteworthy is the optimized HESes, Cd0.9Zn1.2Mn0.4Cu1.8Cr1.2Se4.5, showcasing an output rate of hydrogen of 16.08 mmol h–1g–1and a quantum efficiency of ca. 30% under 420 nm monochromatic LED irradiation. It is revealed that the photocatalytic performance of these HESes stems not only from the enlarged specific surface area and enhanced photogenerated charge carrier utilization efficiency but also from the promoted formation of the Cd–Hadsbond, influenced by multiple principal elements on the Cd. These findings provide a guide for the design of HEMs tailored for various applications.

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is extensively employed in the treatment of hematological malignancies but is markedly constrained by the paucity of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs). Recent studies have found that marrow adipose tissue (MAT) acts on hematopoiesis through complicated mechanisms. Therefore, the osteo-organoids fabricated in vivousing biomaterials loaded with recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 2 (rhBMP-2) have been used as models of MAT for our research. To obtain sufficient amounts of therapeutic HSPCs and healthy MAT, we have developed amphiphilic chitosan (AC)-gelatin as carriers of rhBMP-2 to the regulate type conversion of adipose tissue and trap hematopoietic growth factors. Unlike medicine interventions or cell therapies, the traps based on AC not only attenuate the occupancy of adipocytes within the hematopoietic microenvironment while preserving stem cell factor concentrations, but also improve marrow metabolism by promoting MAT browning. In conclusion, this approach increases the proportion of HSPCs in osteo-organoids, and optimizes the composition and metabolic status of MAT. These findings furnish an experimental basis for regulating hematopoiesis in vivothrough materials that promote the development of autologous HSPCs. Additionally, this approach presents a theoretical model of rapid adipogenesis for the study of adipose-related pathologies and potential pharmacological targets.

• CdS/NiS HNS is obtained by one-step method. • A seamless interfacial contact are constructed between CdS and NiS. • The photocatalytic performance of CdS/NiS HNS is dramatically improved. • DFT calculations reveal the role of non-precious metal NiS modification. This study ingeniously synthesized a novel CdS/NiS hollow nanoflower sphere (HNS) using a one-step method to enhance photocatalytic hydrogen production activity. Compared to conventional preparation methods, this approach features seamlessly interfaced contact that facilitates efficient electron transfer across the interface. The internal hollow structure allows for multiple light reflections, maximizing light absorption, while the exterior shell and inner surfaces simultaneously offer active sites for reactions. The modification with non-noble metal NiS enables the extraction of electrons from CdS to the NiS surface, achieving rapid charge separation. Furthermore, adsorption-free energy calculations reveal that the NiS surface is more conducive to photocatalytic hydrogen generation, providing additional reaction active sites. The results demonstrate a hydrogen production rate of 2.18 mmol g–1 h–1 for CdS/NiS HNS, which is 9.48 times greater than that of pristine CdS. This work presents a novel approach for synthesizing seamlessly interfaced contacts between photocatalysts and cocatalysts, offering new insight into efficient one-step synthesis for enhanced photocatalytic performance. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The preparation of S-scheme heterojunctions has attracted considerable attention in the academic community as a highly effective approach to enhance the separation and migration of electrons and holes, thereby significantly improving the catalytic efficiency of photocatalysts. In this work, a novel S-scheme ipolymer heterojunction photocatalyst, Cd3(C3N3S3)2/Zn3(C3N3S3)2(CdTMT/ZnTMT), which synergy with π-conjugate system, was synthesized using an innovative in-situ hydrothermal method. Through a series of rigorous characterization tests, the formation of an S-scheme heterojunction between CdTMT and ZnTMT was confirmed. Particular emphasis is placed on the effective enhancement of photocatalytic activity of photocatalysts through π-conjugated orbitals and built-in electric field after combining double-organic conjugated polymer-shaped ZnTMT and CdTMT. Performance tests that show the photocatalytic hydrogen evolution performance of the composite was significantly boosted to an impressive 45.24 mmol∙g−1∙h−1, which is 215.43 times that of single catalyst ZnTMT and 1.76 times that of CdTMT. Finally, this paper discusses the possibility and development prospect of double polymer to construct S-scheme heterojunctions to improve the activity of photocatalysts.

The relationship between antifungal susceptibility and mortality of cryptococcal meningitis (CM) in HIV-negative patients is poorly understood.

Excessive sulfite usage in food and pharmaceutical production causes respiratory and neurological diseases, underscoring the need for a sensitive and rapid quantification strategy. The portable sensing platform based on a luminescent hydrogel sensor is a powerful tool for the on-site, real-time detection of sulfite ions. However, the lack of recyclability in almost all reaction-based hydrogel sensors increases the application cost. This study constructed a reversible and upconversion nanoprobe combining upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) and pararosaniline (PAR) for sulfite detection. The upconversion nanoprobe was further encapsulated in a three-dimensional polyacrylamide hydrogel matrix to create a background-free, reversible hydrogel sensor. The near-infrared excitation of UCNPs avoids the autofluorescence in the hydrogel and real samples. Meanwhile, PAR serves as a specific recognition unit for sulfite ions. After the addition of sulfites, a specific reaction occurs between PAR and sulfites, leading to the recovery of characteristic emission at 540 nm, achieving sensitive detection of sulfite ions. Importantly, this specific reaction is reversible under thermal treatment, allowing the hydrogel sensor to return to its initial state and thus enabling reversible detection of sulfite ions. Furthermore, a portable sensing platform is developed to realize point-of-care, real-time quantitative detection of sulfite ions. The proposed upconversion reversible hydrogel sensor provides a new sensing strategy for the detection of hazardous substances in food and offers new insights into the preparation of reversible, highly sensitive hydrogel sensors.

