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Pear psylla, Cacopsylla pyricola(Foerster) (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), occurs as 2 seasonal morphotypes. Summerforms occur on pear (Pyrus communisL.; Rosales: Rosaceae) where they are a significant pest. The larger and darker winterform morphotype develops in response to shortening daylengths and begins winter in reproductive diapause characterized by the absence of ovarian development. Diapausing winterforms often leave pear to overwinter on coniferous shelter plants and then return to pear in late winter and early spring to begin depositing the eggs that produce the first summerform generation. Cacopsylla pyricolaadults are attracted to the color of foliage most of the year, but little is known about the role of plant volatiles in host finding and in seasonal dispersal between host and shelter plants by the psyllid. We used a Y-tube olfactometer and choice assays to investigate the response by C. pyricolaadults to volatiles emitted by pear and an evergreen tree (cypress) often used as a shelter plant by wintering C. pyricola. Attraction to pear and cypress volatiles varied by season, tree phenology, and psyllid physiology. Cacopsylla pyricolawere attracted to cypress volatiles and preferred to settle on cypress shoots during winter and early spring but then shifted to a marked preference for the pear developmental host in late spring and summer. Female C. pyricolaexhibited stronger responses to pear volatiles than did males. Our study is the first to show that plant volatiles have a role in host finding by C. pyricolaand provides a foundation for research on chemical ecology and management of C. pyricola.

Accurate sampling of pests is the foundation of pest management. Choosing the best trap for pest monitoring can be complex, however, because trap performance is affected by pest preferences and behaviors. Moreover, preservation of DNA in traps is a consideration when insect specimens are used in molecular assays, such as the detection of insect-borne pathogens. We assessed the efficiency of 2 trap designs and 2 trap placements on the capture of beet leafhopper, Circulifer tenellus(Baker) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), vector of “Candidatus Phytoplasma trifolii” and Beet curly top virus. Trap designs included standard yellow sticky cards and 3D-printed traps that capture insects directly in a DNA preservative. We found that yellow sticky cards captured more adults than did 3D-printed traps during summer months but captured fewer adults during autumn when leafhoppers move to overwintering sites. 3D-printed traps captured more nymphs than sticky cards, regardless of season, and traps hung at ground level captured more nymphs and adults compared to traps at 1-m height. Contrary to predictions, we did not find differences between trap types in the molecular detection of Ca. P. trifoliior Beet curly top virus, perhaps because 3D-printed traps captured few leafhoppers during summer when the pathogen rates were highest. Our results suggest behavioral differences in C. tenellustrap preference based on seasonality and life stage and underscore the importance of understanding insect behaviors when choosing trap designs for pest monitoring as well as for properly interpreting trap capture data.

Wireworms, the larval stage of pest click beetle species (Coleoptera: Elateridae), are pests of many crops in North America including root vegetables and cereals. There is cause for concern amongst growers who are facing pressure from wireworms because there are a decreasing number of effective pesticides that can be used for wireworm management. Most research on pest elaterids has focused on the wireworm stage, which is the damage causing life stage. Recently, the focus in elaterid research has shifted to the adult click beetle stage, including identification of semiochemicals and development of effective traps. However, there is still a lot to be discovered about the basic biology of click beetles, including their feeding ecology. In an effort to understand the feeding ecology of click beetles, we investigated the presence of plant DNA in the digestive tracts of Limonius californicus(Mann.), L. canus(LeConte), and L. infuscatus(Mots.) beetles collected in 3 different locations within central Washington. To examine dietary histories of beetles and wireworms, specimens were collected from natural habitats and high-throughput sequencing of the plant genes trnF and ITS was used to identify their dietary history. Results revealed that click beetles do feed on a large variety of plants, which included a large quantity of brassicaceous plants commonly found in areas surrounding wireworm infested plots. The identification of the dietary history of the click beetles allowed us to infer their landscape-scale movements thus providing a means to better understand their behavior.