In recent years, semiconductor catalysts have attracted lots of attention due to their substantial redox capability and adequate stability. However, many semiconductor catalysts have difficulties in realizing real word applications because of the high complexation and low oxidizing ability of photogenerated electron-holes. In-depth investigation has revealed that the S-scheme heterojunction possesses a unique mechanism of carrier movement, resulting in a robust redox capacity and strong driving force. Herein, we synthesized an In2O3/Bi19Br3S27step-scheme (S-scheme) heterojunction through the hydrothermal method comprised of Bi19Br3S27nanoflowers grown on In2O3nanospheres. This configuration effectively facilitates the separation and transfer of photogenerated charge carriers. As a result, the reduction yield of CO2by In2O3/Bi19Br3S27composite reaches 28.36 µmol h−1g−1, which is 19 times higher than that of In2O3and 3.5 times higher than that of Bi19Br3S27. Furthermore, the intermediates involved in the photocatalytic reaction were examined through in situdiffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy, revealing the reaction process of photocatalytic reduction of CO2. This work offers a concept on the method of constructing S-scheme heterojunction photocatalysts to enhance the catalyzed reduction of CO2.

Honeycomb sandwich beams are one of the most basic engineering structures and are highly susceptible to external excitation, which may cause amplified vibration phenomena. In response to this concern, support boundary measures with superior elastic properties are implemented to effectively mitigate transverse vibration interference. This paper explores the influence of beam geometry nonlinearity on structural vibration and introduces the concept of vibration transferability. The multi-mode resonant frequency of the elastic support boundary beam is analyzed. The significant impact of support stiffness symmetry on vibration response has been explored. Use approximate analytical methods and numerical calculation methods to mutually verify the research results. Observe how different parameters affect the steady-state response. The transmission law of multi-mode resonance response on elastic sandwich beams is analyzed. Compared with the vibration transmission properties of rigid boundaries, it has been confirmed that elastic supported boundaries have significant advantages in vibration isolation performance. Compared to amplitude, vibration transferability can more accurately depict vibration characteristics in high-order resonance states. This article will further explore the isolation performance of honeycomb sandwich beams and objectively reflect their isolation effect through the vibration transmission rate, thus helping to improve the overall seismic performance of engineering structures.

Surface functional groups of photocatalysts play a key role in the transfer of photogenerated carriers and the active site of the reaction, which severely influence the photocatalytic conversion process. Therefore, reasonable and accurate regulation of surface groups can greatly optimize photocatalytic performance. Herein, we performed optimization on the unpolymerized NH2group of carbon nitride (g-C3N4) by introducing an ethyl group with a strong electron-donating ability to obtain the E-CN photocatalysts. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed the successful embedding of the ethyl group. Time-resolved spectroscopy and density function theory calculations verified that the photogenerated carrier changes in a favorable direction. Finally, the Gibbs free energy showed that E-CN significantly decreases the energy barrier of CO2conversion to *COOH. The results revealed that the conversion rate of CO2to CO is 47.08 µmol g−1h−1. This work offers a reliable reference to improve the performance of photocatalysts by optimizing their surface functional groups.

• A review focuses on the concept and advantages of inorganic–organic S-scheme heterojunction photocatalysts. • Current research on the design and synthesis of inorganic–organic S-scheme heterojunction photocatalysts. • Advanced characterization techniques for inorganic–organic S-scheme heterojunctions are focused. • The proposed inorganic–organic S-scheme heterojunction electron-transfer mechanism is favored. The inorganic–organic S-scheme heterojunction photocatalyst demonstrates exceptional light absorption capacity, high photogenerated charge separation efficiency, and remarkable redox ability, while also inheriting diverse advantages of both inorganic and organic semiconductors. This paper provides a comprehensive review of recent advances in photocatalysis in relation to the inorganic–organic S-scheme heterojunction photocatalyst. Firstly, the fundamental aspects and benefits of the S-scheme heterojunction photocatalyst are outlined, followed by a discussion of several synthetic techniques for producing the inorganic–organic S-scheme heterojunction photocatalyst, as well as various advanced characterization methods that can verify the S-scheme heterojunction photocatalyst in both steady-state and transient processes. The impact of the inorganic–organic S-scheme heterojunction photocatalyst is illustrated with examples in fields such as carbon dioxide reduction, water splitting for hydrogen production, hydrogen peroxide synthesis, nitrogen fixation, organic pollutant degradation, organic transformation, and sterilization. Finally, suggestions are presented for designing the inorganic–organic S-scheme heterojunction photocatalyst and enhancing its photocatalytic performance. Undoubtedly, the inorganic–organic S-scheme heterojunction photocatalyst has emerged as a prominent and promising technology in the field of photocatalysis. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

S-scheme heterojunctions have promising applications in photocatalytic CO 2 reduction due to their unique structure and interfacial interactions, but improving their carrier separation efficiency and CO 2 adsorption capacity remains a challenge. In this work, highly dispersed MOF-BiOBr/Mn 0.2 Cd 0.8 S (MOF-BiOBr/MCS) S-scheme heterojunctions with high photocatalytic CO 2 reduction performance were constructed. The intimate contact between the MCS nano-spheres and the nanosheet-assembled MOF-BiOBr rods, driven by the internal electric field, accelerates the charge transfer along the S-scheme pathway. Moreover, the high specific surface area of MOFs is preserved to provide abundant active sites for reaction/adsorption. The formation of MOF-BiOBr/MCS S-scheme heterojunction is confirmed by theoretical calculations. The optimum MOF-BiOBr/MCS shows excellent activity in CO 2 reduction, affording a high CO evolution rate of 60.59 µmol h−1 g−1. The present work can inspire the exploration for the construction of effective heterostructure photocatalysts for photoreduction CO 2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 49-year-old woman with a rare autoimmune hematological disease, Evans syndrome, was admitted to the authors' hospital with immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome-like reconstitution syndrome after effective antifungal therapy for cryptococcal meningitis. She initially improved after receiving corticosteroid treatment; after prednisone was tapered, her clinical presentation and brain imaging deteriorated but finally improved with the addition of thalidomide. Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome-like reconstitution syndrome is a rare complication in cryptococcal meningitis patients receiving immunosuppressive therapy. Thalidomide can be given in addition to corticosteroid therapy to effectively control the paradoxical inflammatory response and improve clinical outcomes.

Semiconductor photocatalysis is a new sustainable development technology that has demonstrated remarkable potential in the fields of energy-production and environmental-protection. However, a single photocatalyst usually does not possess both strong redox and fast charge-separation properties, greatly limiting photocatalysis efficiency. Heterojunction photocatalysts can perfectly solve this problem by providing multiple reactive sites and fast charge separation and migration, elevating photocatalytic efficiency to a new higher level. Metal sulfides are a family of compounds composed of metals and sulfur (e.g., CdS, CuS, MoS2, In2S3, ZnIn2S4, and ZnxCd1–xS) that are preferred choices for heterojunction photocatalysts due to their narrow bandgaps, broad visible-light absorption ranges, and convenient preparation methods. This review article introduces the characteristics of metal sulfides, summarizes methods for their synthesis, and discusses various types of metal-sulfide-based heterojunctions. The use of such photocatalysts in energy and environmental-remediation applications is subsequently discussed. In addition, the roles of charge separation and transfer in heterojunction photocatalysts are demonstrated using in-situcharacterization techniques. Finally, we discuss some application prospects and challenges concerning metal-sulfide-based heterojunction photocatalysts.

The special defect structure and localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) effect offer W18O49extraordinary potential and research value in photocatalysis. The LSPR effect optimizes the design of W18O49-sensitized photocatalytic composites and broadens the light-response range of W18O49. However, the high-energy “hot electrons” generated by W18O49under the LSPR effect exhibit an extremely short lifetime and cannot be fully utilized. Therefore, the high electron conductivity of carbon can be used to increase the rate of hot-electron transfer, thereby extending the lifetime of hot electrons. In this study, a heterojunction photocatalyst was formed by growing a high-absorbance one-dimensional nanowire W18O49on the surface of carbon-coated porous In2O3nanorods (C-In2O3) derived from In-MOF. The C-In2O3/W18O49composites exhibited optical responses in both the visible and near-infrared regions. The carbon coatings acted as transport channels to accelerate the transfer of carriers and hot electrons, and the activity of photocatalytic CO2reduction (PCR) was significantly enhanced. The 40%C-In2O3/W18O49composites had the highest CO yield in the photocatalytic reactions, which was 2.99 and 2.84 times greater than that of pure C-In2O3and W18O49, respectively. The internal electronic transfer in the S-scheme heterojunction and LSPR-induced hot electrons injected into C-In2O3achieved dual-path electron transfer for PCR.

Ferroelectric lead-free KxNa1–xNbO3(KNN) perovskite, whose piezoelectric properties can be comparable to those of traditional Pb-based systems, has aroused wide concern in recent years. However, the specific influences of the stress field on KNN’s structure and piezoelectric properties have not been well clarified and there are few descriptions about the temperature–pressure phase diagram. Here, we analyzed the phonon mode behavior and structural evolution of K0.5Na0.5NbO3-0.05LiNbO3(KNN-LN) and MnO2-doped single crystals with pressure- and temperature-dependent phase structure variations by theoretical calculation, polarized Raman scattering, and infrared reflectance spectra. The different phase structures can be predicted at high pressure using the CALYPSO method with its same-name code. The rhombohedral → orthorhombic → tetragonal → cubic phase transition process can be discovered in detail by Raman spectra under different temperatures and pressures. The phase coexistence on the thermal phase boundary was confirmed by basic anastomosis. Meanwhile, it was found that the substitution of Mn in the NbO6octahedron aggravates the deformation of high pressure on KNN-LN and the substitution of Mn at the B-site intensifies the structural evolution more severely than at the A-site. The present study aims at exploring octahedra tilt, phonon vibrations, and the internal structure on the general critical phase boundary in KNN-LN crystals. It provides effective help for the study of lead-free perovskite phase transformation and the improvement in piezoelectric properties under a high-pressure field.

Timely restoration of blood supply following ischemia is critical to rescue damaged tissue. However, clinical efficacy is hampered by the inflammatory response after ischemia. Whether inflammation fine tunes the angiogenesis and the function of blood vessels via the heterogeneity of neutrophils remain poorly understood. Herein, the objective of this work is to incorporate the growth factors secreted by neutrophils into a porous gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) hydrogel, which subsequently is used as a novel regenerative scaffold with defined architecture for ischemia. We demonstrate that anti-inflammatory neutrophils (N2-polarized neutrophils) play an important role in promoting the migration of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and formation of capillary-like networks in vitro. More importantly, vascular anastomosis can be achieved by modulating the neutrophils to N2phenotype. In addition, N2-polarized composite hydrogel scaffolds can regulate inflammation, maintain the survival of exogenous cells, and promote angiogenesis in vivo. Notably, the composite hydrogel scaffolds promote neovascularization during exogenous introduction of endothelial cells by anastomosis. Taken together, this study highlights N2-polarized neutrophils composite hydrogels can achieve vascularization rapidly by regulating inflammation and promoting vascular anastomosis. This work lays the foundation for research into the treatment of ischemia and may inspire further research into novel treatment options.