The Extracorporeal Life Support Organization (ELSO) maintains the world’s largest extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) registry by volume, center participation, and international scope. This 2022 ELSO Registry Report describes the program characteristics of ECMO centers, processes of ECMO care, and reported outcomes. Neonates (0–28 days), children (29 days–17 years), and adults (≥18 years) supported with ECMO from 2009 through 2022 and reported to the ELSO Registry were included. This report describes adjunctive therapies, support modes, treatments, complications, and survival outcomes. Data are presented descriptively as counts and percent or median and interquartile range (IQR) by year, group, or level. Missing values were excluded before calculating descriptive statistics. Complications are reported per 1,000 ECMO hours. From 2009 to 2022, 154,568 ECMO runs were entered into the ELSO Registry. Seven hundred and eighty centers submitted data during this time (557 in 2022). Since 2009, the median annual number of adult ECMO runs per center per year increased from 4 to 15, whereas for pediatric and neonatal runs, the rate decreased from 12 to 7. Over 50% of patients were transferred to the reporting ECMO center; 20% of these patients were transported with ECMO. The use of prone positioning before respiratory ECMO increased from 15% (2019) to 44% (2021) for adults during the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Survival to hospital discharge was greatest at 68.5% for neonatal respiratory support and lowest at 29.5% for ECPR delivered to adults. By 2022, the Registry had enrolled its 200,000th ECMO patient and 100,000th patient discharged alive. Since its inception, the ELSO Registry has helped centers measure and compare outcomes across its member centers and strategies of care. Continued growth and development of the Registry will aim to bolster its utility to patients and centers.

Zebra chip is an increasingly serious disease in commercial potato production globally. Resistance can be pursued by control of the insect vector, the tomato-potato psyllid, Bactericera cockerellior the bacterial causal agent, CandidatusLiberibacter solanacearum (Lso). Some Lso-infected plants of the wild potato species S. microdontum(mcd) had been observed to have low symptom expression. Thus, we evaluated a representative core collection of 86 individuals from 50 mcd populations in the US Potato Genebank (USPG). Real-time quantitative PCR on tissue from infected leaves was used as a proxy for bacterial titer of Lso. Russet Burbank control had 56% of the MLT of the most susceptible mcd individual. The average for all mcd was 67%, and the lowest, most resistant six mcd individuals were 0%. Repeated testing of those six individuals identified two as most reliably resistant: mcd15B2 from PI 265575 and mcd62B1 from PI 498126. All of these mcd individuals are available from USPG. They should be useful for research and breeding aimed at better understanding and controlling Zebra chip disease.

Cacopsylla pyricola(Förster) (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) is the most expensive and challenging insect pest of commercial pear trees in the Pacific Northwest. Integrated pest management (IPM) programs are working toward relying more heavily on natural enemies to reduce insecticide use. Trechnites insidiosus(Crawford) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) is the main parasitoid of C. pyricola, but little is known about its biology in the region. Developing sampling tools is important for the deployment of IPM programs, including monitoring of natural enemies. In this study, we examined 2 conventional monitoring methods: beat trays and yellow sticky cards, in addition to screened sticky cards and 3D-printed cylinder traps. Additionally, we tested an overwintering trap for the collection of parasitized C. pyricola.The trapping methods were tested in orchards in Oregon and Washington. Unscreened cards caught the most T. insidiosusand C. pyricola, followed by screened cards, cylinder traps, and then beat trays. Beat trays sometimes failed to catch any T. insidiosus, even when it was found in abundance via other methods. Screened cards and cylinder traps reduced bycatch and increased ease of identifying T. insidiosus. Specimens from the cylinder traps were also more suitable for use in molecular analysis. The overwintering traps were effective at capturing parasitized C. pyricola, but were highly variable year to year. The ideal trapping method will vary based on research needs (e.g., DNA preservation, reducing bycatch, catching higher numbers), but both screened sticky cards and cylinder traps were viable methods for monitoring T. insidiosusand its host.

The pear psyllids (CacopsyllaOssiannilsson; Hemiptera: Psylloidea: Psyllidae) are a taxonomically difficult group of at least 24 species native to the Palaearctic region. One or more species occur in most pear-growing regions, in some cases as invasive introductions. Existing reviews of this group are primarily of taxonomic focus with limited overviews of biology. The earliest biological studies of the pear psyllids centered on a core group of a few western European species. In part, this focus arose because diversity of the pear psyllids was poorly understood. As taxonomic understanding has advanced over the last 3 decades, research has expanded taxonomically. Increasing difficulties in controlling the pear psyllids additionally has contributed to growth in research. Here, we review a now-extensive literature on diversity, biology, and management of the pear psyllids. Three broad observations emerged from this synthesis. First, large gaps in biological understanding of the pear psyllids persist for several geographic faunas, most notably for psyllids of the Eastern Palaearctic region. Second, taxonomic diversity is accompanied by biological diversity. Despite the commonality in host use among the pear psyllids, with each species being limited to development on Pyrus, striking differences exist among species in life cycles, wintering, and other biological traits. Third, many of the tools being used to manage pear psyllids today are in existence because of the long history of basic research which has targeted these pests. These tools include new insecticides of higher selectivity, various cultural and horticultural tactics, and practices that conserve natural enemies in orchards.

Stink bug (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) development typically requires feeding on a diversity of plant species and various plant tissues. During feeding, stink bugs discharge salivary enzymes with roles in extraoral digestion and countering plant defense responses. Although previous research has described digestive salivary proteins from stink bugs, less is known of the salivary proteins involved in the suppression of plant defenses. We sequenced the transcriptomes of salivary glands dissected from five stink bug species collected from non-crop habitats in Washington: Halyomorpha halys(Stål), Nezara viridulaL., Euschistus conspersus(Uhler), Thyanta pallidovirens(Stål), and Chlorochroa ligata(Say). We identified a total of 677 candidate secreted proteins from the salivary glands of the five species. Based on work from other insects, many of the proteins have potential functions in the suppression of plant defense signaling and deactivation of plant defense molecules. We also identified salivary proteins with potential roles in the extraoral digestion of plant tissues, protection from entomopathogens, and deposition of salivary sheaths. This report provides a curation of putative salivary effector genes for further functional analysis.

RT-PCR was used to test whether DNA from potato psyllid (Bactericera cockerelli(Šulc)) could be detected in generalist predators that had been allowed to feed on psyllids in laboratory feeding trials. The assay used primers that had been developed in Europe to amplify a region of the ITS2 gene in psyllids for use in identifying psyllid specimens intercepted at border inspection stations or discovered in regions currently free of the pest. We conducted feeding trials with arthropod generalist predators in diverse taxonomic groups (Araneae, Acari, and two orders of Insecta). RT-PCR readily detected potato psyllid DNA in predators that had recently fed upon the insect. DNA from a closely related psyllid, Bactericera dorsalis(Crawford), was not detected, suggesting that our approach is unlikely to lead to false positives. RT-PCR was found to be more sensitive than conventional PCR at detecting very dilute quantities of potato psyllid DNA. Predator taxa differed in how long after a feeding event prey DNA could be detected. Signal retention was longer in spiders and a predatory mite (Anystis) than in predatory true bugs (Hemiptera). We believe this new molecular tool will be of value in identifying potentially important sources of psyllid biological control under field conditions.

The ribonucleic acid (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) content of thoracic duct lymphocytes was examined serially prior to and during immunosuppressive therapy in four patients receiving renal allografts. Before drug treatment, the mean values for the nucleic acid content of the thoracic duct lymphocytes were 0.72 pg of DNA phosphorus/cell and 0.16 pg of RNA phosphorus/cell. In all patients the mean RNA/DNA ratio of the lymphocytes increased transiently as azathioprine or prednisone was administered. The increases, which averaged 17 with azathioprine and 37 with combined prednisone and azathioprine in the 24 hr following initiation of the drugs, were statistically significant. In short-term tissue culture, the response of thoracic duct lymphocytes on exposure to phyto-hemagglutinin was determined by nucleic acid measurement. Evidence is presented of an impaired transformation response of lymphocytes from patients being treated with azathioprine.