• Bi 2 S 3 /BiVO 4 /Mn 0.5 Cd 0.5 S-DETA ternary heterostructure is obtained. • The heterostructure exhibited excellent photocatalytic CO 2 reduction and stability. • Mechanism of charge transfer and separation in S-scheme heterojunction is proposed. • S-scheme photocatalytic mechanism is discussed. Exploring new and efficient photocatalysts to boost photocatalytic CO 2 reduction is of critical importance for solar-to-fuel conversion. In this study, through the in-situ growth method, a series of S-scheme mechanism Bi 2 S 3 /BiVO 4 /Mn 0.5 Cd 0.5 S-DETA nanocomposites with good photocatalytic activity were synthesized. The extremely small size of Mn 0.5 Cd 0.5 S-DETA nanoparticles provides more active sites for photocatalytic reactions. In order to solve the serious shortcomings of sulfide photo-corrosion, BiVO 4 were introduced as oxidation catalyst to consume too many holes and improve the stability of the material. In addition, the in-situ growth method produces the reduction cocatalyst Bi 2 S 3 during the BiVO 4 and Mn 0.5 Cd 0.5 S-DETA recombination process, thereby improving the efficiency of charge transfer at their interface contact. The ternary composite unveils a higher CO 2 -reduction rate (44.74 μmol g−1 h−1) comparing with pristine BiVO 4 (14.11 μmol g−1 h−1). The enhanced photocatalytic CO 2 reduction performance is due to the special interface structure of the S-scheme Bi 2 S 3 /BiVO 4 /Mn 0.5 Cd 0.5 S-DETA photocatalyst, which facilitates the charge separation at the interface and improves its photocatalytic activity and stability. [Display omitted]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photocatalytic reduction of CO 2 into valuable fuels is one of the potential strategies to solve the carbon cycle and energy crisis. Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C 3 N 4), as a typical two-dimensional (2D) semiconductor with a bandgap of ∼2.7 eV, has attracted wide attention in photocatalytic CO 2 reduction. However, the performance of g-C 3 N 4 is greatly limited by the rapid recombination of photogenerated charge carriers and weak CO 2 activation capacity. Construction of van der Waals heterostructure with the maximum interface contact area can improve the transfer/seperation efficiency of interface charge carriers. Ultrathin metal antimony (Sb) nanosheet (antimonene) with high carrier mobility and 2D layered structure, is a good candidate material to construct 2D/2D Sb/g-C 3 N 4 van der Waals heterostructure. In this work, the density functional theory (DFT) calculations indicated that antimonene has higher carrier mobility than g-C 3 N 4 nanosheets. Obvious charge transfer and in-plane structure distortion will occur at the interface of Sb/g-C 3 N 4 , which endow stronger CO 2 activation ability on di-coordinated N active site. The ultrathin g-C 3 N 4 and antimonene nanosheets were prepared by ultrasonic exfoliation method, and Sb/g-C 3 N 4 van der Waals heterostructures were constructed by self-assembly process. The photoluminescence (PL) and time-resolved photoluminescence (TRPL) indicated that the Sb/g-C 3 N 4 van der Waals heterostructures have a better photogenerated charge separation efficiency than pure g-C 3 N 4 nanosheets. In-situ FTIR spectroscopy demonstrated a stronger ability of CO 2 activation to *COOH on Sb/g-C 3 N 4 van der Waals heterostructure. As a result, the Sb/g-C 3 N 4 van der Waals heterostructures showed a higher CO yield with 2.03 umol g−1 h−1, which is 3.2 times that of pure g-C 3 N 4. This work provides a reference for activating CO 2 and promoting CO 2 reduction by van der Waals heterostructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Utilizing solar energy to achieve artificial photosynthesis of chemical fuel is prevalent in tackling excessive CO2emission and fossil fuel depletion. Grievous charge recombination and weak redox capability aggravate the CO2photoreduction performance. Engineering tailored morphology and constructing matched heterostructure are two significant schemes to ameliorate the CO2photoconversion efficiency of g-C3N4-based composite. Herein, a novel S-scheme ultrathin porous g-C3N4(UPCN)/Ag2MoO4(AMO) composite was designed by in-situ growing tetragonal α-AMO nanoparticles (NPs) (5–30 nm) on UPCN nanosheets (NSs). The S-scheme charge transfer route endows UPCN/AMO with fast charge separation and strong redox capability, demonstrated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), photoelectrochemical tests, steady-state and time-resolved photoluminescence (PL) spectra, and DFT calculations. The UPCN/AMO composite exhibits elevated CO2photoreduction performance with CO and CH4yield rates of 6.98 and 0.38 μmol g−1h−1, which are 3.5 and 2.9 folds higher than that of pristine UPCN, respectively. Finally, the CO2photoreduction intermediates are analyzed, and the CO2photoreduction mechanism is discussed. This work provides a reference for various g-C3N4-based composites applied in artificial photosynthesis.

•Urinary retention was more frequent in AGFAPA-TBM patients.•A significantly lower ratio of T-SPOT. TB was noted in AGFAPA-TBM patients.•The LCSS was able to distinguish AGFAPA-TBM from TBM.•We provide a new scoring system to differentiate AGFAPA-TBM from TBM.

Enhanced piezoelectric, dielectric properties and thermal stability in ternary relaxor-PbTiO3based ferroelectric crystals are expected to develop the next-generation of electromechanical devices. However, due to their increased disorder compared to other ferroelectrics, designing a controllable phase boundary structure and engineered domain remains a challenging task. Here, we construct a monoclinic heterophase coexisting in a ternary Pb(In1/2Nb1/2)O3–Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–PbTiO3single crystal with optimized composition and an ultrahigh piezoelectric coefficient of 1400 pC N–1, to quantify the correlation between spontaneous nanopolarity and phase heterogeneity, in an attempt to understand the origin of the exceptional functionalities. By designing an in situ high-resolution spectroscopic-microscopic technique, we have observed Maand Mcheterophase mixtures spatially separated by the monoclinic heterophase boundary (MHB), which are responsible for the ferroelectric-dominated and relaxor-ferroelectric-dominated nanodomain structure, respectively. Internal energy mapping from optical soft mode dynamics reveals the inhomogeneous polarization and local symmetry on both sides of the MHB. Various molecular polarizabilities and localized octahedral distortions correlate directly with monoclinic regions and electromechanical contribution. This work clarifies the heterogeneity between structure, energy, and polar order and provides a new design freedom for advanced relaxor ferroelectrics.