Bactericera cockerelli(Šulc) (Hemiptera: Triozidae) is a vector of ‘CandidatusLiberibacter solanacearum’ (Lso), the pathogen that causes potato zebra chip. Zebra chip incidence varies regionally, perhaps because of geographic differences in species of noncrop hosts available to the vector and in susceptibility of those hosts to Lso. Native and introduced species of Lycium(Solanales: Solanaceae) are important noncrop hosts of B. cockerelliin some regions of North America. Susceptibility of native Lyciumspecies to Lso is uncertain. We investigated the use of two native species of Lyciumby B. cockerelliin South Texas and tested whether they are susceptible to Lso. Bactericera cockerelliadults and nymphs were collected frequently from L. berlandieriDunal and L. carolinianumWalter. Greenhouse assays confirmed that B. cockerellidevelops on both species and showed that Lso infects L. carolinianum. Molecular gut content analysis provided evidence that B. cockerelliadults disperse between potato and Lycium. These results demonstrate that L. berlandieriand L. carolinianumare likely noncrop sources of potato-colonizing B. cockerelliin South Texas and that L. carolinianumis a potential source of Lso-infected psyllids. We also routinely collected the congeneric psyllid, Bactericera dorsalis(Crawford), from both Lyciumspecies. These records are the first for this psyllid in Texas. Bactericera dorsaliscompleted development on both native Lyciumspecies, albeit with high rates of mortality on L. berlandieri. B. dorsalisacquired and transmitted Lso on L. carolinianumunder greenhouse conditions but did not transmit Lso to potato. These results document a previously unknown vector of Lso.

J Med Genet 2003;40:797-801 Context: Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) arises by several genetic and epigenetic mechanisms affecting the balance of imprinted gene expression in chromosome 11p15.5. The most frequent alteration associated [...]

The authors analyze the development and implementation of a decision support system used by an apparel fabric company. A linear programming model is used to develop the model.

Textile companies have automated their piece-dyeing operations of knit outerwear fabrics to boost their quality. Use of computerized production systems helps textile firms improve color matching and adjust the temperature of fiber dyeing time. Economic benefits of using dye machines for the textile firms' productivity and product quality are also discussed.

Four species of Limoniuswireworms (Coleoptera: Elateridae), L. californicus, L. canus, L. infuscatusand L. agonus,are serious crop pests in North America. Limoniic acid, (E)-4-ethyloct-4-enoic acid, has been reported as a sex pheromone component of female L. californicusand L. canus, and a sex attractant for male L. infuscatus. In the same study, both limoniic acid and the analog (E)-5-ethyloct-4-enoic acid were highly attractive in field experiments. Moreover, six carboxylic acids in headspace volatiles of Limoniusfemales elicited responses from male antennae but were not tested for behavioral activity. Here, we report trap catch data of Limoniusspp. obtained in field experiments at 27 sites across North America. All four Limoniusspecies were attracted to limoniic acid and to the analog but not to the carboxylic acids. Adding these carboxylic acids to limoniic acid, or to the analog, reduced its attractiveness. In dose–response studies, trap lures containing 0.4 mg or 4 mg of limoniic acid afforded large captures of L. californicusand L. infuscatus. Neither limoniic acid nor the analog were deterrent to other elaterid pest species. The broad attractiveness of limoniic acid to Limoniusspp., and its non-deterrent effect on heterogeners, may facilitate the development of generic pheromone-based monitoring and management tools for multiple click beetle species.

Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) is a model imprinting disorder resulting from mutations or epimutations affecting imprinted genes on chromosome 11p15.5. (1) The classical clinical features of BWS are macroglossia, pre- and/or [...]

The potato psyllid, Bactericera cockerelli(Šulc), is a major pest of potato (Solanum tuberosumL.; Solanales: Solanaceae) as a vector of ‘CandidatusLiberibacter solanacearum’, the pathogen that causes zebra chip. Management of zebra chip is challenging in part because the noncrop sources of Liberibacter-infected psyllids arriving in potato remain unknown. Adding to this challenge is the occurrence of distinct genetic haplotypes of both potato psyllid and Liberibacter that differ in host range. Longleaf groundcherry (Physalis longifoliaNutt.) has been substantially overlooked in prior research as a potential noncrop source of Liberibacter-infected B. cockerellicolonizing fields of potato. The objective of this study was to assess the suitability of P. longifoliato the three common haplotypes of B. cockerelli(central, western, and northwestern haplotypes), and to two haplotypes of ‘Ca.L. solanacearum’ (Liberibacter A and B haplotypes). Greenhouse bioassays indicated that B. cockerelliof all three haplotypes produced more offspring on P. longifoliathan on potato and preferred P. longifoliaover potato during settling and egg-laying activities. Greenhouse and field trials showed that P. longifoliawas also highly susceptible to Liberibacter. Additionally, we discovered that infected rhizomes survived winter and produced infected plants in late spring that could then be available for psyllid colonization and pathogen acquisition. Results show that P. longifoliais susceptible to both B. cockerelliand ‘Ca.L. solanacearum’ and must be considered as a potentially important source of infective B. cockerellicolonizing potato fields in the western United States.