Achieving a strong redox ability and high visible-light absorption ability in a single semiconductor material is difficult. Designing a heterojunction between two semiconductor materials is a feasible method. The new step (S-scheme) heterojunction can effectively promote the separation and transfer of photogenerated electron-hole pairs and retain strong redox ability. We designed and prepared a CdSe0.8S0.2-diethylenetriamine (DETA)/SnNb2O6heterostructure material via the solvothermal method. When CdSe0.8S0.2-DETA and SnNb2O6 form an S-scheme heterojunction, 30%CdSe0.8S0.2-DETA/SnNb2O6 exhibits the highest CO production rate (17.31 μmol·g–1·h–1), which is factors of 2.8 and 4.8 higher than that of traditional solvothermal SnNb2O6(6.2 μmol·g–1·h–1) and CdSe0.8S0.2-DETA (3.6 μmol·g–1·h–1), respectively. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy characterization data provided evidence that the transfer pathway of space charge in the CO2reduction process was in accordance with the S-scheme. This research provides a simple strategy through which one can optimize the band structure to promote the separation of photogenerated carriers and achieve a high efficiency of CO2reduction.

Non-stoichiometric W18O49(WO) prepared by solvothermal method has excellent NIR absorption due to the localized surface plasmon resonance effect caused by oxygen vacancies. This has great potential in the field of using sunlight to convert carbon dioxide into organic fuels. In addition, through the amination of CdSe, the one-dimensional/two-dimensional step-scheme (S-scheme) WO/CdSe-diethylenetriamine (WO/CdSe-D) photocatalyst with electron transmission channels driven by visible light to NIR light is constructed by microwave solvothermal method. The LSPR of WO and the synergistic effect of coupling semiconductors to construct S-scheme heterojunctions can improve light utilization and achieve efficient charge carrier transfer efficiency. The optimized photocatalyst of 35%WO/CdSe-D has the best CO2reduction performance compared to WO and CdSe-D, and the yield is 25.37 µmol h–1g–1. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to verify the charge transfer path of the S-scheme WO/CdSe-D heterojunction. This work provides a possibility for the application of non-stoichiometric oxides rich in oxygen vacancies in the field of photocatalytic CO2reduction.

Unprecedented copper-catalyzed regiodivergent hydrosilylation reactions of substituted 1,3-dienes with hydrosilanes have been developed. The 1,2- and 1,4-hydrosilylations of 1-(hetero)aryl-substituted 1,3-dienes were highly selectively controlled via variation of the catalytic systems. Meanwhile, the 1,4-hydrosilylation reaction of 2-aryl-substituted 1,3-dienes with diphenylsilane was also successfully realized for the first time. These methods provide convenient and efficient approaches for the synthesis of structurally diverse allylsilanes.

In this protocol, copper-catalyzed diverse silylative carbocyclization reactions of 2,2′-diethynylbiaryl derivatives with silaboronate were reported. Three new and novel types of domino reactions for the copper-catalyzed transformation of silaboronate were discovered. The corresponding cyclobuta[l]phenanthrene, bis((silyl)methyl)phenanthrene, and silyl-substituted exocyclic diene products were chemoselectively formed with high efficiency.

Although overexposure to manganese (Mn) is known to cause neurotoxic damage, effective exposure markers for assessing Mn loading in Mn-exposed workers are lacking. Here, we construct a Mn-exposed rat model to perform correlation analysis between Mn-induced neurological damage and Mn levels in various biological samples. We combine this analysis with epidemiological investigation to assess whether Mn concentrations in red blood cells (MnRBCs) and urine (MnU) can be used as valid exposure markers. The results show that Mn exposure resulted in neurotoxic damage in rats and that MnRBCs correlated well with neurological damage, showing potential as a novel Mn exposure biomarker. These findings provide a basis for health monitoring of Mn-exposed workers and the development of more appropriate biological exposure limits.

Over the past few years, the emission of organic pollutants into the environment has increased tremendously. Therefore, various photocatalysts have been developed for the degradation of organic pollutants. In this study, a step-scheme BiVO4/Ag3VO4composite was synthesized via a hydrothermal and chemical deposition process for the degradation of methylene blue.The composite showed strong redox ability under visible light. The 40%BiVO4/Ag3VO4composite showed excellent photocatalytic degradation properties with a Kappof 0.05588 min−1, which is 22.76 and 1.76 times higher than those of BiVO4(0.00247 min−1) and Ag3VO4(0.03167 min−1), respectively. The composite showed a stable performance and could retain 90% of its photocatalytic activity even after four cycles. The improved catalytic performance of the composite as compared to BiVO4and Ag3VO4can be attributed to its novel step-scheme mechanism, which facilitated the separation of the photogenerated charges and increased their lifetime. The photoluminescence measurement results and transient photocurrent response revealed that the composite showed efficient extraction of charge carriers.

In recent years, environmental pollution and energy crisis have become increasingly serious issues owing to the burning of fossil fuels. Among the many technologies, decomposition of water to produce hydrogen has attracted much attention because of its sustainability and non-polluting characteristic. However, highly efficient decomposition of water that is driven by visible light is still a challenge. Herein, we report the large-scale preparation of step-scheme porous graphite carbon nitride/Zn0.2Cd0.8S-diethylenetriamine (Pg-C3N4/Zn0.2Cd0.8S-DETA) composite by a facile solvothermal method. It was found by UV-vis spectroscopy that 15%Pg-C3N4/Zn0.2Cd0.8S-DETA exhibited suitable visible absorption edge and band gap for water decomposition. The hydrogen production rate of 15%Pg-C3N4/Zn0.2Cd0.8S-DETA composite was 6.69 mmol g−1h−1, which was 16.73, 1.61, and 1.44 times greater than those of Pg-C3N4, CdS-DETA, and Zn0.2Cd0.8S-DETA, respectively. In addition, 15%Pg-C3N4/Zn0.2Cd0.8S-DETA composite displayed excellent photocatalytic stability, which was maintained for seven cycles of photocatalytic water splitting test. We believe that 15%Pg-C3N4/Zn0.2Cd0.8S-DETA composite can be a valuable guide for the development of solar hydrogen production applications in the near future.

Harnessing solar energy for photocatalytic hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) synthesis represents a pinnacle of environmentally-sensitive and sustainable methodologies. While single-layer crystalline triazine-based organic frameworks (CTFs) are known for their prodigious photocatalytic potential in H2O2generation, ramifications of the connecting group within the triazine ring (TR) on underlying photocatalytic mechanism warrant deeper exploration. In this study, we simulate three distinct CTFs characterized by different TR linkers: CTF-1 (benzene group (BG)), CTF-2 (horizontally-oriented naphthyl group (NGH)), and CTF-DCN (vertically-oriented naphthyl group (NGV)). These diverse TR linkers profoundly modulate the absorption band edge of CTFs, subsequently dictating the orientation and constitution of the frontier orbitals. Such modulation plays a decisive role in determining the requisite energy for photoexcitation in CTFs, orchestrating the generation and distribution of photo-induced electrons and holes. Remarkably, the NGV linkage imparts CTF-DCN with unparalleled light absorption, superior charge separation efficiency, and the lowest energy barrier for associated reactions. Through this investigation, we illuminate the pivotal influence of TR linkers in sculpting the photocatalytic dynamics of CTFs, providing fresh perspectives for architecting CTFs with amplified photocatalytic prowess in H2O2synthesis.

Emerging evidence suggests that successful healing of bone substitutes depends on the osteogenesis–angiogenesis interplay. Bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) have been identified as key regulators of osteogenesis and angiogenesis during bone regeneration. While the importance of growth factors is now widely accepted, the impact and mechanisms of different releasing sequences on bone repair have not been fully understood. Here, a composite vehicle (Gel/PMs), constructed with hydrogels and microspheres, was developed, which is capable of achieving two distinct releasing modes: BMP-2 first release followed by VEGF release (B/V) and VEGF first release followed by BMP-2 release (V/B). In our results, the B/V mode exhibited more extensive vascular network formation by up-regulating angiogenic genes during the bone remolding, thus facilitating rapid bone transformation which was confirmed by radiography. Further histological and immune-staining analysis revealed that fast release of BMP-2 made for rapidly initiating osteogenesis, while later VEGF release promoted persistent angiogenesis and mature bone formation. Moreover, interest arises from the introduction of 2-N,6-O-sulfated chitosan (SCS), a sulfonated heparin-like polysaccharide. It has synergistic effects with both BMP-2 and VEGF, which can further accelerate bone healing by efficiently improving osteogenesis and angiogenesis. The results demonstrated that disparate releasing sequence of growth factors might influence regenerative efficiency. Such a strategy may provide insights toward designing bioactive materials and give promising application in tissue regeneration.

Ag3PO4is widely used in the field of photocatalysis because of its unique activity. However, photocorrosion limits its practical application. Therefore, it is very urgent to find a solution to improve the light corrosion resistance of Ag3PO4. Herein, the Z-scheme WO3(H2O)0.333/Ag3PO4composites are successfully prepared through microwave hydrothermal and simple stirring. The WO3(H2O)0.333/Ag3PO4composites are characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and UV-Vis spectroscopy. In the degradation of organic pollutants, WO3(H2O)0.333/Ag3PO4composites exhibit excellent performance under visible light. This is mainly attributed to the synergy of WO3(H2O)0.333and Ag3PO4. Especially, the photocatalytic activity of 15%WO3(H2O)0.333/Ag3PO4is the highest, and the methylene blue can be completely degraded in 4 min. In addition, the stability of the composites is also greatly enhanced. After five cycles of testing, the photocatalytic activity of 15%WO3(H2O)0.333/Ag3PO4is not obviously decreased. However, the degradation efficiency of Ag3PO4was only 20.2%. This indicates that adding WO3(H2O)0.333can significantly improve the photoetching resistance of Ag3PO4. Finally, Z-scheme photocatalytic mechanism is investigated.

Sulfated polysaccharides are attractive semi-synthesized materials that can be used as a mimic of heparan sulfate to modulate the protein activity and other physiological processes. In this study, we employed sulfated chitosan to enhance the angiogenic capacity of bone morphogenic protein-2 (BMP-2). Bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) cultured in a combination of BMP-2 and 2-N,6-O-sulfated chitosan (SCS) group exhibited a higher cell viability and sprouting ability. The cells also secreted more VEGF and NO. The expression patterns of angiogenic and osteogenic genes were analyzed, and VEGFR2 signaling was found to play a role in the enhancing effect of SCS. The chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay revealed an enhanced angiogenic effect of BMP-2 when SCS was involved. In addition, we investigated angiogenesis and osteogenesis in mouse using a BMP-2-induced ectopic bone model. Histological and immune-staining analysis revealed that both bone and vascular tissue were enhanced when SCS was added. These data prove that SCS can improve the angiogenic potential of BMP-2 and thus lead to better bone regeneration.

Ag3PO4has good potential for use in photocatalytic degradation of organic contaminants. However, the activity and stability of Ag3PO4is hard to sustain because of photocorrosion and the positive potential of the conduction band of Ag3PO4. In this study, A composite consisting of Bi2WO6nanosheets and Ag3PO4was developed to curb recombination of charge carriers and enhance the activity and stability of the catalyst. Formation of a Ag3PO4/Bi2WO6composite was confirmed using X-ray diffraction, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Photoluminescence spectroscopy provided convincing evidence that compositing Bi2WO6with Ag3PO4effectively reduced photocorrosion of Ag3PO4. The Ag3PO4/Bi2WO6composite gave a high photocatalytic performance in photodegradation of methylene blue. A degradation rate of 0.61 min−1was achieved; this is 1.3 and 6.0 times higher than those achieved using Ag3PO4(0.47 min−1) and Bi2WO6(0.10 min−1), respectively. Reactive species trapping experiments using the Ag3PO4/Bi2WO6composite showed that holes, ·OH, and ·O2−all played specific roles in the photodegradation process. The photocatalytic mechanism was investigated and a Z-scheme was proposed as a plausible mechanism.