Most medical technologists and technicians, responsible for outputting test results as quickly and reliably as possible, hate it when their smooth flow of work is abruptly interrupted by an out-of-control [...]

Erythritol is a dietary sweetener that is used for low-calorie or diabetic diets. Although safe for human consumption, erythritol is lethal to certain Dipteran pests, but insecticidal effects of erythritol on phloem-feeding insects have yet to be examined. Our goal was to determine whether erythritol has insecticidal activity against pear psylla, Cacopsylla pyricola(Foerster) (Hemiptera: Psyllidae). We first demonstrated that ingestion of erythritol solutions compared with water by pear psylla caused reduced feeding, impaired motor functions, and reduced survival time of adults. We then tested whether foliar treatment of pear leaves with erythritol was also lethal to pear psylla. Foliar treatment of erythritol led to reduced 3-d survival of pear psylla nymphs and adults, and reduced rates of oviposition by pear psylla adults. Psylla adults also preferred to settle on untreated leaves than on erythritol-treated leaves in preference assays. Finally, we conducted field experiments to test whether applications of erythritol provided pear trees with protection against pear psylla under natural field conditions. Those experiments showed a reduction in pear psylla nymphs on erythritol-treated trees compared with untreated trees, but only if the erythritol was completely dissolved into solution by heating. Laboratory trials confirmed the importance of heating. Results of our experiments demonstrate that erythritol is insecticidal to pear psylla nymphs and adults and provide the first report that erythritol is lethal to a phloem-feeding insect. These findings suggest that erythritol may provide a new safe and effective tool for the management of pear psylla.

Our previous study provided correlative evidence that morning glory species harboring endophytic fungi (Periglandula) are resistant to potato psyllid [Bactericera cockerelli(Šulc)], whereas species free of fungi often allowed psyllid development. In this study, we manipulated levels of ergot alkaloids in host tissues by inoculating clippings from potato plants with extracts from morning glories that harbor Periglandula[Ipomoea leptophyllaTorrey, Ipomoea imperati(Vahl) Grisebach, Ipomoea tricolorCavanilles, Ipomoea pandurata(L.) G. F. Meyer, and Turbina corymbosa(L.)] and one species (Ipomoea albaL.) that does not harbor the endophyte. Ergot alkaloids (clavines, lysergic acid amides, and ergopeptines) were detected in potato clippings, thus confirming that leaves had taken up compounds from solutions of crude extracts. Psyllid mortality rates on inoculated clippings ranged between 53 and 93% in treatments producing biochemically detectable levels of alkaloids, when compared with 15% mortality in water controls or the alkaloid-free I. alba. We then tested synthetic analogs from each of the three alkaloid classes that had been detected in the crude extracts. Each compound was assayed by inoculating clippings of two host species (potato and tomato) at increasing concentrations (0, 1, 10, and 100 µg/ml in solution). Psyllids exhibited a large and significant increase in mortality rate beginning at the lowest two concentrations, indicating that even very small quantities of these chemicals led to mortality. Feeding by nymphs on artificial diets containing synthetic compounds resulted in 100% mortality within 48 h, irrespective of compound. Further testing of ergot alkaloids to characterize the mode of action that leads to psyllid mortality is warranted.

Potato psyllid (Bactericera cockerelli) is a vector of “CandidatusLiberibacter solanacearum”, the pathogen associated with potato zebra chip disease. While the psyllid apparently colonizes potato from non-crop Solanaceae or Convolvulaceae, the identity of these weed sources is uncertain. We examined susceptibility of ten non-crop species (one Convolvulaceae and nine Solanaceae) to potato psyllid and Liberibacter, with an emphasis on psyllid populations (northwestern and western haplotypes) and plant species that are present in the Pacific Northwest. Psyllids of the western haplotype survived and developed on all plant species, while psyllids of the northwestern haplotype survived on all species except Solanum physalipholium. All species except Lycium barbarumand Convolvulus arvensiswere susceptible to Liberibacter. Results of our study provide the most extensive examination of plant suitability to potato psyllid and Liberibacter and will lead to improved capabilities of predicting which potato fields are at risk to arrival of infective psyllids. El psílido de la papa (Bactericera cockerelli) es un vector de “Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum”, el patógeno asociado con la enfermedad de la papa rayada (zebra chip). Mientras que el psílido aparentemente coloniza la papa desde especies no cultivadas de Solanáceae o Convolvulaceae, es incierta la identidad de estas fuentes de malezas. Examinamos la susceptibilidad de diez especies no cultivadas (una Convolvulaceae y nueve Solanaceae) al psílido de la papa y a Liberibacter, con énfasis en las poblaciones del psílido (haplotipos noroccidentales y occidentales) y especies de plantas presentes en el Pacífico Noroccidental. Los psílidos del haplotipo del occidente sobrevivieron y se desarrollaron en todas las especies vegetales, mientras que los del haplotipo del noroccidente sobrevivieron en todas las especies excepto en Solanum physalipholium.Todas las especies, excepto Lycium barbarumy Convolvulus arvensis,fueron susceptibles a Liberibcter. Los resultados de nuestro estudio proporcionan el examen más extensivo de la susceptibilidad de las plantas al psílido de la papa y a Liberibactery conducirá hacia capacidades mejoradas en la predicción de qué campos de papa estan en riesgo del arribo de psílidos infectivos.

Two haplotypes of the pathogen, ‘CandidatusLiberibacter solanacearum,’ (Lso) and four haplotypes of the insect vector, Bactericera cockerelli,are associated with zebra chip disease of potato. Whether disease severity or incidence is influenced by pathogen or insect haplotype is poorly understood. The role of Lso ‘A’ and ‘B,’ transmitted by three haplotypes of B. cockerelli,on disease severity and incidence in eight potato cultivars was analyzed. Both haplotypes of Lso induced tuber symptoms. In general, Lso B caused higher incidence of symptoms, and greater reduction in tubers compared with Lso A. Lso B was associated with more severe tuber symptoms, producing fewer mild or moderate tuber symptoms. Lso A was associated with less severe tuber symptoms, despite being able to induce severe symptoms. Disease incidence, tuber yield, and symptom severity ratings were not dependent upon the psyllid haplotype transmitting the pathogen, suggesting that pathogen, not insect haplotype affects Lso transmission. Dos haplotipos del patógeno “Candidatus liberibacter solanacearum” (Lso) y cuatro haplotipos del insecto vector, Bactericera cockerelli, están asociados con la enfermedad de la papa rayada. Lo que es la severidad de la enfermedad o la incidencia, y si están influenciadas por el haplotipo del patógeno o del insecto, esta pobremente entendido. Se analizó el papel de Lso “A” y “B”, transmitido por tres haplotipos de B. cockerellien la severidad e incidencia de la enfermedad en ocho variedades de papa. Ambos haplotipos de Lso indujeron síntomas en el tubérculo. En general, Lso B causó mayor incidencia de síntomas y mayor reducción en tubérculos en comparación con Lso A. Lso B se asoció con síntomas más severos de tubérculo, produciendo pocos síntomas ligeros o moderados. Lso A se asoció con síntomas menos severos de tubérculo, a pesar de ser capaz de inducir síntomas severos. La incidencia de la enfermedad, el rendimiento de tubérculo y las calificaciones de severidad de síntomas no dependieron del haplotipo del psylido transmisor del patógeno, lo cual sugiere que el patógeno, no el haplotipo del insecto, afecta la transmisión del Lso.

New stock-market listing requirements and new regulations from the Securities and Exchange Commission have dealt greater responsibility to audit committees of public companies. Audit committees traditionally have been the advisory [...]