The external pressure is one of the essential parameters for regulating the structure and energy conversion properties of antiferroelectric AgNbO3. For pure AgNbO3, however, there has been still a blank of its real lattice structure under the stress field. Here, high-pressure lattice structures and phase transitions of AgNbO3have been explored by spectroscopic experiments and theoretical models. A successive phase transition process from Pbcmto C2221to P21has been observed at the pressure range of 0–30 GPa, associated with displacive-type characterized by soft-mode kinetics. Note that the paraelectric phase cannot be achieved under high-pressure at room temperature. Significantly, the competition of long-range Coulomb force, short-range interatomic interaction, and covalent interaction in AgNbO3lattice were demonstrated under the stress field. The present work can provide fundamental guidelines to reveal the high-pressure phase transitions of AgNbO3, which will open up possibilities for the designing device with functional properties at extremes.

The periosteum, a highly vascularized thin tissue, has excellent osteogenic and bone regenerative abilities. The generation of periosteum-mimicking tissue has become a novel strategy for bone defect repair and regeneration, especially in critical-sized bone defects caused by trauma and bone tumor resection. Here, we utilized a bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2)-loaded scaffold to create periosteum-like tissue (PT) in vivo, mimicking the mesenchymal condensation during native long bone development. We found that BMP-2-induced endochondral ossification plays an indispensable role in the construction of PTs. Moreover, we confirmed that BMP-2-induced PTs exhibit a similar architecture to the periosteum and harbor abundant functional periosteum-like tissue-derived cells (PTDCs), blood vessels, and osteochondral progenitor cells. Interestingly, we found that the addition of chondroitin sulfate (CS), an essential component of the extracellular matrix (ECM), could further increase the abundance and enhance the function of recruited PTDCs from the PTs and finally increase the regenerative capacity of the PTs in autologous transplantation assays, even in old mice. This novel biomimetic strategy for generating PT through in vivo endochondral ossification deserves further clinical translation.

Immune responses are vital for bone regeneration and play an essential role in the fate of biomaterials after implantation. As a kind of plastic cell, macrophages are central regulators of the immune response during the infection and wound healing process including osteogenesis and angiogenesis. Magnesium–calcium phosphate cement (MCPC) has been reported as a promising candidate for bone repair with promoted osteogenesis both in vitroand in vivo. However, relatively little is known about the effects of MCPC on immune response and the following outcome. In this study, we investigated the interactions between macrophages and MCPC. Here we found that the pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α and IL-6 were less expressed and the bone repair related cytokine of TGF-β1 was up-regulated by macrophages in MCPC extract. Furthermore, the enhanced osteogenic capacity of BMSCs and angiogenic potential of HUVECs were acquired in vitroby the MCPC-induced immune microenvironment. These findings suggest that MCPC is able to facilitate bone healing by endowing favorable osteoimmunomodulatory properties and influencing crosstalk behavior between immune cells and osteogenesis-related cells.

Activation of mTORC1 signaling in regulatory T cells by macrophage‐derived amphiregulin contributes to suppression of CD8+T cell‐mediated anti‐HBV immunity. Hepatitis B virus is a major cause of chronic liver inflammation worldwide. Innate and adaptive immune responses work together to restrain or eliminate hepatitis B virus in the liver. Compromised or failed adaptive immune response results in persistent virus replication and spread. How to promote antiviral immunity is a research focus for hepatitis B virus prevention and therapy. In this study, we investigated the role of macrophages in the regulation of antiviral immunity. We found that F4/80+CD206+CD80lo/+macrophages were a particular hepatic macrophage subset that expressed amphiregulin in our mouse hepatitis B virus infection model. CD206+macrophage‐derived amphiregulin promoted the immunosuppressive activity of intrahepatic regulatory T cells, demonstrated by higher expression of CTLA‐4, ICOS, and CD39, as well as stronger inhibition of antiviral function of CD8+T cells. Amphiregulin‐neutralizing antibody diminished the effect of CD206+macrophages on regulatory T cells. In addition, we found that CD206+macrophage‐derived amphiregulin activated mammalian target of rapamycin signaling in regulatory T cells, and this mammalian target of rapamycin activation was essential for promotion of regulatory T cell activity by CD206+macrophages. Adoptive transfer of CD206+macrophages into hepatitis B virus‐infected mice increased cytoplasmic hepatitis B virus DNA in hepatocytes and also increased serum hepatitis B surface antigen. The antiviral activity of CD8+T cells was decreased after macrophage transfer. Therefore, our research indicated that amphiregulin produced by CD206+macrophages plays an important role in modulating regulatory T cell function and subsequently restrains the antiviral activity of CD8+T cells. Our study offers new insights into the immunomodulation in hepatitis B virus infection.

Explosive welding is an efficient method for metals welding. However, in explosive welding, the shock wave generated by the explosion can not only damage the sensitive structure in the area of the process, but also can actually destroy a welded joint immediately after its creation. By placing an additional structure (anvil) can reduce the influence of shock waves. The influence of different anvil on the explosive welding of aluminum and magnesium plates has been investigated by using AUTODYN Software in this paper. The results show that the steel anvil is much more appropriate than sand and magnesium.