Potato psyllid, Bactericera cockerelli(Šulc), causes economic damage to potato crops throughout the major potato growing regions of western North America. When cultivated crops are not available, potato psyllid often occurs on non-crop hosts. In the southern U.S. and northern Mexico, native species of Lycium(Solanaceae) are important non-crop hosts for the psyllid. We determined whether Old World species of Lyciumnow widespread in the Pacific Northwest are reservoirs of potato psyllid in this growing region. We examined Lyciumspp. across a wide geographic region in Washington, Oregon, and Idaho at irregular intervals during three growing seasons. Potato psyllids were present at all locations. To determine whether Lyciumis also a host during intervals of the year in which the potato crop is not available, we monitored a subset of these sites over the entire year. Six sites were monitored at 1- to 3-week intervals from June 2014 to June 2016. Psyllids were present on Lyciumthroughout the year at all sites, including during winter, indicating that Lyciumis also a host when the potato crop is seasonally not available. Psyllid populations included a mixture of Northwestern and Western haplotypes. We observed well-defined spring and fall peaks in adult numbers, with peaks separated by long intervals in which psyllid numbers were very low. Seasonal patterns in psyllid numbers on these non-native Lyciumhosts were very similar to what has been observed on native Lyciumin the desert southwest region of the U.S. Our findings demonstrate that potato psyllid associates with Lyciumacross a broad geographic region within the Pacific Northwest. These results will assist in predicting sources of potato psyllid colonizing potatoes in this important growing region. El psílido de la papa, Bactericera cockerelli(Šulc), causa daño económico a los cultivos de papa a lo largo de las regiones importantes productoras de papa del occidente de Norteamérica. Cuando los cultivos no están disponibles, el psílido de la papa se presenta con frecuencia en hospederos que no son el cultivo. En el sur de Estados Unidos y en el norte de México, especies nativas de Lycium(Solanaceae) son hospederas alternativas importantes para el psílido. Nosotros determinamos si las especies de Lyciumdel viejo mundo ahora ampliamente dispersas en el pacífico noroccidental son reservorios del psílido de la papa en esta región del cultivo. Examinamos Lyciumspp. a lo largo de una amplia región geográfica en Washington, Oregon y Idaho a intervalos irregulares durante tres ciclos de cultivo. Los psílidos de la papa estuvieron presentes en todas las localidades. Para determinar si Lyciumtambién es hospedante durante intervalos del año en los cuales el cultivo de la papa no esta disponible, monitoreamos un subgrupo de estos sitios a lo largo de todo el año. Se monitorearon seis sitios a intervalos de 1 a 3 semanas de junio de 2014 a junio de 2016. Los psílidos estuvieron presentes en Lyciuma lo largo de todo el año en todos los sitios, inclusive durante el invierno, indicando que Lyciumtambién es un hospedero cuando el cultivo de papa no esta disponible fuera del ciclo de cultivo. La población de psílidos incluyó una mezcla de haplotipos del noroccidente y del occidente. Observamos picos bien definidos en la primavera y el otoño en número de adultos, con separación de los picos por largos intervalos en los cuales los números de psílidos fueron muy bajos. Los patrones estacionales en números de psílidos en estos hospederos de Lyciumno nativos fueron muy similares a lo que se ha observado en Lyciumnativo en el desierto de la región suroccidental de los E.U.A. Lo que nosotros encontramos demuestra que el psílido de la papa se asocia con Lyciuma lo largo de una amplia región geográfica dentro del pacífico noroccidental. Estos resultados respaldarán en las fuentes de predicción del psílido de la papa colonizando papas en esta región importante del cultivo.

Hedgehog (Hh) signaling regulates cell fate and self-renewal in development and cancer. Canonical Hh signaling is mediated by Hh ligand binding to the receptor Patched (Ptch), which in turn activates Gli-mediated transcription through Smoothened (Smo), the molecular target of the Hh pathway inhibitors used as cancer therapeutics. Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a common, aggressive malignancy with universally poor prognosis. Although preclinical studies have shown that Hh inhibitors block the self-renewal capacity of SCLC cells, the lack of activating pathway mutations have cast doubt over the significance of these observations. In particular, the existence of autocrine, ligand-dependent Hh signaling in SCLC has been disputed. In a conditional Tp53;Rb1 mutant mouse model of SCLC, we now demonstrate a requirement for the Hh ligand Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) for the progression of SCLC. Conversely, we show that conditional Shh overexpression activates canonical Hh signaling in SCLC cells, and markedly accelerates tumor progression. When compared to mouse SCLC tumors expressing an activating, ligand-independent Smo mutant, tumors overexpressing Shh exhibited marked chromosomal instability and Smoothened-independent upregulation of Cyclin B1, a putative non-canonical arm of the Hh pathway. In turn, we show that overexpression of Cyclin B1 induces chromosomal instability in mouse embryonic fibroblasts lacking both Tp53 and Rb1. These results provide strong support for an autocrine, ligand-dependent model of Hh signaling in SCLC pathogenesis, and reveal a novel role for non-canonical Hh signaling through the induction of chromosomal instability.