A numerical simulation approach is used to study the deformation and temperature distribution of W/Cu powders under shock compaction. A two-dimensional micromechanical model is employed where only a few particles are considered. The simulation is performed using plane strain element and Lagrange formulation. Shock compaction is achieved by bringing in the W/Cu powders an intense compression wave using a high-velocity rigid wall. The effects of compact velocity, particle size and friction on the particle deformation and temperature distribution are discussed based on the results of simulations. The study provides a detailed understanding of the micromechanical behavior of metal powders during shock compaction process.

AbstractOne of the critical issues of Flibe/V-alloy blanket with REDOX control by Be is a large tritium inventory in V-alloy structures. Among the possible solutions to this issue would be to control REDOX not by Be but by addition of MoF6or WF6enhancing the reaction from T2to TF. The present study investigated feasibility of this procedure by thermodynamic and neutronics calculations. Using the blanket dimensions of Force Free Helical Reactor (FFHR), tritium inventory in V-alloy structure and Flibe were estimated based on the calculated equilibrium partial pressures of T2and TF in various cases of REDOX control by MoF6or WF6. Also carried out were neutronics examinations for the impact of Mo or W doping in the blanket. The results showed that the tritium inventory in the blanket area would be less than 100g at the TF level of 0.1 and 1 ppm in Flibe with addition of WF6and MoF6, respectively. WF6doping is far more advantageous than MoF6doping for low activation purposes.

AbstractAn assessment of Flibe thermo-physical properties relevant to the prompt x-rays ablation of the liquid wall is presented with emphasis given to the equilibrium vapor composition and vapor pressure. The available data sets for Flibe thermo-physical properties, which cover a very narrow range of temperature have been extended and adjusted to cover the whole range of the liquid phase and to assure consistency with the estimated critical constants. Investigation of the equilibrium vapor composition showed a contradiction with previously published results regarding the stability of the mixed dimmer LiBeF3. New results for the vapor composition and total vapor pressure of Flibe also have been presented, compared to previous results, and used to calculate the temperature-dependent latent heat of vaporization.

ABSTRACTNeutronics calculations were performed for blanket designs using the molten salts Flibe and Flinabe to determine the transmutation rates of constituent elements and the rates of production of other elements. At least from mass balance considerations no free fluorine will be left provided that the recombination reactions with freed Be, Li, Na, and tritium are fast enough. However, more than 95% of the tritium bred will be in the form of TF. In addition, O and N are produced. A REDOX reaction needs to be established to control the TF activities. The Be used for neutron multiplication can be used for the REDOX control to reduce TF to T2. The thermodynamics for the reaction between TF and Be is an important process to be demonstrated.

The nuclear performance of the thin Convective Liquid Flow First Wall (CLiFF) concept is investigated. Liquid walls offer the advantage of protecting solid structure behind them from excessive damage from neutrons originated in the plasma and thus have the capability for high power density applications; the central research focus of the Advanced Power Extraction (APEX) study. In the present parametric and scoping work, several combinations of liquid breeder and structure type where investigated. The aim is to maximize local tritium breeding ratio (TBR), power multiplication, and ensuring that the vacuum vessel and toroidal coils are protected from excessive radiation. The candidate liquid breeders considered are Li, Flibe, and Sn-Li. Vanadium-alloy is deployed with Li while either Ferritic steel or SiC is deployed with Flibe and Sn-Li. Deployment of other refractory alloys and their impact on TBR was also studied. The introduction of a beryllium multiplier zone in the blanket was shown to enhance tritium production capability, particularly for those liquid breeders whose TBRs are marginal.

Transmutation rates of Li, Be and F are calculated for a typical flibe blanket. The results concluded that the transmutation rate of F is more than double that of Be. Because of the high destruction rate of fluorine, there will be no free fluorine in the molten salt.Therefore, experimental program to address the chemistry control of flibe does not have to worry about the issues associated with free fluorine as long as kinetics are favorable (likely). Also, this calculation defines the chemical state of flibe after irradiation. This chemical state needs to be simulated closely for the flibe chemistry control experiments.

An assessment of the issues on using flibe for fusion applications has been made. It is concluded that sufficient tritium breeding can be achieved for a flibe blanket, especially if a few cm of Be is include in the blanket design. A key issue is the control of the transmutation products such as TF and F2. A REDOX (Reducing-Oxidation) reaction has to be demonstrated which is compatible to the blanket design. Also, MHD may have strong impact on heat transfer if the flow is perpendicular to the magnetic field. The issues associated with the REDOX reaction and the MHD issues have to be resolved by both experimental program and numerical solutions.

To evaluate the anti-cancer effects of folic acid at the molecular level, we determined plasma folic acid concentration by radioimmuno-assay and the degree of total genomic DNA methylation by incubating DNA with3H-S-adenosylmethionine (3H-SAM) in the presence of a methylase, and analyzed the methylation status of the c-mycand c-Ha-rasoncogenes by Southern blotting in 21 patients with advanced gastric cancer. The degree of total genomic DNA methylation of cancerous tissues was significantly lower than that of paracancerous and non-cancerous tissues; c-mycand c-Ha-rasoncogenes from cancerous (10/21, 5/10) and paracancerous (13/21, 4/10) tissues were hypomethylated. The plasma folic acid concentration in patients who showed hypomethylation was lower than that patients showing normal methylation. These findings suggest that a decrease in folic acid, and the subsequent DNA hypomethylation, may be involved in human gastric carcinogenesis.

The InP/Cu2O nanojunction hybrid materials are fabricated by a facile method via electrodeposition of CU2O nanoparticles on the ordered one dimensional InP nanopore arrays. The morphology and element composition of the InP/Cu2O heterostructures are characterized. Experimental results indicate p-type Cu2O nanoparticles homogenously covered on the surface of n-type InP nanopore arrays and formed efficient heterogeneous structure. Compared to the pristine InP nanopore arrays, the InP/Cu2O nanoheterojunction structure have advantageous of the separation of photogenerated electron-hole pairs.

Let X be an arcwise connected H-space that is also a finite CW complex. If X has rank two and if its $ \bmod\;2$X has no p-torsion for .