Missense mutations in the TP53tumor-suppressor gene inactivate its antitumorigenic properties and endow the incipient cells with newly acquired oncogenic properties that drive invasion and metastasis. Although the oncogenic effect of mutant p53 transcriptome has been widely acknowledged, the global influence of mutant p53 on cancer cell proteome remains to be fully elucidated. Here, we show that mutant p53 drives the release of invasive extracellular factors (the ‘secretome’) that facilitates the invasion of lung cancer cell lines. Proteomic characterization of the secretome from mutant p53-inducible H1299 human non-small cell lung cancer cell line discovered that the mutant p53 drives its oncogenic pathways through modulating the gene expression of numerous targets that are subsequently secreted from the cells. Of these genes, alpha-1 antitrypsin (A1AT) was identified as a critical effector of mutant p53 that drives invasion in vitroand in vivo,together with induction of epithelial–mesenchymal transition markers expression. Mutant p53 upregulated A1AT transcriptionally through the involvement with its family member p63. Conditioned medium containing secreted A1AT enhanced cell invasion, while an A1AT-blocking antibody attenuated the mutant p53-driven migration and invasion. Importantly, high A1AT expression correlated with increased tumor stage, elevated p53 staining and shorter overall survival in lung adenocarcinoma patients. Collectively, these findings suggest that A1AT is an indispensable target of mutant p53 with prognostic and therapeutic potential in mutant p53-expressing tumors.

Projections of global sea level depend sensitively on whether Thwaites Glacier, Antarctica, will continue to lose ice rapidly. Prior studies have focused primarily on understanding the evolution of ice velocity and whether the reverse‐sloping bed at Thwaites Glacier could drive irreversible retreat. However, the overall ice flux to the ocean and the possibility of irreversible retreat depend not only on the ice speed but also on the width of the main ice trunk. Here, we complement prior work by focusing specifically on understanding whether the lateral boundaries of the main ice trunk, termed shear margins, might migrate over time. We hypothesize that the shear margins at Thwaites Glacier will migrate on a decadal timescale in response to continued ice thinning and surface steepening. We test this hypothesis by developing a depth‐averaged, thermomechanical free‐boundary model that captures the complex topography underneath the glacier and solves for both the ice velocity and for the position of the shear margins. We find that both shear margins are prone to migration in response to ice thinning with basal strength and surface slope steepening determining their relative motion. We construct four end‐member cases of basal strength that represent different physical properties governing friction at the glacier bed and present two cases of ice thinning to contrast the effects of surface steepening and ice thinning. We test our model by hindcasting historic data and discuss how data from ongoing field campaigns could further be used to test our model. Thwaites Glacier, Antarctica, is losing ice rapidly, making it a major contributor to the uncertainty in current projections of global sea level rise. Many models have looked at how ice speed and thickness are likely to evolve over hundreds of years. Less scientific attention has been devoted to understanding the possibility that the main trunk of Thwaites Glacier might change in width. Here, we use a numerical model to show how ice thinning and could affect the width of the main trunk of Thwaites Glacier. We find that both lateral sides of Thwaites Glacier are prone to move, resulting in an overall widening of the main trunk when we apply thinning where it is currently observed. This widening of the glacier could speed up ongoing ice loss. To evaluate the sensitivity of our findings on conditions at the base of the ice sheet, which tend to affect ice speed sensitively, we look at four different cases of basal friction and use these to discuss what different bed friction means for where widening might occur and how pronounced it might be. We also discuss how our results could be tested against field data currently being acquired through the International Thwaites Glacier Collaboration. We project widening of the main trunk of Thwaites Glacier in response to observation based ice thinningThe pattern of migration depends on basal strength and net changes in driving stressWe identify multiple cases that can be evaluated against existing or soon to be acquired field data We project widening of the main trunk of Thwaites Glacier in response to observation based ice thinning The pattern of migration depends on basal strength and net changes in driving stress We identify multiple cases that can be evaluated against existing or soon to be acquired field data